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Appendix:Old Tupi pronunciation

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Old Tupi phonemes as they are represented by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The Tupian alphabet used is the one developed by Antônio Lemos Barbosa[1] and slightly modified by Eduardo de Almeida Navarro.[2]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Old Tupi (16th-17th century)[1][3][2][4][5][6]
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals /m/ /n/ /(ɲ)/[n 1] /ŋ/
Plosive prenasalized /(ᵐb)/ /(ⁿd)/ /(ᵑɡ)/
voiceless /p/ /t/ /k/ /ʔ/
Fricative /β/ /s/ /ʃ/[n 2] /(ɣ)/[n 3] /h/?
Semivowel /(w~ɡʷ)/[n 4] /(j)/[n 5] /(ɨ̯)/
Flap /ɾ/
Língua Geral Amazônica (18th-19th century)[4][7][5][8][9]
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals /m/ /n/ /(ɲ)/[n 1] /ŋ/
Plosive prenasalized /(ᵐb)/ /(ⁿd)/ /(ᵑɡ)/
voiceless /p/ /t/ /k/ /(ʔ)/[n 6]
Fricative voiceless /(β)/[n 7] /s/ /ʃ/ /(ɣ)/[n 3]
voiced (/ʒ/)[n 8]
Semivowel /(w~ɡʷ)/[n 4] /(j)/[n 5] /(ɨ̯)/
Flap /ɾ/
Língua Geral Paulista (18th-20th century)[10][11]
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar
Nasals /m/ /n/ /(ɲ)/[n 1]
Plosive voiceless /p/ /t/ /k/
voiced /b/ /ɡ/
Fricative voiceless /s/ /ʃ/
voiced /v/ /ʒ/
Semivowel /(w~ɡʷ)/[n 4] /(j)/[n 5]
Flap /ɾ/
Lateral approximant /l/

Vowels

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Old Tupi[3][6][1][4][2]
Front Central Back
Close /i/ /ĩ/ /ɨ/ /ɨ̃/ /u/ /ũ/[n 9]
Mid /e/ /ẽ/ /o/ /õ/
Open /a/ /ã/
Língua Geral Amazônica[4][7][8][9]
Front Central Back
Close /i/ /ĩ/ /(ɨ)/ /(ɨ̃)/[n 10] /u/ /ũ/[n 9]
Mid /e/ /ẽ/ /o/ /õ/
Open /a/ /ã/
Língua Geral Paulista[10][11]
Front Central Back
Close /i/ /ĩ/ /u/ /ũ/
Mid /e/ /ẽ/ /o/ /õ/
Open /a/ /ã/
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nasal allophone of [j].
  2. ^ Allophone of /s/ after /i/ in most cases, but can be considered a phoneme in a few words like makaxera, poxy and xe.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 A phone that appeared between /ɨ/ and other vowels.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Allophone of /u/ near other vowels when a glottal stop is not present, in free variation with [ɡʷ] in onset.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Allophone of /i/ near other vowels when a glottal stop is not present.
  6. ^ Lost as a phoneme by the 19th century. Still present as an intervocalic phone in Nheengatu, but not in fast speech.
  7. ^ Merged with [w] by the 19th century.
  8. ^ Onset allophone of [j], in free variation. Present as a distinguished phoneme in a few words in Rio Negro's Nheengatu, like jí (“axe”) and jibuya (“boa”).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Many authors disagree this nasal counterpart existed, but that doesn't explain words like nhũ and apekũ: it couldn't be a coda /m/ or /n/, since nouns couldn't end in a consonant.
  10. ^ Merged with /i/ or /u/ in many regions. Completely lost in modern Rio Negro's Nheengatu

Comparative table

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Consonants
IPA Representation Example
Tupi LGA LGP Hist. Norm.
ʔ ∅, ¨ ' mba'‎e (“thing”)
β b b abá (“man”)
ɣ g g ygara (“canoe”)
h h h hẽhẽ (“yes”)
k c, g, qu, x (ky) k ka'a (“forest”)
m m m mokaba (“gun”)
ᵐb b, mb mb mboîa (“snake”)
n n n nambi (“ear”)
ⁿd d nd nde (“you”)
ŋ g, ng ng nhe'eng (“to speak”)
ᵑɡ ng
ɲ gn, ñ, nh nh kunhã (“woman”)
p b, p p pó (“hand”)
ɾ r r gûariba (“howler monkey”)
s s s sy (“mother”)
t t t tatu (“armadillo”)
ʃ ch, sch, x x ixé (“I”)
l l columi (“boy”)
v v uvaca (“sky”)
ɡ g gurâſû (“sun”)
ʒ g, j ragira (“daughter”)
j i, j, y î îasy (“moon”)
w o, u, w û apûã (“pointy”)
ɡʷ[n 1] go, gu gû gûará (“scarlet ibis”)
ɨ̯ i, ig, y, yg ŷ apŷaba (“man”)
Vowels
a a a arara (“macaw”)
e e e sykyîé (“fear”)
i i, j, y i karaíba (“white man”)
o au, o o só (“to go”)
u ou u gûasu (“big”)
ɨ e, i, î, ig, j, ou, ouy, u, y, yg y 'ybá (“fruit”)
ã â, ã, an ã marã (“evil”)
ẽ ẽ, em ẽ nha'ẽ (“plate”)
ĩ ĩ, im ĩ mirĩ (“small”)
õ õ, om õ mokõi (“two”)
ũ ũ, um ũ apekũ (“tongue”)
ɨ̃ u, ũ ỹ amỹîa (“grandfather”)
Diacritics
Use
´ Primary stress
~ Nasalisation
^ Semivowel
  1. ^ Some scholars disagree this sound existed in Old Tupi, saying it came from a misundertanding of the Europeans at the time and that [w] was used in all cases.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Antônio Lemos Barbosa (1956) Curso de tupi antigo: gramática, exercícios, textos [Course of Old Tupi: Grammar, Exercises, Texts] (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, page 26
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (1998) Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos [Modern method of Old Tupi: the language of Brazil's early centuries]‎[1] (in Portuguese), 3 edition, São Paulo: Global Editora, published 2005, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues (1958) Phonologie der Tupinambá-Sprache‎[2] (in German), Hamburg: Universität Hamburg
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Antônio Augusto Souza Mello (2000 March 17) “Reconstruções Lexicais e Cognatos” (chapter III), in Estudo histórico da família linguística tupi-guarani: aspectos fonológicos e lexicais‎[3] (in Portuguese), Florianópolis: UFSC
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Aline da Cruz (2011) Fonologia e gramática do Nheengatú: a língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa‎[4] (in Portuguese), Amsterdam: LOT, →ISBN
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro Santos, Aline da Cruz (2021 December) “Empréstimos Linguísticos do Português para a Língua Geral: século XVII [Linguistic borrowings from Portuguese to Língua Geral: 17th century]”, in Cadernos de Etnolingüística (in Portuguese), volume 9, number 1, Brasília: Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú, page e090104
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ruth Maria Fonini Monserrat (2003) “O tupi do século XVIII (tupi-médio)” (chapter 10), in José Ribamar Bessa Freire, Maria Carlota Rosa, editors, Línguas gerais: política lingüística e catequese na América do Sul no período colonial‎[5] (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: EDUERJ, →ISBN, pages 185-194
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ruth Maria Fonini Monserrat (2015) “Observações sobre a fonologia da língua geral amazônica nos três últimos séculos [Observations on the phonology of Língua Geral Amazônica in the last three centuries]”, in Cândida Barros, Antônio Luís Lessa, editors, Dicionário da língua geral no Brasil [Dictionaty of the general language in Brazil] (in Portuguese), Belém: MPEG, →ISBN, pages 19–28
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro Santos, Aline da Cruz (2020) “Empréstimos do Português para a Língua Geral no Século XVIII [Portuguese loanwords for the Língua Geral in the 18th century]”, in Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas (in Portuguese), volume 3, number 1, Macapá: UNIFAP, →DOI, pages 160–176
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Original research based on: anonymous author (18th century) Língua geral dos índios das Américas [General Language of the Indians of the Americas]‎[6] (overall work in Portuguese and Old Tupi)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Original research based on: Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1867) “Diccionario de Verbos: portuguez tupi-austral e alemâo”, in Wörtersammlung Brasilianischer Sprachen (Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerika’s zumal Brasiliens; II) (overall work in Portuguese and German), Leipzig: Friedrich Fleischer

Further reading

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  • Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro Santos (2020) Empréstimos lexicais do português para a Língua Geral: século XVI ao XXI‎[7] (in Portuguese), Brasília: UnB, page 190

See also

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