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Cognitive bias

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A cognitive bias happens when someone makes a bad choice that they think is a good choice. This bias is an important part of the study of cognitive psychology.[1]

Overview

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Cognitive biases do happen. Primitive humans and animals do things which seem foolish later. The scientific method limits the results of cognitive bias. Cognitive bias is a natural consequence of our using "gut feelings"[clarification needed] to make decisions when those decisions cannot be made rational because the evidence is not available. The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972.[2]

Causes

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It grew out of their experience of people's inability to reason with numbers.[clarification needed] Tversky, Kahneman, and colleagues showed several repeatable ways in which human judgments and decisions differ from rational choice. The heuristic people[clarification needed] use are mental shortcuts which provide swift estimates.[3] Heuristics are simple for the brain to compute but sometimes introduce "severe and systematic errors".[source?]

List of biases

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Name Information
Framing
Belief bias
Affinity bias [4]
Implicit bias
Priming bias
Hindsight bias
Anchoring bias An example of the anchoring effect, is that a person can be more likely to buy a car if it is placed next to a more expensive model – the anchor.[source?]

During negotiations, prices that are lower than the price of the anchor, may seem reasonable, or can even seem cheap to the buyer, even if those prices are (still) relatively higher than the actual market value of the car.[5][better source needed] [6]
Status quo bias [7] [8]
Self-serving bias
Confirmation bias [9] [10]
Embodied cognition
Overconfidence effect [11] Related page: Dunning–Kruger effect.
Fundamental attribution error [12]
Physical attractiveness stereotype A habit or tendency to assume that people who are

physically attractive, are desirable for other reasons, too.[13]

Other cognitive biases

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There are many other cognitive biases.

Anchoring biases include,

Apophenia has several types,

Availability heuristic (also known as the availability bias)[23] The availability heuristic includes or involves the following:

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References

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  1. ↑ Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW (2005). "The evolution of cognitive bias.". In Buss D.M. (ed). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724–746.
  2. ↑ Kahneman D, Frederick S (2002). "Representativeness Revisited: Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment". In Gilovich T, Griffin DW, Kahneman D (eds.). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-521-79679-8.
  3. ↑ Baumeister RF, Bushman BJ (2010). Social psychology and human nature: International Edition. Belmont, USA: Wadsworth. p. 141.
  4. ↑ Thakrar, Monica. "Council Post: Unconscious Bias And Three Ways To Overcome It". Forbes.
  5. ↑ Anchoring Definition, Investopedia, retrieved September 29, 2015
  6. ↑ Cho, I. et al. (2018) 'The Anchoring Effect in Decision-Making with Visual Analytics', 2017 IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology, VAST 2017 - Proceedings. IEEE, pp. 116–126. doi:10.1109/VAST.2017.8585665.
  7. ↑ Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L. and Thaler, R. H. (1991) Anomalies The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias, Journal of Economic Perspectives.
  8. ↑ Dean, M. (2008) 'Status quo bias in large and small choice sets', New York, p. 52. Available at: http://www.yorkshire-exile.co.uk/Dean_SQ.pdf Archived 2010-12-25 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ Mahoney MJ (1977). "Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 1 (2): 161–175. doi:10.1007/bf01173636. S2CID 7350256.
  10. ↑ Jermias J (2001). "Cognitive dissonance and resistance to change: The influence of commitment confirmation and feedback on judgement usefulness of accounting systems". Accounting, Organizations and Society. 26 (2): 141–160. doi:10.1016/s0361-3682(00)00008-8.
  11. ↑ Gimpel, Henner (2008), Gimpel, Henner; Jennings, Nicholas R.; Kersten, Gregory E.; Ockenfels, Axel (eds.), "Cognitive Biases in Negotiation Processes", Negotiation, Auctions, and Market Engineering, Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol. 2, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 213–226, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77554-6_16, ISBN 978-3-540-77553-9, retrieved 2020-11-25
  12. ↑ Jones EE, Harris VA (1967). "The attribution of attitudes". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 3: 1–24. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(67)90034-0.
  13. ↑ Lorenz, Kate. (2005). "Do Pretty People Earn More?" http://www.CNN.com.
  14. ↑ Kim M, Daniel JL (2020-01-02). "Common Source Bias, Key Informants, and Survey-Administrative Linked Data for Nonprofit Management Research". Public Performance & Management Review. 43 (1): 232–256. doi:10.1080/15309576.2019.1657915. ISSN 1530-9576. S2CID 203468837. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  15. ↑ Cite error: The named reference HilbertPsychBul was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  16. ↑ DuCharme WW (1970). "Response bias explanation of conservative human inference". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 85 (1): 66–74. doi:10.1037/h0029546. hdl:2060/19700009379.
  17. ↑ Edwards W (1968). "Conservatism in human information processing". In Kleinmuntz B (ed.). Formal representation of human judgment. New York: Wiley. pp. 17–52.
  18. ↑ "The Psychology Guide: What Does Functional Fixedness Mean?". PsycholoGenie. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  19. ↑ Iverson GL, Brooks BL, Holdnack JA (2008). "Misdiagnosis of Cognitive Impairment in Forensic Neuropsychology". In Heilbronner RL (ed.). Neuropsychology in the Courtroom: Expert Analysis of Reports and Testimony. New York: Guilford Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-59385-634-2.
  20. ↑ Tversky A, Kahneman D (September 1974). "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases". Science. 185 (4157): 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957.
  21. ↑ Fiedler K (1991). "The tricky nature of skewed frequency tables: An information loss account of distinctiveness-based illusory correlations". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 60 (1): 24–36. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.1.24.
  22. ↑ Maranhão-Filho, P.; Vincent, M. B. "Neuropareidolia: diagnostic clues apropos of visual illusions". Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria 2009 (67 (4)): 1117–1123.
  23. ↑ Schwarz N, Bless H, Strack F, Klumpp G, Rittenauer-Schatka H, Simons A (1991). "Ease of Retrieval as Information: Another Look at the Availability Heuristic" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61 (2): 195–202. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 19 Oct 2014.
  24. ↑ Coley JD, Tanner KD (2012). "Common origins of diverse misconceptions: cognitive principles and the development of biology thinking". CBE: Life Sciences Education. 11 (3): 209–215. doi:10.1187/cbe.12-06-0074. PMC 3433289. PMID 22949417.
  25. ↑ Harris LT, Fiske ST (January 2011). "Dehumanized Perception: A Psychological Means to Facilitate Atrocities, Torture, and Genocide?". Zeitschrift für Psychologie. 219 (3): 175–181. doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000065. PMC 3915417. PMID 24511459.
  26. ↑ Bar-Haim Y, Lamy D, Pergamin L, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH (January 2007). "Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 133 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1. PMID 17201568. S2CID 2861872.
  27. ↑ Zwicky A (2005-08-07). "Just Between Dr. Language and I". Language Log.
  28. ↑ Soprano, Michael; Roitero, Kevin; La Barbera, David; Ceolin, Davide; Spina, Damiano; Demartini, Gianluca; Mizzaro, Stefano (2024-05-01). "Cognitive Biases in Fact-Checking and Their Countermeasures: A Review". Information Processing & Management. 61 (3): 103672. doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103672. ISSN 0306-4573.
  29. ↑ Maiers, Claire (2018). "Reading the Tea Leaves: Ethnographic Prediction as Evidence". Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings. 2018 (1): 351–363. doi:10.1111/1559-8918.2018.01212. ISSN 1559-8918. Retrieved 2025-01-30.
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