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Turbo Charger Lecture

A turbocharger uses a turbine powered by the engine's exhaust gases to drive a compressor that forces more air into the engine's cylinders. This allows more fuel to be added, increasing power output over a naturally aspirated engine. A turbocharger improves volumetric efficiency by compressing ambient air entering the intake manifold, resulting in a greater mass of air in the cylinders during each intake stroke. Twin-turbo systems use two smaller turbochargers for improved response across a wider rpm range compared to a single larger turbocharger.

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Abdelrhman Essam Attia
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1K views

Turbo Charger Lecture

A turbocharger uses a turbine powered by the engine's exhaust gases to drive a compressor that forces more air into the engine's cylinders. This allows more fuel to be added, increasing power output over a naturally aspirated engine. A turbocharger improves volumetric efficiency by compressing ambient air entering the intake manifold, resulting in a greater mass of air in the cylinders during each intake stroke. Twin-turbo systems use two smaller turbochargers for improved response across a wider rpm range compared to a single larger turbocharger.

Uploaded by

Abdelrhman Essam Attia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

A turbocharger is a turbine-driven forced induction device that increases an


internal combustion engine's efficiency and power output by forcing extra air into
the combustion chamber.
This improvement over a naturally aspirated engine's
output results because the turbine can force more air,
and proportionately more fuel, into the combustion
chamber than atmospheric pressure alone.
Turbochargers were originally known as turbo-super-
chargers when all forced induction devices were
classified as superchargers. Nowadays the term
"supercharger" is usually applied only to mechanically
driven forced induction devices.
The key difference between a turbocharger and a conventional supercharger is that
a supercharger is mechanically driven by the engine, often through a belt
connected to the crankshaft, whereas a turbocharger is powered by a turbine driven
by the engine's exhaust gas. Compared to a mechanically driven supercharger,
turbochargers tend to be more efficient, but less responsive.
Turbochargers are commonly used on truck, car, aircraft, and construction
equipment engines. They are most often used with Otto cycle and Diesel cycle
internal combustion engines.

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How a turbocharger works
In normally aspirated piston engines, intake gases are "pushed" into the engine by
atmospheric pressure filling the volumetric void caused by the downward stroke of
the piston (which creates a low-pressure area), similar to drawing liquid using a
syringe. The amount of air actually aspirated, compared to the theoretical amount
if the engine could maintain atmospheric pressure, is called volumetric efficiency.
The objective of a turbocharger is to improve an engine's volumetric efficiency by
increasing density of the intake gas (usually air) allowing more power per engine
cycle.
The turbocharger's compressor draws in ambient
air and compresses it before it enters into the
intake manifold at increased pressure .This results
in a greater mass of air entering the cylinders on
each intake stroke. The power needed to spin the
centrifugal compressor is derived from the kinetic
energy of the engine's exhaust gases.

A turbocharger may also be used to increase fuel efficiency without increasing


power. This is achieved by recovering waste energy in the exhaust and feeding it
back into the engine intake. By using this otherwise wasted energy to increase the
mass of air, it becomes easier to ensure that all fuel is burned before being vented
at the start of the exhaust stage.

The reduced density of intake air is often


compounded by the loss of atmospheric density
seen with elevated altitudes. Thus, a natural use
of the turbocharger is with aircraft engines. As
an aircraft climbs to higher altitudes, the
pressure of the surrounding air quickly falls
off. The air pressure is at half the pressure of
sea level, which means that the engine
produces less than half-power at this altitude.

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Twin-turbo
Twin-turbo or bi-turbo refers to a turbocharged engine in which two turbochargers
compress the intake charge. More specifically called "parallel twin-turbos".
It’s mainly used in diesel automobile racing applications.

Parallel twin-turbo

Paralleled twin-turbo refers to the turbocharger configuration in which two


identical turbochargers function simultaneously, splitting the turbocharging duties
equally. Each turbocharger is driven by half of the engine's spent exhaust energy.
In most applications, the compressed air
from both turbos is combined in a
common intake manifold and sent to the
individual cylinders.

Parallel twin turbos applied to V-shaped engines are usually mounted with one
turbo assigned to each cylinder bank, providing packaging symmetry and
simplifying plumbing over a single turbo setup.

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Twin-scroll
Twin-scroll or divided turbochargers have two exhaust gas inlets and two nozzles,
a smaller sharper angled one for
quick response and a larger less
angled one for peak performance.

In twin-scroll designs, the exhaust manifold physically separates the channels for
cylinders that can interfere with each other, so that the pulsating exhaust gasses
flow through separate scrolls.
With common firing order 1-3-4-2, two scrolls of unequal length pair cylinders 1-4
and 3-2. This lets the engine efficiently use exhaust scavenging techniques, which
decreases exhaust gas temperatures and NOx emissions, improves turbine
efficiency, and reduces turbo lag evident at low engine speeds.

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Turbine
Energy provided for the turbine work is converted from the kinetic energy of the
gas. The turbine housings direct the gas flow through the turbine as it spins at up to
250,000 rpm. The size and shape can dictate some performance characteristics of
the overall turbocharger. Often the same basic turbocharger assembly is available
from the manufacturer with multiple housing choices for the turbine, and
sometimes the compressor covers as well. This lets the balance between
performance, response, and efficiency be tailored to the application.

The turbine and impeller wheel sizes also dictate the amount of air or exhaust that
can flow through the system, and the relative efficiency at which they operate. In
general, the larger the turbine wheel and compressor wheel the larger the flow
capacity.

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Compressor
The compressor increases the mass of intake air entering the combustion chamber.
The compressor is made up of an impeller, a diffuser and a volute housing.
The idealized turbo-machine achieves a pressure rise by addingvelocity to a
continuous flow of fluid through the rotor or impeller. This kinetic energy is then
converted to an increase in potential energy/static pressure by slowing the flow
through a diffuser. The pressure rise in impeller is in most cases almost equal to
the rise in the diffuser section

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