Dr.

Hassan SHARABATY
EEE Department, Faculty of Engineering
University of Turkish Aeronautical Association

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AVR Memory Organization
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I/O Registers & their Data Memory Address Locations
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%UDQFKLI0LQXV
%UDQFKLI3OXV
%UDQFKLI2YHUIORZ)ODJLV6HW
%UDQFKLI2YHUIORZ)ODJLV&OHDUHG

39

AVR Conditional Jump instructions

,QVWUXFWLRQ $EEUHYLDWLRQRI &RPPHQW
Unleash your Creativity!

%5(4 OEO %UDQFKLI(TXDO -XPSWRORFDWLRQOEO LI=

%51(OEO %UDQFKLI1RW(TXDO -XPSLI= WRORFDWLRQOEO
%5&6 OEO %UDQFKLI&DUU\6HW -XPSWRORFDWLRQOEOLI&
%5/2 OEO %UDQFKLI/RZHU
%5&&OEO %UDQFKLI&DUU\&OHDUHG -XPSWRORFDWLRQOEOLI&
%56+OEO %UDQFKLI6DPHRU+LJKHU
%50,OEO %UDQFKLI0LQXV -XPSWRORFDWLRQOEOLI1
%53/OEO %UDQFKLI3OXV -XPSLI1
%5*(OEO %UDQFKLI*UHDWHURU(TXDO -XPSLI6
%5/7OEO %UDQFKLI/HVV7KDQ -XPSLI6
%5+6OEO %UDQFKLI+DOI&DUU\6HW ,I+ WKHQMXPSWROEO
%5+&OEO %UDQFKLI+DOI&DUU\&OHDUHG LI+ WKHQMXPSWROEO
%576 %UDQFKLI7IODJ6HW ,I7 WKHQMXPSWROEO
%57& %UDQFKLI7IODJ&OHDUHG ,I7 WKHQMXPSWROEO
%5,6 %UDQFKLI,IODJVHW ,I, WKHQMXPSWROEO
%5,& %UDQFKLI,IODJFOHDUHG ,I, WKHQMXPSWROEO

40
Example 1
Unleash your Creativity!
„ :ULWHDSURJUDPWRLQFUHDVHV5LI 5 5

„ 6ROXWLRQ 1R
LI5 5

<HV
68%55 =ZLOOEHVHWLI5 5

%51(1(;7 LI1RW(TXDOMXPSWRQH[W LQFUHPHQW5

,1&5

1(;7

41

Example 2
Unleash your Creativity!

„ :ULWHDSURJUDPWKDWLQFUHDVHV5LI 55

„ 6ROXWLRQ

68%55 &ZLOOEHVHWLI55

& LI5! 5

%5&&/ LI&DUU\FOHDUHGMXPSWR/

,1&5

/

42
Example 3
Unleash your Creativity!
„ :ULWHDSURJUDPWKDWLQFUHDVHV5LI 5! 5

„ 6ROXWLRQ

68%55 &ZLOOEHVHWLI55

& LI5! 5

%5&6/ LI&DUU\VHWMXPSWR/

,1&5

/

43

Example 4
Unleash your Creativity!

¾ :ULWHDSURJUDPWRVWD\LQWKH
ORRSWHVWLQJ3,1%XQWLOLWKDVD
YDOXHRWKHUWKDQ]HUR

„ 6ROXWLRQ

29(5 ,153,1% UHDG3,1%WR5

7675 VHWWKHIODJVDFFRUGLQJWR5
%5(429(5 MXPSLI5LV]HUR=

767LQVWUXFWLRQ([DPLQH DUHJLVWHUDQGVHWWKHIODJV=19 6DFFRUGLQJWR

WKHFRQWHQWVRIWKHUHJLVWHUZLWKRXWSHUIRUPLQJDQ\DULWKPHWLFLQVWUXFWLRQ

44
Example 5
:ULWHDSURJUDPWRGHWHUPLQHLI5$0ORFDWLRQ[FRQWDLQV
Unleash your Creativity!
„

WKHYDOXH,IVRSXW[LQWRLW

„ 6ROXWLRQ

(480</2& [
/'650</2&
7675 VHWWKHIODJV= 1
= LI5KDV]HURYDOXH
%51(1(;7 EUDQFKLI5LVQRW]HUR=
/',5[ SXW[LI5KDV]HURYDOXH
6760</2&5 DQGVWRUHDFRS\WRORF
1(;7

45

Example 6
)LQGWKHVXPRIWKHYDOXHV[[)DQG[(3XWWKHVXPLQWR
Unleash your Creativity!

5ORZE\WHDQG 5KLJKE\WH

6ROXWLRQ
/',5 FOHDUKLJKE\WH5
/',5[ FOHDUORZE\WH5
/',5[)
$''55 5 [[) [(DQG&
%5&& QH[W EUDQFKLI&
,1&5 & LQFUHPHQWQRZKLJKE\WH
QH[W /',5[(
$''55 5 [([( [DQG&
%56+29(5 EUDQFKLI&
,1&5 & LQFUHPHQWQRZKLJKE\WH
29(5 QRZORZE\WH [DQGKLJKE\WH
46
Example 7: IF and ELSE
R17 = 5;
Unleash your Creativity! if (R21 < R20)
R22++;
else
R22--;
R17 ++;

/', 5

68% 55

%5&6 ,)B<(6

'(& 5

-03 1(;7

,)B<(6 ,1& 5

1(;7 ,1& 5

47

Looping in AVR
Unleash your Creativity!

,QWKH$95WKHUHDUHVHYHUDOZD\VWRUHSHDWDQRSHUDWLRQPDQ\WLPHV
2QHZD\LVWRXVHDGHFUHDVLQJFRXQWHUZLWK%51( LQVWUXFWLRQ

/', 5QQXPEHURIUHSHWLWLRQV
%$&. VWDUWRIWKHORRS
ERG\RIWKHORRS
ERG\RIWKHORRS
'(&5Q GHFUHDVHWKHFRXQWHU5Q = ZKHQ5Q
%51(%$&. %UDQFKWR%$&.LI= LH 5HSHDWWKHORRS

3ULRUWRWKHVWDUWRIWKHORRSWKH5Q LVORDGHGE\WKHQHHGHGQXPEHU
RIUHSHWLWLRQV

48
Looping in AVR
Unleash your Creativity!
„ :ULWHDSURJUDPWKDWH[HFXWHVWKHLQVWUXFWLRQ
³$''55´WLPHV

„ 6ROXWLRQ

/',5 5
/
$''55
'(&5 5 5
%51(/ LI= MXPSWR/

1RWHWKDWWKHODVWORRSFDQEHUHSHDWHGD
PD[LPXPRIWLPHVZK\"

49

Looping in AVR
Unleash your Creativity!

([DPSOH:ULWHDSURJUDPWR DFOHDU5
EDGGWR5WHQWLPHV
6ROXWLRQ FVHQGWKHVXPWR3257%

/',5 5 GHFLPDOIRUFRXQWHU

/',5 5
/',5 5
$*$,1 $''55 DGGWR55 VXP
'(&5 GHFUHPHQW5FRXQWHU
%51($*$,1 UHSHDWXQWLO&2817
2873257%5 VHQGVXPWR3257%
««

50
Looping in AVR
Unleash your Creativity! „ :ULWHDSURJUDPWKDWFDOFXODWHVWKHUHVXOWRI«
„ 6ROXWLRQ

/', 5 5

/', 5 5

/ $'' 55 5 55

'(& 5 5 5

%51( / LI=

/ 5-03 / :DLWKHUHIRUHYHU

51

Looping in AVR
Unleash your Creativity!

„ :ULWHDSURJUDPWKDWFDOFXODWHVWKHRGGQXPEHUV«
6ROXWLRQ
LDI R20,0 5
5

LDI R16,1
5 55

L1: ADD R20,R16

5 5

LDI R17,2

ADD R16,R17 ;R16 = R16 + 2 <HV

5

LDI R17,27 ;R17 = 27

1R

SUB R17,R16 (1'

BRCC L1 ;if R16 <= 27 jump L1

52
Looping in AVR
Unleash your Creativity!
/RRSLQVLGHDORRS
([DPSOH:ULWHDSURJUDPWR
DORDGWKH³3257&´UHJLVWHUZLWKWKHYDOXH[
6ROXWLRQ E&RPSOHPHQW³3257&´ WLPHV

/',5[ 5 [

2873257&5 3257& [
/',5 ORDGLQWR5RXWHUORRSFRXQW
/23B /',5 ORDGLQWR5LQQHUORRSFRXQW
/23B &205 FRPSOHPHQW5
2873257&5 ORDG 3257& 6)5ZLWKWKHFRPSOHPHQWHGYDOXH
'(&5 GHF5LQQHUORRS
%51( /23B UHSHDWLWWLPHV
'(&5 GHF5RXWHUORRS
%51( /23B UHSHDWLWWLPHV

53

Calling a Function
Unleash your Creativity!

([DPSOH 7RJJOHDOOWKHELWVRI3RUW%HYHU\VHFE\VHQGLQJWRLWWKH
YDOXHVDQG$$FRQWLQXRXVO\

%$&. /', 5[ ORDG5ZLWK[

287 3257%5 VHQG+WRSRUW%
&$// '(/$<BVHF WLPHGHOD\
/', 5[$$ ORDG5ZLWK[$$
287 3257%5 VHQG[$$WRSRUW%
&$// '(/$<BVHF WLPHGHOD\
5-03 %$&. NHHSGRLQJWKLVLQGHILQLWHO\

'(/$<BVHF

«

5(7 UHWXUQWRFDOOHU
54
Time delay
Unleash your Creativity!

machine cycle
LDI R16, 19 1
LDI R20, 95 1
LDI R21, 5 1
ADD R16, R20 1
ADD R16, R21 1
5

0+=Î LQVWUXFWLRQF\FOH —VHF 'HOD\ [—V

0+=Î LQVWUXFWLRQF\FOH QVHF 'HOD\ [QV
0+=Î LQVWUXFWLRQF\FOH QVHF 'HOD\ [QV

55

Time delay
Unleash your Creativity!

123 1RRSHUDWLRQMXVWZDVWHVFORFNF\FOHV
'HOD\VHF
machine cycle
LDI R17, 200
1
L1: LDI R16, 250
1 [
L2: NOP
1 [ [
NOP 1 [ [
DEC R16 1 [
[
BRNE L2 2 [ [
DEC R17 1 [
BRNE L1 2 [

&U\VWDOIUHTXHQF\ 0+=Î LQVWUXFWLRQF\FOH —VHF

'HOD\ ^>[@[`[—V PVHF

56
Calling a Function
([DPSOH 7RJJOHDOOELWVRI3RUW%E\VHQGLQJWRLWWKHYDOXHVDQG$$
Unleash your Creativity!
FRQWLQXRXVO\3XWDWLPHGHOD\EHWZHHQHDFKWUDQVPLWWLQJRIGDWDWR3RUW%
/', 5+,*+5$0(1' ORDG63+
287 63+5
/', 5/2:5$0(1' ORDG63/
287 63/5
%$&. /', 5[ ORDG5ZLWK[
287 3257%5 VHQG+WRSRUW%
&$// '(/$< WLPHGHOD\
/', 5[$$ ORDG5ZLWK[$$
287 3257%5 VHQG[$$WRSRUW%
&$// '(/$< WLPHGHOD\
5-03 %$&. NHHSGRLQJWKLVLQGHILQLWHO\
'(/$<
/', 5[)) 5 WKHFRXQWHU
$*$,1
123 QRRSHUDWLRQZDVWHVFORFNF\FOHV
123
'(& 5
%51( $*$,1 UHSHDWXQWLO5EHFRPHV 57
5(7 UHWXUQWRFDOOHU

Calling many subroutines from the main program

0$,1 KRZ WKH&38NQRZV
&$// 'HOD\ ZKHUHWRUHVXPHZKHQ
LWUHWXUQVIURPWKHFDOOHG
&$// 68%5B
VXEURXWLQH"
HQGRI0$,1

'HOD\ &38VWRUHWKHQHHGHG

5(7 LQIRUPDWLRQLQ 6WDFN
HQGRI'HOD\VXEURXWLQH
68%5B PHPRU\

5(7
HQGRIVXEURXWLQH

58
Stack memory and Stack Pointer SP in AVR

¾6WDFN PHPRU\LVDVHFWLRQRI5$0XVXDOO\GHILQHGE\WKH

SURJUDPPHUDWHQGRI65$0

¾ ,W¶VPDLQO\XVHGWRVWRUHVRPHQHHGHGLQIRUPDWLRQIRU
FDOOV DQGLQWHUUXSWV

6WDFN
™ 6WDFNORFDWLRQLQ65$0" 63

¾ 63VWDFNSRLQWHUUHJLVWHUZKLFKLVLPSOHPHQWHGLQ

,2PHPRU\ LVXVHGWRSRLQWWKH VWDFNVHFWLRQ

1RWH
7KH6WDFN3RLQWHU63SRLQWVWRWKH7RS2I6WDFN726
7KHVWDFNLV/,)2PHPRU\/DVW,Q)LUVW2XW
59

Initializing the stack pointer

¾ :KHQWKH$95LVSRZHUHGXSWKH63UHJLVWHUFRQWDLQVWKHYDOXHWKHUHIRUH
ZHPXVWLQLWLDOL]HWKH63DWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSURJUDP
¾ ,WLVFRPPRQWRLQLWLDOL]HWKH63WR³5$0(1'´ ZKLFKUHSUHVHQWVWKHDGGUHVV
RIWKHODVW5$0ORFDWLRQ $GGUHVV &RGH
ORG 0

LDI R16,HIGH(RAMEND)

OUT SPH,R16

5 $10
$00 5 $30
$00
LDI R16,LOW(RAMEND)
5 $00
$20 5 $00 OUT SPL,R16

LDI R20,0x10

LDI R21, 0x20

LDI R22,0x30

63 PUSH
R20

PUSH

R21

PUSH

R22

$ POP R21

% POP R0

& POP R20

' L1: RJMP L1

60
RAMEND(suppose $3FFF)
0HPRU\
PUSH and POP instruction

™+RZVWDFNVDUHDFFHVVHG LQWKH$95"

6WRULQJ LQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVWDFNLVFDOOHGD386+

6WDFN
386+ 5V 3XVKWKHUHJLVWHU5V RQWRVWDFNPHPRU\ 63

5V FDQEHDQ\RIWKH*35V55

=

1) [SP] = Rs &RQWHQWRIWKHUHJLVWHU5V LVVDYHGLQ

WKHPHPRU\ORFDWLRQZKHUHWKH63SRLQWV
2) SP = SP – 1 (63LVGHFUHPHQWHGE\RQH)

61

PUSH and POP instruction

™+RZVWDFNVDUHDFFHVVHGLQWKH$95"

/RDGLQJ RI VWDFNFRQWHQWEDFN LQWR RQHUHJLVWHU

LVFDOOHGD323RSSRVLWHSURFHVVRISXVKLQJ

6WDFN
3235G UHWULHYHWKHGDWDIURPVWDFNPHPRU\
EDFNLQWR 5G
=

5G FDQEHDQ\RI*35V55

1) Rd = [SP] &RQWHQWRIWKH WRSORFDWLRQLQWKHVWDFNLVFRSLHG

EDFNLQWRWKH5G
2) SP = SP + 1 (63LVLQFUHPHQWHGE\RQH)
62
Calling a Function
„ 7RH[HFXWHDFDOO
$GGUHVV &RGH
$GGUHVVRIWKHQH[WLQVWUXFWLRQLV LDI R16,HIGH(RAMEND)
VDYHGLQWRVWDFN OUT SPH,R16

3&LVORDGHGZLWKWKHDSSURSULDWH LDI R16,LOW(RAMEND)

YDOXH OUT SPL,R16

LDI R20,15
0DFKLQHFRGH LDI R21,5

($
$
CALL FUNC_NAME
RS&RGH RSHUDQG
INC R20
L1: RJMP L1
$ FUNC_NAME:
$ ADD R20,R21
63 % SUBI R20,3
3& &
%




& RET
'
6WDFN

63

CALL, RET instructions and the role of the stack

6WDFN

¾ &DOOLQVWUXFWLRQ

3XVKWKHDGGUHVVRIWKHQH[WLQVWUXFWLRQRQWRWKHVWDFN
63
'HFUHPHQWWKHVWDFNSRLQWHU 0$,1

&$// 'HOD\
7UDQVIHUVFRQWUROWRWKDWVXEURXWLQH
HQGRI0$,1
'HOD\

5(7 HQGRIVXEURXWLQH

¾ 5(7LQVWUXFWLRQ
&RS\EDFNWKHWRSORFDWLRQVRIWKHVWDFNWRWKH3URJUDP&RXQWHU3&

WKH\VKRXOGFRQWDLQWKHDGGUHVVRIWKHLQVWUXFWLRQEHORZWKH&$//

,QFUHPHQWWKHVWDFNSRLQWHU

64
Some Instructions Using a GPR as Operand
Unleash your Creativity!

7KHVHLQVWUXFWLRQVRSHUDWHRQDVLQJOH*35UHJLVWHUDQGSODFHWKHUHVXOW
LQWKHVDPHUHJLVWHU

65

ALU Instructions Using Two GPRs

Unleash your Creativity!

7KHVHLQVWUXFWLRQVRSHUDWHRQWZR*35UHJLVWHUVRIVRXUFH5UDQG
GHVWLQDWLRQUGDQGWKHQSODFHWKHUHVXOWLQWKHGHVWLQDWLRQUHJLVWHU5G

66
5HIHUHQFHV
Unleash your Creativity!

)RUIXUWKHUUHDGLQJVWXGHQWVDUH
UHIHUUHGWR

¾ 7KH $95 0LFURFRQWUROOHU DQG

(PEHGGHG 6\VWHPV 8VLQJ
$VVHPEO\ DQG & 3UHQWLFH +DOO

67