Introduction to Electrical

Engineering

• Engr. Homer O. Principe, PEE

History of Electrical Engineering
Ancient Developments Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain
Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to
aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus, an ancient
from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", Greek philosopher, writing at around 600 BCE, described a form of
and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such
were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and as amber, would cause a particular attraction between the two. He
Arabic naturalists and physicians.Several ancient writers, such as noted that the amber buttons could attract light objects such as hair
Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing and that if they rubbed the amber for long enough they could even
effect of electric shocks delivered by electric catfish and electric get a spark to jump.
rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting At around 450 BCE Democritus, a later Greek philosopher,
objects. Patients suffering from ailments such as gout or headache developed an atomic theory that was similar to modern atomic
were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful theory. His mentor, Leucippus, is credited with this same theory.
jolt might cure them. Possibly the earliest and nearest approach to The hypothesis of Leucippus and Democritus held everything to be
the discovery of the identity of lightning, and electricity from any composed of atoms. But these atoms, called "atomos", were
other source, is to be attributed to the Arabs, who before the 15th indivisible, and indestructible. He presciently stated that between
century had the Arabic word for lightning ra‘ad ( )‫رعد‬applied to the atoms lies empty space, and that atoms are constantly in motion.
electric ray. He was incorrect only in stating that atoms come in different sizes
and shapes, and that each object had its own shaped and sized
atom.
An object found in Iraq in 1938, dated to about 250 BCE and called
the Baghdad Battery, resembles a galvanic cell and is claimed by
some to have been used for electroplating in Mesopotamia,
although there is no evidence for this.
History of Electrical Engineering

A voltaic pile, the first battery

Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for

millennia. In 1600, the English scientist, William Gilbert extended
the study of Cardano on electricity and magnetism, distinguishing
the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing
amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or
"like amber", from ήλεκτρον [elektron], the Greek word for
"amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after
being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words
"electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in
print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646.
Alessandro Volta showing the Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke who showed
earliest pile to emperor electrostatic repulsion. Robert Boyle also published work.
Napoleon Bonaparte
History of Electrical Engineering

Benjamin Franklin
In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive
research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In
June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom
of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened
sky. A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his
hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature. He also
explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the Leyden jar as
18th-Century Developments a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge, by coming
By 1705, Francis Hauksbee had discovered that if he placed a small up with the single fluid, two states theory of electricity.
amount of mercury in the glass of his modified version of Otto von
Guericke's generator, evacuated the air from it to create a mild In 1791, Italian Luigi Galvani published his discovery of
vacuum and rubbed the ball in order to build up a charge, a glow bioelectricity, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by
was visible if he placed his hand on the outside of the ball. This glow which nerve cells passed signals to the muscles. Alessandro Volta's
was bright enough to read by. It seemed to be similar to St. Elmo's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc
Fire. This effect later became the basis of the gas-discharge lamp,
which led to neon lighting and mercury vapor lamps. In 1706 he and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of
produced an 'Influence machine' to generate this effect. He was electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used.
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society the same year.
History of Electrical Engineering
19th Century Developments
Electrical engineering became a profession in the late 19th century.
Practitioners had created a global electric telegraph network and the
first electrical engineering institutions to support the new discipline
were founded in the UK and US. Although it is impossible to precisely
pinpoint a first electrical engineer, Francis Ronalds stands ahead of the Sir Francis Ronalds
field, who created a working electric telegraph system in 1816 and
documented his vision of how the world could be transformed by
electricity. Over 50 years later, he joined the new Society of Telegraph
Engineers (soon to be renamed the Institution of Electrical Engineers)
where he was regarded by other members as the first of their cohort.
The donation of his extensive electrical library was a considerable boon
for the fledgling Society.
Development of the scientific basis for electrical engineering, with Michael Faraday
the tools of modern research techniques, intensified during the
19th century. Notable developments early in this century include
the work of Georg Ohm, who in 1827 quantified the relationship
between the electric current and potential difference in a
conductor, Michael Faraday, the discoverer of electromagnetic
induction in 1831.[21] In the 1830s, Georg Ohm also constructed an
early electrostatic machine. The homopolar generator was
developed first by Michael Faraday during his memorable Thomas Edison built the world's
experiments in 1831. It was the beginning of modern dynamos — first large-scale electrical supply
that is, electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field. network
The invention of the industrial generator, which didn't need
external magnetic power in 1866 by Werner von Siemens made a
large series of other inventions in the wake possible.
History of Electrical Engineering
In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell published a unified treatment of
electricity and magnetism in A Treatise on Electricity and After the development of a practical incandescent lamp for indoor
Magnetism which stimulated several theorists to think in terms of lighting, Thomas Edison switched on the world's first public
fields described by Maxwell's equations. In 1878, the British electric supply utility in 1882, using what was considered a
inventor James Wimshurst developed an apparatus that had two relatively safe 110 volts direct current system to supply
glass disks mounted on two shafts. It was not till 1883 that the customers. Engineering advances in the 1880s, including the
Wimshurst machine was more fully reported to the scientific
invention of the transformer, led to electric utilities starting to
community.
adopting alternating current, up till then used primarily in arc
lighting systems, as a distribution standard for outdoor and indoor
During the latter part of the 1800s, the study of electricity was lighting (eventually replacing direct current for such purposes). In
largely considered to be a subfield of physics. It was not until the the US there was a rivalry, primarily between a Westinghouse AC
late 19th century that universities started to offer degrees in and the Edison DC system known as the "war of the currents”.
electrical engineering. In 1882, Darmstadt University of
Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical "By the mid-1890s the four "Maxwell equations" were recognized
engineering worldwide. In the same year, under Professor Charles as the foundation of one of the strongest and most successful
Cross, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology began offering the theories in all of physics; they had taken their place as
first option of Electrical Engineering within a physics department. In companions, even rivals, to Newton's laws of mechanics. The
1883, Darmstadt University of Technology and Cornell University equations were by then also being put to practical use, most
introduced the world's first courses of study in electrical dramatically in the emerging new technology of radio
engineering and in 1885 the University College London founded the communications, but also in the telegraph, telephone, and
first chair of electrical engineering in the United Kingdom. The electric power industries." By the end of the 19th century, figures
University of Missouri subsequently established the first in the progress of electrical engineering were beginning to
department of electrical engineering in the United States in 1886. emerge. Charles Proteus Steinmetz helped foster the
During this period commercial use of electricity increased development of alternating current that made possible the
dramatically. Starting in the late 1870s cities started installing large expansion of the electric power industry in the United States,
scale electric street lighting systems based on arc lamps formulating mathematical theories for engineers.
History of Electrical Engineering
Emergence of Radio and Electronics

During the development of radio, many scientists and inventors

contributed to radio technology and electronics. In his classic UHF Jagadish Chandra Bose in 1894
experiments of 1888, Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the existence of
electromagnetic waves (radio waves) leading many inventors and
scientists to try to adapt them to commercial applications, such as
Guglielmo Marconi (1895) and Alexander Popov (1896).
Millimetre wave communication was first investigated by Jagadish
Chandra Bose during 1894–1896, when he reached an extremely
high frequency of up to 60 GHz in his experiments. He also
introduced the use of semiconductor junctions to detect radio
waves, when he patented the radio crystal detector in 1901.

Heinrich Hertz

Charles Proteus Steinmetz circa 1915

History of Electrical Engineering
20th-Century Developments
John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode, in 1904.
Reginald Fessenden recognized that a continuous wave needed to
be generated to make speech transmission possible, and by the end
of 1906 he sent the first radio broadcast of voice. Also in 1906,
An American invention at the time was a device to scramble the telephone
Robert von Lieben and Lee De Forest independently developed the calls between Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was called the
amplifier tube, called the triode. Edwin Howard Armstrong enabling Green Hornet system and worked by inserting noise into the signal. The noise
technology for electronic television, in 1931. was then extracted at the receiving end. This system was never broken by the
Germans.
In the early 1920s, there was a growing interest in the development
A great amount of work was undertaken in the United States as part of the
of domestic applications for electricity. Public interest led to War Training Program in the areas of radio direction finding, pulsed linear
exhibitions such featuring "homes of the future" and in the UK, the networks, frequency modulation, vacuum tube circuits, transmission line
Electrical Association for Women was established with Caroline theory and fundamentals of electromagnetic engineering. These studies were
Haslett as its director in 1924 to encourage women to become published shortly after the war in what became known as the 'Radio
Communication Series' published by McGraw-Hill in 1946.
involved in electrical engineering.
In 1941 Konrad Zuse presented the Z3, the world's first fully functional and
World War II years programmable computer. `
The second world war saw tremendous advances in the field of
electronics; especially in radar and with the invention of the
magnetron by Randall and Boot at the University of Birmingham in
1940. Radio location, radio communication and radio guidance of
aircraft were all developed at this time. An early electronic
computing device, Colossus was built by Tommy Flowers of the GPO
to decipher the coded messages of the German Lorenz cipher
machine. Also developed at this time were advanced clandestine
radio transmitters and receivers for use by secret agents.
History of Electrical Engineering

Post-war years
Prior to the Second World War, the subject was commonly known as
'radio engineering' and was primarily restricted to aspects of
communications and radar, commercial radio and early television. At
this time, the study of radio engineering at universities could only be
undertaken as part of a physics degree.
Later, in post war years, as consumer devices began to be developed, A replica of the
the field broadened to include modern TV, audio systems, Hi-Fi and first working
latterly computers and microprocessors. In 1946 the ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer) of John Presper Eckert and John transistor, a
Mauchly followed, beginning the computing era. The arithmetic
performance of these machines allowed engineers to develop point-contact
completely new technologies and achieve new objectives, including the transistor.
Apollo missions and the NASA moon landing.[37]
In the mid-to-late 1950s, the term radio engineering gradually gave way
to the name electronics engineering, which then became a stand-alone
university degree subject, usually taught alongside electrical engineering
with which it had become associated due to some similarities.
History of Electrical Engineering
The first working transistor was a point-contact transistor invented The MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS
by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain while working under transistor) was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at BTL in 1959.
William Shockley at the Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) in 1947. It was the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturised and mass-
They then invented the bipolar junction transistor in 1948. While produced for a wide range of uses. It revolutionized the electronics industry,
early junction transistors were relatively bulky devices that were becoming the most widely used electronic device in the world. The MOSFET is
difficult to manufacture on a mass-production basis, they opened the basic element in most modern electronic equipment, and has been central
the door for more compact devices. to the electronics revolution, the microelectronics revolution, and the Digital
The surface passivation process, which electrically stabilized silicon Revolution. The MOSFET has thus been credited as the birth of modern
surfaces via thermal oxidation, was developed by Mohamed M. electronics, and possibly the most important invention in electronics.
Atalla at BTL in 1957. This led to the development of the monolithic
integrated circuit chip. The first integrated circuits were the hybrid
integrated circuit invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in
1958 and the monolithic integrated circuit chip invented by Robert
Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959. Metal–oxide–
semiconductor field-
effect transistor
(MOSFET), the basic
building of modern
electronics.
Welcome and Congratulations students;
Since we just started;
Kindly answer in all honesty the questions below and send email to
[email protected] not later than Sept 2, 2020 (Wed).

1. Name:
2. High School attended:
3. Why you choose Bicol University?
4. Why you choose Electrical Engineering as your College Course?
5. Any possible difficulty to finish the course? Why?