Scribd
Upload
69 views

Class 2 Classification of Control Systems With Exemples

This document provides an introduction to control engineering concepts. It discusses continuous and discrete control systems, single-input single-output (SISO) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, and open-loop and closed-loop control systems. Open-loop systems have no feedback, while closed-loop systems use feedback to reduce errors between the desired and actual output. The document also covers feedback concepts like positive and negative feedback, and ideal requirements for control systems such as accuracy, sensitivity, stability, noise handling, and speed.

Uploaded by

Acharya Mascara Plaudo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
69 views

Class 2 Classification of Control Systems With Exemples

This document provides an introduction to control engineering concepts. It discusses continuous and discrete control systems, single-input single-output (SISO) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, and open-loop and closed-loop control systems. Open-loop systems have no feedback, while closed-loop systems use feedback to reduce errors between the desired and actual output. The document also covers feedback concepts like positive and negative feedback, and ideal requirements for control systems such as accuracy, sensitivity, stability, noise handling, and speed.

Uploaded by

Acharya Mascara Plaudo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

CONTROL

ENGINEERING

Sangamesh C M
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
CONTROL ENGINEERING
Introduction

Sangamesh C M
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Control Engineering
Introduction

UNIT:1 Introduction to automatic control system


Class 2
In this class you learn about some basic concepts of
continuous and discrete, SISO, MIMO, Open and Closed loop
systems, concept of feedback and an ideal requirements of the
control system.
Lesson Content
Concepts of
 Continuous and Discrete control system, SISO&MIMO
 Open and Closed loop systems
 Examples of open and closed loop
 Concept of feedback
 Ideal requirements of the control system
Control Engineering
Introduction

Continuous time and discrete time control system


 In continuous time control systems, all the signals are
continuous in time.
Ex: A discrete system is one in which the variable(s) change
only at a discrete set of points in time. E.g. customers
arrive at 3:15, 3:25, 4:00, etc

 In discrete time control systems, there exists one or more


discrete time signals.
Ex: A continuous system is one in which the variable(s).
change continuously over time. E.g. the amount of water
flow over a dam.
Control Engineering
Introduction

SISO and MIMO Control System

 SISO (Single Input and Single Output) control systems have


one input and one output.

 MIMO (Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs) control


systems have more than one input and more than one
output.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Classifications of control system

Classification of Control System

Open Loop Control System Closed Loop Control System


Control Engineering
Introduction

Open Loop Control System


In open loop control systems, output is not fed-back to the
input. So, the control action is independent of the desired
output.
Reference I/P Controlled
O/P

r(t) Controller Process


C(t)
Control Engineering
Introduction

Open Loop Control System cont…..

 Here, an input is applied to a controller and it produces an


actuating signal or controlling signal.

 This signal is given as an input to a plant or process which


is to be controlled.

 So, the plant produces an output, which is controlled.


Control Engineering
Introduction

Examples of Open Loop Control System

Electric hand drier – Hot air (output) comes out as long as


you keep your hand under the machine, irrespective of how
much your hand is dried.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Examples of Open Loop Control System


Automatic washing machine – This machine runs according to
the pre-set time irrespective of washing is completed or not.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Examples of Open Loop Control System

Bread toaster- This machine runs as per adjusted time


irrespective of toasting is completed or not
Control Engineering
Introduction

Advantages of Open Loop Control System

 Simple in construction and design.

 Economical.

 Easy to maintain.

 Generally stable.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Disadvantages of Open Loop Control System

 They are inaccurate

 They are unreliable

 Any change in output cannot be corrected


automatically.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Close Loop Control System

In closed loop control systems, output is fed back to the


input. So, the control action is dependent on the desired
output.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Examples of Close Loop Control System

Automatic Electric Iron- Heating elements are controlled by


output temperature of the iron.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Examples of Close Loop Control System

Perspiration (the process of sweating is natural system)

Your autonomic nervous system


controls your sweating function. This is the part of your
nervous system that functions on its own, without your
conscious control.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Advantages of Close Loop Control System


 Closed loop control systems are more accurate even in the
presence of non-linearity.

 Highly accurate as any error arising is corrected due to


presence of feedback signal.

 This system is less affected by noise.


Control Engineering
Introduction

Disadvantages of Close Loop Control System


 They are costlier.

 They are complicated to design.

 Required more maintenance.

 Stability is the major problem and more care is needed to


design a stable closed loop system
Control Engineering
Introduction

Difference between open and closed loop

Open Loop Control Systems Closed Loop Control Systems

• Control action is • Control action is dependent


independent of the desired of the desired output.
output.
• Feedback path is not • Feedback path is present.
present.
• These are also called • These are also called
as non-feedback control as feedback control
systems. systems.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Difference between open and closed loop Cont…..

Open Loop Control Systems Closed Loop Control Systems

• Easy to design. • Difficult to design.

• These are economical. • These are costlier.

• Inaccurate. • Accurate.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Concept of feedback system


A feedback control system is a system whose output is
controlled using its measurement as a feedback signal. This
feedback signal is compared with a reference signal to
generate an error signal which is filtered by a controller to
produce the system's control input.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Types of feedback
There are two types of feedback

 Positive feedback
 Negative feedback

Positive Feedback

The positive feedback adds the reference input, R(s) and


feedback output. The following figure shows the block diagram
of positive feedback control system.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Positive feedback Cont…..

The concept of transfer function will be discussed in later


chapters. For the time being, consider the transfer function of
positive feedback control system is,

𝐺
T= ------------------(1)
1−𝐺𝐻
Control Engineering
Introduction

Positive feedback Cont…..

Where,

T---- is the transfer function or overall gain of positive


feedback control system.

G--- is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.

H--- is the gain of feedback path, which is function of


frequency.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Negative feed back


Negative feedback reduces the error between the reference
input, R(s) and system output. The following figure shows the
block diagram of the negative feedback control system.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Negative feed back Cont….


Transfer function of negative feedback control system is,

𝐺
T= −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −(2)
1+𝐺𝐻

Where,

T---- is the transfer function or overall gain of negative


feedback control system.
G---- is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.
H---- is the gain of feedback path, which is function of
frequency.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Effect of Feed back

 From Equation 2, we can say that the overall gain of


negative feedback closed loop control system is the ratio of
'G' and (1+GH). So, the overall gain may increase or
decrease depending on the value of (1+GH).

 If the value of (1+GH) is less than 1, then the overall gain


increases. In this case, 'GH' value is negative because the
gain of the feedback path is negative.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Effect of Feed back Cont…..

 If the value of (1+GH) is greater than 1, then the overall gain


decreases. In this case, 'GH' value is positive because the
gain of the feedback path is positive.

 In general, 'G' and 'H' are functions of frequency. So, the


feedback will increase the overall gain of the system in one
frequency range and decrease in the other frequency range.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Ideal requirements of control system

Accuracy: Accuracy must be very high as error arising should


be corrected. Accuracy can be improved by the use of
feedback element.

Sensitivity: A good control system senses quick changes in the


output due to an environment, parametric changes, internal
and external disturbances..

A system is said to be stable, if its output is under control.


Otherwise, it is said to be unstable.
Control Engineering
Introduction

Ideal requirements of control system

Noise: Noise is a unwanted signal and a good control system


should be sensitive to these type of disturbances

Stability: A good control system should response to the


undesirable changes in the stability.

Speed: A good control system should have high speed that is


the output of the system should be fast as possible.
THANK YOU

Sangamesh C M
Department of Mechanical Engineering
[email protected]
+91 8073038517

You might also like