EXPERIMENT-1

AIM:

Introduction to Optical Fiber Communication.

THEORY:

An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide that transmits light along

its axis, by the process of total internal reflection . The fiber consists of
a core surrounded by a cladding layer, both of which are made
of dielectric materials. To confine the optical signal in the core, the refractive
index of the core must be greater than that of the cladding. The boundary
between the core and cladding may either be abrupt, in step-index fiber, or
gradual, in graded-index fiber.

NEED OF OPTICAL FIBER:

Due to much lower attenuation and interference, optical fiber has large
advantages over existing copper wire in long-distance, high-demand
applications. It is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit
telephone signals, Internet communication and cable television signals.

STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL FIBER:

DIAGRAM:

Block diagram of OFC system consist of following important block :

1. Transmitter

2. Informational channel

3. Receiver

RESULT:

We have studied the structure , need and block diagram of Optical fiber
communication .
EXPERIMENT-2

AIM:

Introduction to OptiPerformer Software .

THEORY:

OptiPerformer is a software tool that enables technical sales and marketing

teams of component and system vendors to powerfully and cost-effectively
demonstrate their products. The demonstration is carried out using design
scenarios that accurately project performance characteristics of real systems
built using vendor components or subsystems. By using OptiPerformer, an
application engineer can easily demonstrate the benefits of a product, or propose
different scenarios for the product, without having to develop the full depth of
R&D-level technical knowledge typical of proficient OptiSystem users.

1. The main features of the OptiPerformer interface include:

 Graphical user interface
 Mixed signal representation
 Quality and performance algorithms
 Advanced visualization tools
 State-of-the-art calculation data-flow

Main parts of the GUI :

The OptiPerformer GUI contains the following main windows:

• Project Layout
• Perform Control
• Parameter Settings
• Show Navigate
 Project Layout

The main working area that displays the layout of the project, including
components and connections .

 Perform Control

It (Calculation Control) allows you to control the calculation process of the

active project. You can start calculations, abort an active calculation process,
switch between sweep iterations, view the Bill of Materials, and access the
About the Design dialog box using the buttons on the Perform Control.

 Show Navigate

The Show Navigate control (File Display) allows you to view the list of file
attachments included as part of the active project. For example, an Adobe .pdf
file could contain documents regarding OptiSystem.
 Parameter Settings

The Parameter Settings control allows you to view the list of global parameters
created as part of the active project.

RESULT:

We have studied the introduction , main features and GUI of OptiPerformer

Software .
EXPERIMENT- 3

AIM:

To study change in eye diagram , BER and Q factor w.r.t fibre length.

THEORY:

Eye Diagram - It is an oscilloscope display in which a digital signal from a

receiver is repetitively sampled and applied to the vertical input, while the data
rate is used to trigger the horizontal sweep.

BER - The number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream
over a communication channel that have been altered due to noise, interference,
distortion or bit synchronization errors.

Q factor - It is a dimensionless parameter that describes how underdamped an

oscillator or resonator is. It is defined as the ratio of the peak energy stored in
the resonator in a cycle of oscillation to the energy lost per radian of the cycle.

Transmitter , Channel and Receiver - The transmitter converts the information

into signals suitable for the communication channel. While the signals
propagate through the channel, noise signals arise. These signals along with
noise will reach the receiver end, where message signal is filtered from the
transmitted signal along with noise .
DIAGRAM:

EYE DIAGRAM AND Q FACTOR:

RESULT :

The change of eye diagram , BER and Q factor is studied in this experiment
with respect to fibre length .
EXPERIMENT-4

AIM:

To study the effect of change in resolution bandwidth on led spectral

distribution using Opti-performer .

THEORY:

1. Resolution bandwidth- It is defined as the frequency span of the final

filter that is applied to the input signal. Smaller RBWs provide finer
frequency resolution and the ability to differentiate signals that have
frequencies that are closer together.
2. Led spectral distribution - The spectral distribution of the optical source
determines the performance of the optical system through the dispersion.

DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The effect of change in resolution bandwidth on led spectral distribution is

performed and the result is obtained.
EXPERIMENT NO: 5
AIM: To calculate numerical aperture, acceptance angle, solid acceptance angle and propagation
constant of solid index fiber using Matlab.

SOFTWARE USED: Matlab

THEORY:

1) NUMERICAL APERTURE

The Numerical Aperture (NA) of a fiber is defined as the sine of the largest angle an incident ray
can have for total internal reflectance in the core. Rays launched outside the angle specified by a
fiber's NA will excite radiation modes of the fiber. A higher core index, with respect to the
cladding, means larger NA. However, increasing NA causes higher scattering loss from greater
concentrations of dopant. A fiber's NA can be determined by measuring the divergence angle of
the light cone it emits when all its modes are excited.

2) ACCEPTANCE ANGLE- The acceptance angle of an optical fiber is defined based on a

purely geometrical consideration (ray optics): it is the maximum angle of a ray (against the fiber axis)
hitting the fiber core which allows the incident light to be guided by the core. Formula: θm = sin-
1
((ηf2-ηc2)1/2) or = sin-1(NA)
Where, θm = Acceptance Angle, ηf = Fibre Refractive Index, ηc = Cladding Refractive Index

3) SOLID ACCEPTANCE ANGLE-It is represented by Ω,

Formula: Ω = π(√n12 – n22) or Ω = π(NA) or Ω = π( θm2 )

4) PROPOGATION CONSTANT- In electromagnetic theory, the phase constant, also

called phase change constant, parameter or coefficient is the imaginary component of the
propagation constant for a plane wave. It represents the change in phase per unit length along the
path travelled by the wave at any instant and is equal to the real part of the angular wavenumber of
the wave. It is represented by the symbol β and is measured in units of radians per unit length .

Formula: β= (2π n1 / λ) Cos (θa) or (2π n1 / λ) Cos(Sin-1[(n12 -n22)1/2])

CODE:

clc;

clear all;

disp('fundamental of step index fibers');

n1 = input('enter the index of core =');

n2 = input('enter the index of cladding =');

lamda = input('enter the operating wavelength of fiber in micrometer =');

NA = ((n1^2)-(n2^2))^(1/2);

disp('numerical aperture of fiber is =');

disp(NA);

theta = asind(NA);

disp('Acceptance angle of fiber in degree is =');

disp(theta);

ohm = pi*(NA^2);

disp('solid acceptance angle of fiber in radian is =');

disp(ohm);

beta = (2*pi*n1/lamda)*cos(theta);

disp('Propagation constant of fiber in degree per micrometer is =');

disp(beta);

TABLE:

Input Boundary limits Formula Expected Units

required for inputs output
NA n1 and n2 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (n12 - n22 )1/ 2

and 0.14 to 0.20 unit

n1 > n2 less

θa (n1 and n2 ) 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 Sin-1[(n12 - n22)1/ 2]
or
and or 00 to 250 degree
NA
n1 > n2 Sin-1(NA)

Ω (n1 and n2 ) 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 π(n12 - n22)
or
and or
NA
n1 > n2 π(NA)2 radian
or
or
θa
πθa2

β (n1 , n2 ,λ) 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (2π n1 / λ)Cos(θa)

or and or

(n1 ,θa , λ) n1 > n2 (2π n1 / λ)Cos(Sin- (2πn1/ λ) < degree/μm

1
[(n12 -n22)1/2]) β< (2πn2 /λ)
and

1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm

Output:

EXPERIMENT- 6
AIM: To Calculate for graded index fiber:-

a) Propagation constant (β)

b) Normalized propagation constant (b)
c) V number (V)
d) Check whether the fiber is single mode or multi mode.
e) Graph between normalized propagation constant (b) and V number
f) Cut off wavelength (λc)
g) Number of modes traveling in fiber (Ms)

SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB

Theory:

1).Propagation constant: Propagation constant is a measure of changes in a sinusoidal electromagnetic

wave in terms of amplitude and phase, while propagating through a medium. This can be a transmission line
or free space. The Propagation constant is a dimensionless quantity.
It is represented by the following formula:

2).V number: The V number is a dimensionless parameter which is often used in the context of step-index fibers.
It is defined as:

where λ is the vacuum wavelength, a is the radius of the fiber core, and NA is the numerical aperture. Of course,
the V number should not be confused with some velocity v, e.g. the phase velocity of light, and also not with the
Abbe number, which is also sometimes called V-number.

3).Cut-off wavelength: The number of guided modes of a waveguide (for example, an optical fiber) depends
on the optical wavelength: the shorter the wavelength, the more modes can be guided. For long wavelengths,
there may be only a single guided mode (→
single-mode fibers) or even none at all, whereas multimode behavior is obtained at shorter wavelengths.
When a particular mode ceases to exist beyond a certain wavelength, that wavelength is called its cut-off
wavelength. For an optical fiber, the cut-off wavelength for the LP11 mode sets a limit to the single-mode regime,
as below that wavelength there is at least the LP01 and the LP11 mode.

4).Number of Modes traveling in Fibre:

The total number of mode traveling in a fibre depends on the V – Number and is related as: For Graded Index
Fibre:

Ms= (N^2)/4

Code:

clc; clear
all;
d = input('diameter of core in micrometer='); n1 =
input('enter the index of core =');
n2 = input('enter the index of cladding =');

lamda = input('enter the operating wavelength of fiber in micrometer ='); NA = ((n1^2)-

(n2^2))^(1/2);
disp('numerical aperture of fiber is = ');
disp(NA);
theta = asind(NA);

d = d*1000;% convert diameter micrometer to nanometer a =

d/2;%radius of core

k = 2*pi/lamda;

beta = k*n1*cos(theta);%calculation of propogation constant

disp('propagation constant of fiber is = ');

disp(beta);

b = (((beta^2)/(k^2))-(n2^2))/((n1^2)-(n2^2)); %normalized propogation constant disp('Normalized

propagation constant of fiber is = ');
disp(b);

Vnumber = pi*d*NA/lamda;
disp('V number = ');
disp(Vnumber);

%find wetherfiber is single mode or multi mode if

Vnumber<=2.405
disp('fiber is single mode fiber at given wavelength'); else
disp('fiber is multimode fiber at given wavelength'); end
%graphical representation of V verses normalized propogation constant(b) x = [1:1:12];% X-
axis b- 1 to 12
y = 1-(((a^2)*(((n1^2)*(k^2))-(beta^2)))/(1^2)) for i =
x(1,2):x(1,12)
y = [y,1-(((a^2)*(((n1^2)*(k^2))-(beta^2)))/(i^2))]; end
figure(1);
plot(x,y);
grid;

xlabel('Vnumber(unitless)--->');

ylabel('normalized propogatio constant(b)unitless--->');

%graphical representation of V with wavelength

x1=[800:1:2000];% X-axis wavelength from 100 to 4000 range in nanometer

y1=[(pi*d*NA)/800];

for j=x1(1,2):x1(1,1201)

k=2*pi/j;
y1=[y1,(k*d*NA/2)];

end

Vc = 2.405;

CutoffWavelength = pi*d*NA/Vc; CutoffWavelength =

round(CutoffWavelength);

disp('cutoffwavlength(nm) = ');
disp(CutoffWavelength);

figure(2); plot(x1,y1); hold on

h = stem(CutoffWavelength,Vc,'LineWidth',1);
set(h,'MarkerFaceColor','red');
hold off

annotation('textbox', 'Position',[0.6271 0.7976 0.2021 0.0524],

'FitHeightToText','off','BackgroundColor',[1 0.6431 1], 'String',{sprintf('Cutoff wavelength=
%s',...

int2str(CutoffWavelength))});

title('variation of normalized frequency with wavelength in step index fibers');

xlabel('wavelength(nm)--->');
ylabel('V(unitless)--->'); grid;
Lamda = input('operating Wavelength at which number of modes to be calculated in nanometer=');
Vnumber = pi*d*NA/Lamda;
disp('V number='); disp(Vnumber);
annotation('textbox', 'Position',[0.6271 0.6976 0.1021 0.0424], 'FitHeightToText', 'off','BackgroundColor',[1
0.6431 1],'String',{sprintf('Vnumber= %s' ,int2str(Vnumber))})
Ms = (Vnumber^2)/2;

disp('number of modes at operating wavelength='); Ms =

round(Ms);
disp(Ms);
TABLE:
Input Boundary limits Formula Expected Units
required for inputs output

NA n1 and n2 1.4 < (n1 , n2 ) < (n1 2 - n22 )1/ 2

1.5
0.14 to unit less
and 0.20

n1 > n 2

θa (n1 and 1.4 < (n1 , n2 ) < Sin -1[(n1 2 - n2 2 )1/ 2]

n2) or 1.5
Or 00 to 25 0 degree
NA and
Sin -1 (NA)
n1 > n 2

β (n1 , n2 ,λ) 1.4 < (n1 , n2 ) < (2π n1 / λ)Cos(θa)

1.5
or Or
and
(2π n1 / λ)Cos(Sin -1[(n 12 -n 2 2 )1/2 ]) (2πn2 /λ) < degree/μm
(n1 ,θa , λ) n1 > n 2 β<
(2πn1 /λ)
and

1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm

b n1 and 1.4 < (n1 , n2 ) < k=2 π / λ 0 to 10 unit less

1.5
n2 and And
and
β and [(β 2 / k2 )- n2 2]/( n12 - n22 )
n1 > n 2

λ and

1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm

and

(2πn2 / λ) < β<

(2πn1 /λ)
V (a and λ 1.4 < (n1 , n2 ) < (2πa/λ)[(n1 2 - n22 )1/ 2 0 to 12 unit less
and 1.5
n1 and n 2 ) or And
and
or (2πa/λ)*NA V<=2.405
n1 > n 2 and for single
(a and NA mode fiber
and λ) 1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm
and
0.3 μm< 2a < 25
μm V>2.405
for
multimode
fiber

Relation between b = 1-[{a2 (n 12k 2 - β 2 )}/ V2 ]

b and V

λc (a and Vc 1.4 < (n1 , n2 ) < Vc=2.405(fixed value) μm

and 1.5
n1 and n 2 ) and
and
or (2πa/Vc)[(n 12 - n22 )1/ 2
n1 > n 2
(a and NA or
and Vc) and
(2πa/Vc) * NA
0.3 μm< 2a < 25
μm

Ms V V>=10 V2/2 unit

Output:
Graph
Experiment No:7
AIM:To Calculate for graded index fiber:-
a) NA
b) Vnumber(V)
c) Cut off wavelength(λc)
d) Number of modes traveling infiber(Ms)

SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB

Theory:

1)N.A.(Numerical
aperture):

The Numerical Aperture (NA) of a fiber is defined as the sine of the largest angle an incident
ray can have for total internal reflectance in the core. Rays launched outside the angle specified
by a fiber's NA will excite radiation modes of the fiber. A higher core index, with respect to the
cladding, means larger NA. However, increasing NA causes higher scattering loss from greater
concentrations of dopant. A fiber's NA can be determined by measuring the divergence angle
of the light cone it emits when all itsmodes are excited.
2).V number: The V number is a dimensionless parameter which is often used in the context
of step-index fibers. It is defined as:

where λ is the vacuum wavelength, a is the radius of the fiber core, and NA is the numerical
aperture. Of course, the V number should not be confused with some velocity v, e.g. the
phase velocity of light, and also not with the Abbe number, which is also sometimes called V-
number.

3).Cut-off wavelength: The number of guided modes of a waveguide (for example, an

optical fiber) depends on the optical wavelength: the shorter the wavelength, the more modes
can be guided. For long wavelengths, there may be only a single guided mode (→

single-mode fibers) or even none at all, whereas multimode behavior is obtained at shorter
wavelengths.

When a particular mode ceases to exist beyond a certain wavelength, that wavelength is called
its cut-off wavelength. For an optical fiber, the cut-off wavelength for the LP11 mode sets a
limit to the single-mode regime, as below that wavelength there is at least the LP01 and the
LP11 mode.

4).Number of Modes traveling in Fibre:

The total number of mode traveling in a fibre depends on the V – Number and is related as:
For Graded Index Fibre:

Ms= (V^2)/4

Code:

clc;
cleara
ll;

d=input('diameter of core in
micrometer='); n1=input('index of
core=');

n2=input('index of
cladding='); NA = ((n1^2)-
(n2^2))^(1/2);

disp('numerical aperture of fiber is

='); disp(NA);

d=d*1000;% convert diameter micrometer to nanometer

Lamda = input('operating Wavelength at which number of modes to be calculated
in nanometer=');%800 to 1600 nanometer

Vnumber =
pi*d*NA/Lamda; disp('V
number = ');
disp(Vnumber);

CutoffWavelength = pi*d*NA/Vnumber;
CutoffWavelength =
round(CutoffWavelength);
disp('cutoffwavlength(nm) = ');
disp(CutoffWavelength);

Ms = (Vnumber^2)/4;

disp('number of modes at operating

wavelength='); Ms = round(Ms);

disp(Ms);
TABLE:

Inpu Boundary Formu Expec Uni

t limits la te d ts
requir for outp
ed inputs ut

N n1andn2 1.4<(n1,n2)< 2 2 1/2

(n1 -n2 )
A

1.5

and
0.14to unit less
n1>n2
0.20

V (a and λ 1.4<(n1,n2)< 2 2 0to12 unit less

and (2πa/λ)[(n1 -n2 )1/2
n1andn 1.5 And
2) Or

and

or n1>n2and (2πa/λ)*NA V<=2.4

1.1μm<λ<1.7μ 05
m
for single
(a
and mode
NA fiber

and λ) and

0.3μm<2a<25
V>2.405
μm
for
multimo
de fiber

λ (a and 1.4<(n1,n2)< Vc=2.405(fixedvalue) μm

c Vc and
n1andn 1.5
2)
and And

or 2 2
(2πa/Vc)[(n1 -n2 )1/2
n1>n2

(a Or
and
NA
and
and Vc)

(2πa/Vc)*NA
0.3μm<2a<25

μm

M V V>=10 2 unit
V /2
s
Output:

EXPERIMENT- 8
AIM: To Calculate for step index fiber:-

a) Graphical representation of core refractive index n 1[r] w.r.t. radius(a)

of core for different profile parameters.

b) Graphical representation of numerical aperture NA[r] w.r.t. radius of

core (r) for different profile parameters.

c) Acceptance Angle (θa) for given value of radius

Where 0 < r <= a , ∆ = refractive index difference

SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB

Theory:
1)N.A.(Numerical aperture):

The Numerical Aperture (NA) of a fiber is defined as the sine of the largest angle an incident
ray can have for total internal reflectance in the core. Rays launched outside the angle specified
by a fiber's NA will excite radiation modes of the fiber. A higher core index, with respect to the
cladding, means larger NA. However, increasing NA causes higher scattering loss from greater
concentrations of dopant. A fiber's NA can be determined by measuring the divergence angle of
the light cone it emits when all its modes are excited.

2) ACCEPTANCE ANGLE- The acceptance angle of an optical fiber is defined based on a

purely geometrical consideration (ray optics): it is the maximum angle of a ray (against the fiber axis)
hitting the fiber core which allows the incident light to be guided by the core. Formula: θm = sin-
1
((ηf2-ηc2)1/2) or = sin-1(NA)
Where, θm = Acceptance Angle, ηf = Fibre Refractive Index, ηc = Cladding Refractive Index
Code:

clc;

clear all;

disp ('fundamentals of graded index fibers');

d = input('enter the diameter of core in micrometer =');

d = d*1000; %converting micrometer to nanometer

n1axis = input ('enter the index at core axis =');

n2 = input ('enter the index of cladding =');

alpha = input ('enter profile parameter =');

r = input ('enter the radius in micrometer at which acceptance angle is to be fined =');

a = d/2;

del = ((n1axis^2)-(n2^2))/(2*(n1axis^2));

NAaxis = (((n1axis) ^2)-(n2^2)) ^ (1/2);

R = [0:1:a];

n1r = n1axis;

NA = NAaxis;

l = a+1;

for i = R (1, 2): R(1,l)

n1r = [n1r, n1axis*((1-(2*del*((i/a) ^alpha))) ^ (1/2))];

NA = [NA, NAaxis*((1- (i/a) ^alpha) ^ (1/2))];

end
theta = asind (NAaxis*((1- (r/a) ^alpha) ^ (1/2)));

disp ('the value of acceptance angle in degree is =');

disp (theta);

subplot (1, 2, 1);

plot(R, n1r);

title ('refractive index in graded index fiber w.r.t. radius');

xlabel (‘radius (nm) ---->');

ylabel ('refractive index (unitless) ---->');

grid;

subplot (1, 2, 2);

plot(R, NA);

title ('Numerical Aperture in graded index fiber w.r.t. radius');

xlabel (‘radius (nm) ---->');

ylabel ('numerical aperture (unitless) ---->');

grid;

TABLE:

Input Boundary limits Formula Expected Units

output
for inputs
∆ n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) (n1[0] 2 - n22) / (2 0.001 to unit
< 1.5 n12) 0.10 less
and
and
n2
n1[0] > n2

n1[r] n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) n1[0] * (1- n1[0] <
< 1.5 2∆(r/a)α)1/2 n1[r] < n2
and unit
and less
∆
n1[0] > n2
and
and
a
0.3 μm < 2a <
and 25 μm
α and

0 < r <= a

1< α < ∞

NA[0] n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) (n1[0]2 - n22)1/ 2 0.14 to unit
< 1.5 0.20 less
and
and
n2
n1[0] > n2
NA[r] NA[0] 0.3 μm < 2a < NA[0] * (1- unit
25 μm (r/a)α)1/2 less
and
and
a
0 < r <= a

θa (n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) Sin-1 [NA[0] * (1-

< 1.5 (r/a)α)1/2]
and 00 to 250 degree
and or
n2
n1[0] > n2 Sin-1(NA[r])
and r)

or

NA[r]
Output:
Graph: