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6.1 MICROWAVE AND RADAR ENGINEERING

L T P
4 - 4
RATIONALE

This subject includes an exposure to microwaves engineering, radar systems, fiber optics and
satellite communication. In microwaves industry, job opportunities are available in the area of
assembly, production, installation, repair and maintenance of microwave transmitters and
receivers. The knowledge of radar systems allows opportunities with civil and defense
organizations dealing with aircraft and shipping. Fiber optics is the latest thrust area in
communication with vast opportunities in the private sector.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completion of the course, the students should be able to:

• identify and demonstrate operating principles and typical applications of tubes and
diodes.
• understand the various types and propagation modes of wave guides
• describe the various types of antennas and wave propagation techniques
• know the basic principle of radar and interpret the various parameters used in radar
equations
• measure VSWR of a given load
• identify the block diagram and explain the operating principles of CW(Doppler), FMCW,
MTI radar
• interpret radar display PPI
• describe the working principles of microwave communication link

DETAILED CONTENTS
1. (12 Periods)
Introduction to Microwaves
Introduction to microwaves and its applications, Classification on the basis
of its frequency bands (HF, VHF, UHF, L, S, C, X, Ku, Ka, Sub mm)
Microwave Devices
Characteristics, operating principles and typical applications of the
following devices (No mathematical treatment)

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- Multi cavity klystron

- Reflex klystron
- Multi-cavity magnetron
- Traveling wave tube
- Gunn diode
- IMPATT diode
- TRAPATT diode
- PIN diode

2. (10 Periods)
Wave guides
Rectangular and circular wave guides and their applications. Mode of
wave guide; Propagation constant of a rectangular wave guide, cut off
wavelength, guide wavelength and their relationship with free space
wavelength (no mathematical derivation). Impossibility of TEM mode in a
wave guide.

3. (12 Periods)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
- Physical concept of radiation electromagnetic energy from an antenna,
relationship between the direction of electric and magnetic fields with
direction of propagation; concept of polarization of EM waves.
- Electromagnetic spectrum and its various range VLF, LF, HF, VHF,
UHF, Micro wave, Optical waves etc.
- Definition and physical concepts of the terms used with antennas like
point source, gain, power gain, directivity aperture, effective area,
radiation pattern, (field strength power and phase) beam angle, beam
width and radiation resistance.
- Types of antennas- Brief description, characteristics and typical
applications of medium wave antenna, shortwave antenna, HF
antenna, VHF, UHF and Microwave antenna e.g., half wave dipole,
ground plane, yagi and ferrit rod antenna in transistor receiver. Brief
idea about rhombic antenna, dish antenna, Horn, Parabolic reflector
and Lens antenna.
- Antenna arrays-Brief description of broad side and end fire arrays
their radiation pattern and application (without analysis)
- Basic idea about different modes of radio wave propagation- ground
wave propagation, space wave propagation and sky wave propagation,
their characteristics and typical areas of application. (e.g. medium
wave, short wave, TC communication.)
- Explanation of the terms-critical frequency, maximum usable
frequency (MUF) and skip distance.

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4. (10 Periods)
Radar Systems
− Introduction to radar, its various applications, radar range equation
(no derivation) and its applications.

5. Satellite Communication (12 Periods)

- Basic idea passive and active satellites.

- Meaning of the terms Orbit, Apogee and Perigee
- Geo- stationary satellite and its need.
- Block diagram and explanation of a satellite communication link.
- Differentiate between various types of satellites.

LIST OF PRACTICALS

1. To measure electronics and mechanical tuning range of a reflex klystron

2. To measure VSWR of a given load.
3. To plot radiation pattern of horn antenna in horizontal and vertical plane.
4. To plot VI characteristics of GUNN-Diode.
5. To determine the frequency and wavelength of a rectangular waveguide working in
TE10 mode.
6. To study and test various parameters such as gain, noise, bandwidth and voltage at
different point of a microwave amplifier.
7. To measure the power gain and beam width of a microwave dish antenna.

NOTE

Visit to the appropriate sites of microwave station/tower and communication stations should be made to
understand their working. A comprehensive report must be prepared by all the students on these visits,
especially indicating the dates and locations of their visits.

INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY

Microwave and radar engineering is very important subject and requires both theoretical as well as
practical exposure. The teaching should be supplemented by visits to the microwave stations and using
suitable audio visual aids.

MEANS OF ASSESSMENT

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6.2 MICROCONTROLLERS & EMBEDDED SYSTEM

L T P
6 - 6
RATIONALE

The study of microcontrollers in terms of architecture, software and interfacing techniques leads
to the understanding of working of microcontrollers and applications of microcontroller in
electronic industries. Microcontroller is the heart of the programmable devices. Embedded
systems and Micro-controllers have also assumed a great significance in the electronic and
consumer goods industry and are a very vital field. Students of electronics and related
engineering branches often use microcontroller to introduce programmable control in their
projects, automation and fault finding in industry. The subject aims expose students to the
embedded systems besides giving them adequate knowledge of micro controllers.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completion of the subject, the learner should be able to:

• understand the working of microcontrollers
• understand the Instruction set and programming related to microcontrollers
• describe embedded system
• explain embedded operating systems
• program PIC microcontroller and AVR microcontroller
• interface sensors with microcontroller

DETAILED CONTENTS

1. Microcontroller series (MCS) (14 Periods)

1.1 Architecture of 8051Microcontroller

1.2 Pin details
1.3 I/O Port structure
1.4 Memory Organization
1.5 Special Function Registers (SFRs)
1.6 External Memory

2. Instruction Set for Microcontroller Programming (16 Periods)

2.1 Instruction Set of 8051

2.2 Addressing Modes,
2.3 Types of Instructions
2.4 Timer operation
2.5 Serial Port operation

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2.6 Interrupts
3. Introduction to Embedded System (08 Periods)

Embedded system, history of embedded systems, embedded system architecture,

Functional structure of embedded system

4. Embedded operating systems (10 Periods)

Real-time operating system, factors affecting embedded systems, applications of

embedded systems, embedded systems characteristics and features,

5. Introduction of PIC microcontroller, block diagram, function of (10 Periods)

each block. Introduction of AVR microcontroller, block diagram,
function of each block.

6. Programming concepts of microcontrollers. Basic introduction of (10 Periods)

Software used in microcontrollers. How to transfer C or
ASM code in microcontrollers.

7. Input/output interface (08 Periods)

- Sensors, 7-segemtn display, LCD, LED and relay

8. Internet of Things (08 Periods)

- Introduction to Internet of things
- Application, architecture, protocols
- Functional blocks of IoT, Characteristics of IoT
- Brief idea of Arduino IDE

LIST OF PRACTICALS

1. Familiarization with Micro-controller Kit and its different sections

2. Programming to interface switches and LEDs
3. Programming and interface of Seven Segment and LCD.
4. Programming for A/D converter, result on LCD.
5. Programming for D/A converter, result on LCD.
6. Programming for serial data transmission from PC to Kit or Vice versa.
7. Programming and interfacing of RELAY and Buzzer
8. Design PIC based Security System
9. Design AVR based Temperature indicator cum controller.

Practical using Arduino-interfacing sensors

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6.3 WIRELESS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATION

L T P
4 - 6
RATIONALE
The wireless/mobile communication technology though complex but is spreading at a very fast
rate. People use more of mobile phones in comparison to land line phones. It is expected that
within very short period, almost everybody will be using mobile communication. Technology is
also changing very fast. Therefore, the students should know the functioning of wireless/mobile
system/equipment to keep themselves abreast of this latest application of communication.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completion of the course, the students will be able to:

• identify and explain the features, specification and working of cellular mobile
• measure and analyze signal strength at various points from a transmitting antenna with
mobile phone.
• understand generation of cellular phones.
• describe and analyze different Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communication
(FDMA, TDMA and CDMA)
• describe different Mobile Communication Systems(GSM and CDMA)
• demonstrate call processing on a GSM and CDMA trainer Kit
• demonstration of SIM, LTE, Vo-LTE and mobile network
• describe the idea of LAN, MAN, WAN

DETAILED CONTENTS

1. Wireless Communication (10 Periods)

1.1 Basics
1.2 Advantages of wireless communication
1.3 Electromagnetic waves.
1.4 Frequency Spectrum used.
1.5 Cellular Network Systems.

2. Cellular Concept (10 Periods)

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2.1. Introduction to 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G

2.2 Cell area
2.3. Cell Site Structure
2.4. Capacity of cell
2.5. Frequency Reuse (Concept)
2.6 Interference (Co-channel, Adjacent channel)
2.7 Power Control for reducing Interference
2.8 Fundamentals of cellular network planning
a) Coverage planning
b) Capacity planning
c) Cell splitting and sectoring

3 Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communication (10 Periods)

3.1 Introduction to Multiple Access.

3.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
3.3 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
3.4 Distinction between TDMA FDD and TDMA TDD
3.5 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), WCDMA

4. Introduction to Bluetooth technology and Wifi Technology (02 Periods)

5. Mobile Communication Systems (14 Periods)

5.1 Introduction of Global Systems for Mobile Communication (GSM) and its
architecture, Introduction of CDMA System, comparison of CDMA and GSM
Systems and frequency bands.
5.2 Introduction to GPRS and EDGE
5.3 Introduction to Architecture and Features of UMTS
5.4 HSPA (High Speed Packet Access)
5.5 Features and Architecture of LTE (Long Term Evolution), Vo-LTE(Voice Over
Long Term Evolution)
5.6 Brief description of Y-Max technology and SIM, IMIE
5.7 Introduction to GPS(Global Position System)

6. Digital and Data Communication (10 Periods)

6.1 Data Transmission Basics: Review of digital data anlog modulation and digital
formats. Data rates, Baud Rates, Channel capacity, Mediums for communication,
Synchronous and ashnchronous data communication.
6.2 ISO-OSI model and TCP/IP model of network, Protocols and services.
Connection oriented and connectionless services.

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6.3 IEEE 208 standards for computer networks.

6.4 Internet and ISDN services.

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