FLUID MECHANIC

BFC 10403

SEM 2 2017/2018

LECTURER’S NAME:

DR. MUHAMMAD SALLEH BIN HAJI ABUSTAN

SECTION 5

TITLE:

CONTINUITY EQUATION & BERNOULLI EQUATION

SUBMISSION DATE:

3 JUN 2018

Num. Name Matric num.

1. NORAAIN BINTI HASBULLAH AF170058

2. DAHLIA BINTI MOHAMAD NOOR AF170132
53. NURUL IZZATIE BINTI YUSOF AF170038
CONTENTS

NUM. CONTENTS PAGES

1. ABSTRACT 1

2. OBJECTIVES 2

3. INTRODUCTION 3

4. EXAMPLE OF CONTINUITY EQUATION 4-6

& BERNOULLI EQUATION

5. CONCLUSION 7

6. REFERENCES 8

7. APPENDIXES 9-10

8. FILA TABLE 11
CONTINUITY EQUATION & BERNOULLI EQUATION

Noraain binti Hasbullah, Nurul Izzatie binti Yusof and Dahlia binti Mohamad Noor

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Abstract

Bernoulli’s equation expresses conservation energy for flowing fluids, such as water in pipe.
This equation is used relates to the energy of the fluids terms of its elevation, pressure and
velocity and still relies on the principles outlined by the law of conservation of energy.

Keywords: pressure, velocity, Bernoulli’s equation, Bernoulli’s principle, conservation

energy
OBJECTIVES

1. To apply the Bernoulli’s equation in our daily life.

2. To enhance team work and communication skills.
3. To know, to understand and apply basic concept of fluid mechanic to carry out
engineering activities.
4. To enhance working efficiently in a group integrity skills and knowledge to solve the
fluid problems.
5. To determine the velocity of water in a different sectional area.
6. To adopt a responsible and organized attitude to work and a willingness to learn.
INTRODUCTION

The Bernoulli’s equation is the most important equation in the fluid mechanics. This
equation describes the qualitative behaviour of flowing fluids that is usually called as a
Bernoulli’s effect. Due to this equation, the fluids are subjected to the pressure and their own
weight. The Bernoulli’s equation deduced that the pressure will be decrease when the
velocity of the fluid is increase. This means, when the fluid flowing horizontally such as in
pipe, the speed increases if the fluid flowing from a large sectional area to the small sectional
area because the pressure is small. In a simple sentence, the highest flowing fluid happened
where the pressure is lowest, while the lowest speed of flowing fluid happened where the
pressure is highest. The Bernoulli’s principle can be applied in many types of fluids flow.
Besides, there are also have many types of Bernoulli’s equation for various types of flow.
Moreover, the Bernoulli’s equation can also be considered to be statement of the conservation
energy principle appropriate for flowing fluids because the Bernoulli equation can be derived
from principle of conservation energy. Which is the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid
along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This is because the sum of the
kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy is remains constants because in a
reservoir the energy per unit volume or the sum of pressure and gravitational potential is
same everywhere. The general equation has been simplified to:

where,

P is the Pressure Energy

1/2ρV^2 is the Kinetic Energy of the system per unit volume

ρgh is the Potential Energy per unit volume
EXAMPLE OF CONTINUITY EQUATION & BERNOULLI EQUATION

Figure 1 : Venturi Tube

It is a tube that consists of two conical parts with a short portion of uniform cross-section in
between, so that the in this short portion of smaller area the liquid is squeezed increasing its
velocity. It is used in carburetors: the decreased pressure achieved in the center of the device
sucks fuel into the air flux, so that a good mix can be achieved before directing it to the
combustion chamber inside the engine bloc.

Question

Water flows through a pipe that has a diameter of 4 cm at the entrance and 2 cm at the
exit. The pressure drop across the pipe is 2.7*10 3 Pa. Calculate the speed of the water in
the pipe.

To find the velocity between the downstream flow and the pipe narrow, we use :

1) The Bernoulli Theorem

2) The Continuity Equation

3) Conservation of Energy (mass is preserved which states that matter can neither be
created nor be destroyed)

The relationship between pressure and velocity at the interior of the Venturi tube.

 Assuming the venturi tube is horizontal, so h = 0 and by using Bernoulli equation,

－ ①

 Using the Continuity equation,

－②

 Substitute the Continuity equation ② into Bernoulli equation ①,

This result shows that the decrease in pressure in the Venturi is proportional to the square of
the velocity and the ratio of the cross sectional areas at the entrance and at the middle.

D1= 8 cm = 0.8 m

D2 = 4 cm = 0.4 m

▲P = 5.4×10³ Pa

V=?
Calculate the areas,

A1 = (π) (0.4)2 = 0.5027m2

A2 = (π) (0.2)2 = 0.1257 m2

1 0. 5027
(1000)
5.4×10³ Pa = 2 (v1²) ( ( 0. 1257 )² - 1)

5.4×10³ Pa = 7496.8181 v1²

v1² = 0.7203

v1 = 0.8 m/s

Finally v1 = 0.8 m/s

CONCLUSION

We can conclude that the velocity of fluid will increase if the fluid is flowing from a
wider to narrower tube. Next, the velocity will decrease in the opposite case regardless of the
type of flow and the pressure difference. Increasing the flow rate leads to increasing the
velocity at any point thus will cause the pressure drop. Bernoulli’s theorem has several
applications in everyday lives. Carburetor is one of the device which apply Bernoulli
Theorem where is in an internal combustion engine mixing air with a fine spray of liquid
fuel. Moreover, when the Bernoulli’s equation is combined with the continuity equation, the
two can be used to find velocities and pressures at points in the flow connected by a
streamline. So, Bernoulli’s and continuity theorem can be applying in our daily life.
 
REFERENCES

1. Bernoulli Equation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-

astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pber.html
2. Conservation of Energy in Fluid Mechanics - Bernoulli's Equation. (n.d.). Retrieved
from https://www.nuclear-power.net/laws-of-conservation/law-of-conservation-of-
energy/conservation-of-energy-in-fluid-mechanics-bernoullis-principle/
3. Bernoulli's principle. (2018, May 29). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle
4. Bernoulli's equation. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Bernoulli's_equation
5. Pressure, Speed, and Bernoulli's Equation in Physics Problems. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.dummies.com/education/science/physics/pressure-speed-and-bernoullis-
equation-in-physics-problems/
APPENDIXES

MINUTES OF MEETING
FLUIDS MECHANICS PROJECT
(BFC 10403)
FIRST MEETING

Date: 30 Mei 2018

Time: 10:00 pm
Meeting place: Bestari’s Lobby
Students: Noraain binti Hasbullah (AF170058)
Nurul Izzatie binti Yusof (AF170038)
Dahlia binti Mohamad Noor (AF170132)
Lecturer’s name: Muhammad Salleh bin Haji Abustan

CONTENTS:
1. The meeting started with the discussion about fluid’s assignment question.
2. All the members tried to understand what the question needed.
3. Each member tried to explain and discuss the assignment’s question to another
member in the group for more understanding.
4. Another member also gave their own opinion, so that, all the members will
understand the assignment’s question.
5. All the members contributed in the meeting by giving their own ideas how to do that
fluid’s assignment.
6. Then, the meeting proceeds with draft the objectives of this fluid’s assignment and
discuss each part that needs in this assignment.
7. Next, the group’s leader had divided works to every member and they must complete
their part before study week.
MINUTES OF MEETING
FLUIDS MECHANICS PROJECT
(BFC 10403)
SECOND MEETING

Date: 1 Jun 2018

Time: 8:00 pm
Meeting place: Bestari’s Lobby
Students: Noraain binti Hasbullah (AF170058)
Nurul Izzatie binti Yusof (AF170038)
Dahlia binti Mohamad Noor (AF170132)
Lecturer’s name: Muhammad Salleh bin Haji Abustan

CONTENTS:
1. All the group members finished their part and gave it to the leader to compile all the
parts and printed it.
2. Everyone had giving good cooperation while doing this assignment.
3. Besides, this assignment also helped us to more understand chapter 2 and 3 in fluid
mechanics subject.
FILA TABLE

FACTS IDEAS LEARNING RESOURCES

ISSUES NEEDED
Continuity Conservation of 1.Find information
equation and energy in flowing through websites.
Bernoulli’s water through
equation are pipe
applied for the
system