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M2.2 - Presentaton of Data

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Janine Lerum
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33 views

M2.2 - Presentaton of Data

Uploaded by

Janine Lerum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRESENTATION OF DATA

Raw data should be processed in such a way that it


becomes digestible. Collected data must be organized in order
to show significant characteristics. Figures should be presented
clearly and neatly so that they would be easily analyzed and
interpret
Organizing collected numerical data can be done in two
ways
✔ Array – is an arrangement of the numerical data/ values
according to order of magnitude either ascending or
descending
✔ Frequency distribution table – is a considered version of an
array. It categorizes the numerical data into intervals or
classes. It has the following parts
❖ Classes are mutually exclusive categories defining the lower
limit and the upper limit with equal interval
❖ Class frequency is the number of items within a category or
the number of observations belonging to a class interval
❖ Class interval is a grouping or category defined by a lower
limit and the upper limit.
A lower limit is the smaller number every class interval.
A upper limit is the larger number in every class interval.
❖ Class boundary also known as True class limit is a more precise
expression of the class limit by at least 0.5 of their values. It can be
obtained by getting the average of the upper limit of a class
interval and the lower limit of the next interval.
❖ Class mark or class midpoint is used in computing the
mean and some measures of variability

❖ Cumulative frequency tell the sum of frequencies in a


particular class of interest

❖ Relative frequency tells the percentage of observation in


particular class of interest.
Data can be presented in different forms. Presentation of data can
be textual, tabular, or graphical. Data the represented textually are
written in paragraph from. The paragraph should be brief and concise
but contains all pertinent information about the specific study. Textual
form is not as eye-catching as the tabular or the graphical form.

Data that are presented in a tabular from are easily understood


because they are presented in rows and columns. The columns contain
the frequency, the relative frequency, and the cumulative frequency
among others.
We refer to the table containing the data as a distribution. So we
can have a frequency, a relative frequency or a cumulative frequency
distribution.
Data presented graphically are the most eye-catching among the
three. In this form, the reader can easily see the important features of
the study. Commonly used graphs are the frequency histogram and
polygon, cumulative frequency polygon (ogive), relative frequency
histogram and polygon and pie diagram. The distribution is necessary
in making these graphs.
TABULAR
PRESENTATION:
Steps in Constructing a Grouped Frequency Distribution with
equal Class Size
1. Arranged the data from Highest to lowest (ascending order) or
Lowest to highest score (descending order)

2. Determine the range (R) of the numerical data. Range is the


difference between the highest and lowest values in the set of data.
Mathematically it can be express as
3. Determine the number of classes (K) to which the data are to be
grouped using Sturges’ Approximation

4. Determine the class size (C) , class interval (i) , class width (w)

5. Prepare a tally
6. Construct the class intervals starting with the lowest lower limit
of the first class
Note: There is no fixed rule in determining the lower limit of the first
class. For the purpose of uniform result, the lowest value in the data
set should be the lower limit of the first class.
7. Determine the class frequencies for each class interval by
referring to the tally column
8. Compute the class mark. The class mark or midpoint is the
average of the lower limit and the upper limit of the class interval.
It is the representing value of the corresponding interval
9. Compute Relative Frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement
of data showing the proportion of each frequency to the total
frequency. If each of the relative frequency is multiplied by 100%, the
resulting distribution becomes a percentage frequency distribution
10. The Cumulative frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement
of data by class intervals whose frequencies are cumulative. The
concern is the number or percentage of values greater than or less a
specified valueto it on the scale. The cumulative frequencies are
obtained by adding successively starting from the lowest class
interval, the individual frequencies. These cumulative frequencies, if
divided by the total frequency, N, and multiplied by 100 will give the
cumulative percentages.
REMARKS:
❖ Sturges’ Approximation is just a guide and a flexible rule
❖ The number of classes should be large enough to demonstrate
the major characteristics of the data yet not so large as to result
in losing the advantage of summarizing raw data. For instance,
where the highest observed value fails to be included in the last
class constructed, the number of classes should not be increased
just to accommodate the highest value increase the class size.

❖ The number of classes is usually taken between 5 to 20


depending nature of the data without using Sturges’
approximation
❖ Class intervals are chosen so that so that the class coincide with
actually observed data. However, class boundaries should not
coincide with actually observed data
EXAMPLE:
A. UNGROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

1 3 5 4 2
2 3 3 2 3
3 2 3 3 1
4 1 1 2 3

Solution:
List values and frequencies. Arrange in ascending or descending
order of values
Graphical Presentation
•Frequency Polygon •Bar Graph
• Pie Chart
B. GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

To illustrate, let us the sample of 70 scores:


78 67 101 105 76 66 70
65 89 77 111 89 74 88 112 102 68 62 99 82 94
98 114 94 108 87 77 104 87 93 96 93 73 99 82 94
84 89 97 84 73 84 76 79 93 66 88 63 96 90 99
64 94 110 98 93 93 100 75 115 63 101 89 92 62 82
100 107 114 96
Step1: You may arranged your data from highest to lowest or lowest to
highest in order to find out the highest score and lowest score
62 70 79 88 93 98 104
62 73 82 89 93 98 105
63 73 82 89 94 99 107
63 74 82 89 94 99 108
64 75 84 89 94 99 110
65 76 84 90 94 100 111
66 76 84 92 96 100 112
66 77 87 93 96 101 114
67 77 87 93 96 101 114
68 78 88 93 97 102 115
Step 5, 6, and 7: Set up the frequency table and tally

62, 63,64,65,66,67,68,69
70, 71,72,73,74,75,76,77
And so on…
Step 8: Compute the class mark.

Step 9: Compute Relative Frequency distribution and Percentage frequency


distribution
Step 10: The Cumulative frequency distribution
B. Graphical Presentation:
1. Frequency
polygon
2. Histogram
3. Frequency Polygon constructed from an Histogram
4. Bar
Graph
5. Cumulative frequency
(Ogive)

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