(2½ hours)

Total Marks: 75

N. B.: (1) All questions are compulsory.

(2) Makesuitable assumptions wherever necessary and state the assumptions made.
(3) Answers to the same question must be written together.
(4) Numbers to the right indicate marks.
(5) Draw neat labeled diagrams wherever necessary.
(6) Use of Non-programmable calculators is allowed.

1. Attempt any two of the following: 10

a. List various GIS operations. Explain any two of them.
b. Convert the following into degrees
i. 45o 15’ 45” ii. 1745 rad
c. Explain with suitable example Coverage Data Structure.
d. Explain the data structure used in the geodatabase data model.
2. Attempt any two of the following: 10
a. List various data sources that can be used to create new geospatial data.
Explain any one.
Various data sources are:
Remotely sensed data
Field Data
Text File with x-,y- coordinates
Digitizing using a digitizing table
Scanning
On-Screen Digitizing
b. Explain the Neutral format data exchange with suitable example.
A neutral format is pubic format for data exchange. For example DLG is a neutral format
originally
developed by USGS for DLG files. The spatial data transfer standards (SDTS) is neutral
format approved
by the federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Program in 1992.
GIS vendors such as ESRI, Inc., Intergraph, and MapInfo provide translators in their software
packages
for importing SDTS data.
In practice SDTS uses “profiles” to transfer spatial data. Each profile is targeted at a particular
types of
spatial data. Currently there are five SDTS profiles:
1. The Topological Vector Profile (TVP) covers DLG, TIGER, and other topology-based
vector data.
2. The Raster Profile and Extension (RPE) accommodate DOQ, DEM, and other raster
data.
3. The Transportation Network Profile (TNP) covers vector data with network topology.
4. The Point Profile supports geodetic control point data.
5. The Computer Aided Design and Drafting Profile (CADD) supports vector-based
CADD data,
with or without topology.
The Vector product format (VPF) is a standard format, structure and organization for large
geographic
databases that are based on georelational data model. The National Geospatial Intelligence
Agency
(NGA) uses VPF for digital vector products developed at a variety of scales.
Similar to an SDTS topological vector profile, a VPF file may contain composite features of
regions
and routes.
Although a neutral format is typically used for public data from government agencies, it can also be
found with
“industry standards” in the private sector. For example the DXF (drawing interchange file) format of
AutoCAD
, the ASCII format. Many GIS packages can import ASCII files, which have point data with x-, y-
coordinates into
digital data sets.
c. Define
i. Digitizing ii. Vectorization iii. Resampling iv. RMS v. Scanning
d. Explain Affine transformation.
3. Attempt any two of the following: 10
a. What is attribute data in GIS? List and explain different types of attribute table.

b. List different types of database design. Explain any two.

Different types of database design are
Flt Files
Hierarchical
Network
Relational
c. Write a short note on map production.
d. List and explain different types of maps.
The general reference map
Thematic map
Dot map
Choroplethe map
Dasymetric map
Graduated Color Map
Graduated Symbol map
Proportional Symbol map
Chart map
Flow map
IsArithmatic map

4. Attempt any two of the following: 10

a. What is descriptive statistics? Explain.
b. Explain spatial aggregation.
c. What is the output of the following for a statement (slope = 1 ) AND (NOT(Aspect =3))

Output
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

d. Explain with suitable example spatial data query.

Feature selection by cursor

Feature selection by graphic
Feature selection by spatial relationship
5. Attempt any two of the following: 10
a. List and explain various overlay operations based on feature type.
overlay operations based on feature type
Point-in-polygon
line-in-polygon
polygon-in-polygon

Point-in-polygon
In a point-in-polygon overlay operation, the same point feature in the input layer are included
in the output but each point is assigned with attributes of the polygon within which it falls.
Fig 12.6For example a point-in-polygon overlay can find the association between wildlife
locations and vegetation types.
line-in-polygon
In a line-in-polygon overlay operation, the output contains the same line feature as in the
input layer but each line feature is dissected by the polygon boundaries on the overlay layer.
Fig 12.7 Thus the output has more line segments than does the input layer. Each line segment
on the output combines attributes from the input layer and the underlying polygon. For
example, a line-in-polygon overlay can find soil data for a proposed road.
polygon-in-polygon

b. What do you mean by pattern analysis? Explain Nearest Neighbor analysis.

c. What is local operation? Explain local operation with a single raster

d. Explain the neighborhood operations with suitable example

6. Attempt any two of the following: 10

a. Explain the Thin-Plate Splines local method.
b. Write a short note on regression method.
c. What is kriging? Explain universal kriging.
d. List and explain the elements of spatial interpolation.

7. Attempt any three of the following: 15

a. Consider the following information on a 30-meter DEM:
 UTM coordinates in the lower left corner 560635,4816399.
 UTM coordinates in meters at the upper right corner 570595,4830380.
How many rows and columns does the DEM have?
What are the UTM coordinates at the center of the cell(row 1, column 1)?
b. Write a short note on metadata.
Metadata is the data that provide information about geospatial data. Therefore they are an
integral part of GIS. Metadata are usually prepared and entered during the data production
process. Metadata are important to anyone who plans to use public data for GIS project.
Metadata let us know if the data meet our specific needs for area coverage, data quality, and
our currency . Metadata show us how to transfer process and interpret geospatial data.
Metadata include the contact for additional information.
The FGDC has developed the content standards for metadata. These standards have been
adopted by federal agencies in developing their public data. FGDC metadata standards
describes a data set based on the following categories:
Identification information – basic information about the data set including title, geographic
data covered and currency.
Data quality information – information about the quality of the data set including positional
and attribute accuracy, completeness, consistency source of information and methods used to
produce the data.
Spatial data organization information – information about the data representation in the
data set such as method for data representation and number of spatial objects.
Spatial reference information – description of the reference frame for and means of
encoding coordinates in the data set such as the parameters for map projection or coordinate
systems, horizontal and vertical datums and the coordinate system resolution.
Entity and attribute information – information about the content of the data set such as the
entity types
and their attributes and the domain from which attributes values may be assigned.
Distribution information – information about obtaining the data set.
Metadata reference information – information on the currency of the metadata information
and the responsible party.FGDC standards do not specify how metadata should be organized
in a computer system or in a data transfer or how metadata should be transmitted to the user.
To assist the entry of metadata many metadata tools have been developed over the past
several years. These tools are typically designed for different operation systems. Some tools
are free and some are designed for specific GIS package . for example ESRI, Inc. offers a
metadata creation tool in ArchCatlog and Intergraph
offers the Spatial Metadata Management System for GeoMedia.

c. Explain the different commonly used data classification methods.

d. Explain feature selection by spatial relationship data query with suitable example.
e. Explain the following map manipulation operations with example.
i. Dissolve ii. Append
f. Write a short note on density estimation.