Purposive Communication Reviewer (for Finals)

Hello onesie, dahil love ko kayong lahat, ito ang compilation ng lahat ng lessons natin sa purpcomm.
Kahiya naman kay sir eh, chos! HAHAHAHAHA.

Lesson 1: Introduction to Purposive Communication

A. Definition of Communication
1.Chase & Shamo (2013): commun –“something in common”+ ication –“understanding = communication
–“a common understanding of something”

2. Seiler & Beall (1999): the simultaneous sharing and creating of meaning through human symbolic
interaction.

3. Wood (2004): a systemic process in which individuals interact with and through symbols
to create and interpret meanings.

Therefore, communication is the process of creating and sharing meaning by using verbal and
nonverbal symbols in varied contexts; and effective communication results when both verbal and
nonverbal symbols are understood in much the same way by both communicators.

1. Source- The sender of the message.

2. Message- The information you want to convey.
3. Encoding- The process of converting your idea or thoughts of the information into verbal
and/or nonverbal symbols that can be understood by the receiver of the message.
4. Channel- The manner in which your message or information is conveyed.
5. Decoding- The receiver’s mental processing of your message into the meaning suggested
by the verbal and/or nonverbal symbols you use as sender.
6. Receiver- The person or group of people who will get your message.
7. Feedback- The receiver’s response to your message.
8. Context- The situation in which the communication takes place. It includes a) the
environment– the location, time of the day, temperature; b) the relationship between the
communicators; c) their respective cultural backgrounds and past experiences; and d) the
topic/subject of their communication.

C. The Elements of Communication

1. Sender (who the source is)
2. Message (what the idea being communicated says)
3. Channel (through what medium the message is relayed)
4. Receiver ( to whom it is directed)
5. Effect (what the desired result of the communication is)

D. The Key Principles of Communication

1. Interpersonal communication is inescapable. It is not possible for humans not to communicate.

You communicate through both words and behavior. You always communicate and receive
communication from others not only through words but also through voice tone, gesture, posture,
bodily movement, facial expression, clothes worn, and so on.

2. Interpersonal communication is irreversible. Once you have uttered something, you can never
take it back, and its effect remains. Words are powerful; they can either heal or harm others.

3. Interpersonal communication is complicated. Whenever you communicate with anyone, you

simultaneously interpret both his verbal and nonverbal language,
and that is often both confounding and demanding. Whenever you communicate, there are
actually at least six “people” involved:
a. The person whom you think you are
b. The person whom you think the person is
c. The person whom you think the other person thinks you are
d. The person whom you think the other person think he is
e. The person whom the other person thinks you think you are
f. The person whom the other person thinks you think he is

4. Interpersonal communication is contextual. Communication is affected by several factors; it does

not happen in isolation. There are many things that need to be considered, such as the ones given
below (King, 2000).
a. Psychological context: who you are and what you bring to the interaction
– needs, desires, values, beliefs, personality, and so on.
b. Relational context: your reactions to the other person based on relationships
c. Situational context: deals with the psycho-social “where” you are communicating
d.Environmental context: deals with the physical “where” you are communicating
e.Cultural context: includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect the interaction. If you
come from a culture where it is considered rude to make long,
direct eye contact, you will out of politeness avoid eye contact.
Ten Ethics in Communication:
1. Be Truthful And Honest
2. Active Listening
3. Speak Non-Judgmentally
4. Speak From Your Own Experience
5. Consider the Receiver’s Preferred Communication Channel
6. Strive To Understand
7. Avoid A Negative Tone
8. Do Not Interrupt Others
9. Respect Privacy And Confidentiality
10. Accept Responsibility

Lesson 2: Globalization

Globalization- is a process of interaction andintegration among the people, companies, and

governments of different nations.
- is an international industrialand financial business structure.

Examples of Globalization

Economic- development of trade systems within transnational sectors.

Financial- rise of global financial systems.
Cultural- interpenetration of cultures.
Political- development and growing influence of international organizations.
Sociological- movement of information almost in real-time.
Technological- interconnection of people through the power of the digital world.
Geographic- the new organization and hierarchy of different regions of the world that is constantly
changing.
Ecological- the idea of considering planet earth as a single global entity.

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON COMMUNICATION

David Ingram said communication skills development has always been an important factor of
success in business, but the influence of globalization and cross-cultural interaction in recent decades
has impacted the types of communication skills needed in dramatic ways.

Virtual Interactions- We need to understand the strength and limitations of different communication
media and how to use each medium to maximum effect.
Cultural Awareness in Speech- The need for cultural awareness is a major impact of globalization on the
required skillset of effective communicators resulting in the evolution of communication skill
development programs.
Cultural Awareness in Body Language- Awareness of cultural differences in body language can be just as
important as the nuances of speech.
Cultural Awareness in Speech- Time adverts of global collaboration introduce another new dynamic to
communication skills, the need to communicate and share information with people across several time
zones.

Global communication is directly affected by the process of globalization, and helps to increase
business opportunities, remove cultural barriers and develop a global village. Both globalization and
global communication have changed the environmental, cultural, political and economic elements of the
world.

POSITIVE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GLOBAL COMMUNICATION

 Availability of Information. Makes it easier for the people across the world to make use of the
World Wide Web and gather resources.
 Business Conduct and Opportunities. Allows businesses to promote their product more
efficiently in the international market.
 Social Awareness. Led to increased social awareness of people across the world. There is a
sense of global society.
 Fewer Cultural Barriers. Helps people understand each other’s cultures a little better.
 Creation of Global Village. Created when distance and isolation no longer matter because
people are connected by technology.

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GLOBAL COMMUNICATION

 Massive Information Gap. Global communication has not reached the majority of people on all
continents.
 Risk of Identity Loss. This disconnect can cause separation among different cultures.
 Many tools, Little communication. Frequent use of robust communication tools yet there are
still misinterpretations. Dependency on instant messaging.
 Lack of Clear Communication. Best tools and technologies cannot ensure quality
communication. Technology aids for the better outcome of communication depending on the
person that utilizes it.
Lesson 3: Diversity
A World of Diversity encompasses acceptance The concept of diversity and respect. It means
understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences.
"Diversity" means more than just acknowledging and/or tolerating difference. Diversity is a set
of conscious practices that involve. Understanding and appreciating interdependence of humanity,
cultures, and the natural environment. Practicing mutual respect for qualities and experiences that are
different from our own. Understanding that diversity includes not only ways of being but also ways of
knowing.
Recognizing that personal, cultural and institutionalized discrimination creates and sustains
privileges for some while creating and sustaining disadvantages for others. Building alliances across
differences so that we can work together to eradicate all forms of discrimination.

A Diversity Issue Exists when:

-An issue (policy or business practice - formal, informal, internal, or external) has a different impact on a
particular group (i.e., impact on men vs. women, black vs. white, American vs. foreign, urban vs. rural,
married vs. single, etc.)
Global Community- The people or nations of the world, considered as being closely connected by
modern telecommunications and as being economically, socially, and politically interdependent.
Example: Global Multimedia Services, Satellite Transmission

The importance of Global Community in communication

Communication helps communities to break out of the culture of silence and address the problems and
issues of concern in their various communities. In community development, the project participants
must build confidence and trust in themselves.
Who can be the members of a Global Community?
It can be a group of people with the same cultural background, or the same religious background. Or
they may have totally different backgrounds and beliefs.
What is the responsibility of a global community?
We bring together communities, government bodies, local organizations and the private sector to design
and implement our programs. We bring international technical experts and local knowledge and
expertise from each community together to ensure we address needs in the most effective, integrated
way possible.
What are the characteristics of the global community?
1. Has appreciation for people from other cultures.
2. Is sensitive to the needs of people different from themselves.
3. Has increasing knowledge about people around the world.

Why is Global Community important?

The Global Community will show leadership by creating a global civil ethic within the Global Community.
The Global Constitution describes all values needed for good global governance: mutual respect,
tolerance, respect for life, justice for all everywhere, integrity, and caring.

Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity

Culture- shared values, norms and symbols that bounds and distinguishes a group of people from
others.
Cultural awareness is the next stage of understanding other groups, it is all about being open to the idea
of changing cultural attitudes. • Cultural sensitivity is about being thoughtful that differences exist
between cultures, and not assigning values to the differences (better or worse, right or wrong).

What are the importance of Cultural awareness and sensitivity in communication?

1. It minimizes the chance of misunderstanding between you and the one you’re talking to.
2. It helps you to be an efficient communicator.
3. It prevents you to speak judgmentally.
4. It will help you not to feel awkward on talking to someone.
5. It will make you less intimidated.

How can we improve cultural awareness and sensitivity?

1. Seek understanding before seeking to be understood.
2. Educate yourself on intercultural communication.
3. Become aware of your own culture and biases.
4. Let go of any ethnocentric beliefs.
5. Ask questions during intercultural exchanges.
6. Show appreciation for someone else’s culture.
7. Listen respectfully.
8. Work on your social skills.
9. Allow people to express their values freely.
10. Embrace people who are different from you.
Gender Sensitivity- refers to the aim of understanding and taking account of the societal and cultural
factors involved in gender based exclusion and discrimination in the most diverse spheres of public and
private life.

Examples of Gender-Neutral words:

1. Ancestors, forebears (instead of forefather)
2. Artificial, manufactured (instead of man-made)
3. Average, ordinary person (instead of common man)
4. Chairperson, coordinator (instead of chairman)
5. Courteous, cultures (instead of ladylike)

Checklist for Gender Revisions word:

1. Have you used man or men or words containing one of them to refer to people who may be female?
If so, consider substituting another word
2. Do you use any occupational stereotypes? Watch for the use of female pronouns for nurses and male
ones for scientists, for example.
3. Do you use language that in any away shows a lack of respect for either sex?
4. Have you used he, him, his, or himself to refer to people who may be female?

Political Correctness. means avoiding language and actions that insult, exclude or harm people who are
already experiencing disadvantage and discrimination.

Examples:
• Asking a person about their ‘partner’, instead of using gendered terms like ‘girlfriend/boyfriend’ or
‘husband/wife’.
• Not assuming the gender of a person in a certain profession.
• Asking someone what their cultural or ethnic background is, rather than asking them where they are
from.

Here are some words that can be used for Political Correctness:
1. Academic dishonesty (instead of cheating)
2. Black (instead of negra)
3. Comb-free (instead of bald)
4. Differently abled (instead of disabled)
5. Drug dependent (instead of drug addict)
6. Economically marginalized (instead of poor)
7. Elderly or senior (instead of old)
8. Hearing impaired (instead of deaf)
9. Informal settler (instead of squatters)
10. Outdoor urban (instead of homeless)
Why some people think ‘PC culture’ is a bad thing?
The argument that being Political Correct prevents freedom of speech is flawed. Freedom of
speech gives a person the right to say what they feel, but it also gives other people the right to point out
if they are being offensive.

Can we have too much of a good thing? Political correctness is intended to help us use language
that helps instead of harms. Whether the discrimination comes from racism, homophobia, sexism or
transphobia, the bottom line remains the same. ‘Being PC’ just means you understand that your actions
affect people who are vulnerable to discrimination. While things can occasionally get out of hand when
people forget what certain concepts such as ‘cultural appropriation’ mean, it’s important that we’re all
aware of the effects of our actions and words.

Lesson 4: Language Varieties

Language varies from one social group, situation, and place to another. Variation shows that
every speaker does not speak the same way all the time. Language varieties indicate that the speakers
are distinct from members of other groups. The factors that influence a speaker's or writer's choice of
language vary, and they include the context that surrounds the speaker or writer, the age, gender, and
culture. Very often, the choice of language is conscious, and the speaker can switch the language choice
depending on such factors.

Factors in Language Varieties:

Culture- When you think about diversity; you think about the different cultures and languages that you
will see.
Age- Changes in the speech behavior of individual speakers occur as they get older.
Gender- Gender and sexual orientation also affect the language that people use.

When studying languages, and honing your communication skills, there is an inherent need to
understand the concept of language variation. Given its dynamic nature, languages can be divided into
the following subgroups or varieties: standard, dialect, jargons, slangs, colloquial and registers.

Standard Language is an official form of Language. Is the way to use language in official and formal
situation as in newspapers and public speeches. The core idea of standard language is to codify a public,
particularly written language so that it is accessible to every speaker of the language to be used in
education, media, and science. (e.g; Public speeches/ announcements, Newspapers and literatures,
Educational textbooks)

Dialect- this refers to the variety of language common to a particular speech community. Dialects signals
where a person comes from. This is a form of language spoken in a particular geographical area or by
members of a particular social class on occupational group, distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar,
and pronunciation.

Dialect vs. Accent

Accent refers to the way in which words of a given language are pronounced. Thus, accent is merely a
part of dialect. Accent is the smallest category. It falls within the limits of dialect, while both terms fall
within the limits of language. Dialect refers to a variation of language someone speaks as their mother
tongue, whereas an accent relates to a person’s pronunciation quirks while speaking.
Language>Dialect>Accent
Jargon refers to the specialized language of a professional or occupational group. While this language is
often useful or necessary for those within the group, it is usually meaningless to outsiders. Jargon is the
complex language used by experts in a certain discipline or field. This language often helps experts
communicate with clarity and precision.
Examples:
Abduction - to move a limb or some other body part away from the midline of the body
Bubblehead - Any person serving on a submarine or in the submarine service.
Gross - refers to the total amount or quantity before deductions or expenses.

Slang- this is a word or an expression that has been made up or that has taken on a new meaning and is
quite popular within certain social or age groups. The words are very often inappropriate for a formal
context. slang is a term that refers to informal language that is specific to a particular context or group
of people.
Examples of slangs:
Lit- when something is very good, enjoyable, or exciting, you can say it’s “lit”.
To flex- Another way of saying someone is showing off.
Shook- When someone is shook it means they are shocked or incredibly surprised.
Tea- When someone is “spilling the tea”, it means they are gossiping.
To clap back- To respond to another person’s criticism.

Colloquial- The informal language used by people in everyday speech. This form of language usage is
also known as colloquialism or casualism. Compared to slang, colloquial language is more formal since it
does not sound offensive like slang (in some cases). Nevertheless, colloquial language is most
appropriate in the conversational form or the speech form.
Examples of colloquial:
Buzz off- Go away.
Be blue- to sulk/to be really sad.
Y’all- you all.
Wanna/Gonna- Want to/Going to do something.
Bamboozle- to deceive someone.

Similarities and differences of slangs and colloquial:

Both slang and colloquial language are spoken forms of a language, and both use informal vocabulary.
While colloquial language is the informal language used by people in everyday speech. Slang is the
informal use of language by certain groups of people, specifically teenagers, etc.

Register- the way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances. You use speech
appropriate to the person to whom you are speaking and his or her context. Language registers refers to
the range of language choices available for use in different situations. This is the scale of formality we
use when we write and speak.
Lesson 5: Evaluating Messages and/or images

Linguistic Landscapes- studies is the investigation of displayed language in a particular space, generally
through the analysis of advertisements, billboards, and other signs.
-Linguistic landscape is seen as the scene where the public space is symbolically constructed (Ben-Rafael
et.al., 2006; Shohamy & Gorter, 2008) Linguistic landscape signs describe the identity of a city and
almost ‘speaks the language’ of its inhabitants at a moment in time.

Features of Linguistic Landscapes:

Geosemiotics- The study of the social meaning of the material placement of signs in the world. ·By signs,
we mean to include any semiotic system including language and disclosure.
Three main attributes:
Interaction order- relates to the social relationship between the actors and the spaces.
Place Semiotics- contributed meanings from semiotic systems that exist in the environment.
Visual semiotics- involves visual representations and meanings in space.

Kinds of Signs:
Regulatory signs describe a range of sign that are used to indicate or reinforce traffic laws, regulations
or requirements which apply either at all times or at specified times or places upon a street or highway,
the disregard of which may constitute a violation, or signs in general that regulate public behavior in
places open to the public.
Infrastructural if it label things or directs for the maintenance of a building or any infrastructure.
Commercial Signs means any sign, display, or device designed, intended or used to encourage or
promote purchase or use of goods or services. commercial signs were created to signal locations and
inform people in general about services or products being offered at a certain location.
Transgressive Signs are put into place without authorization and therefore may be wiped out or
removed by the authorities. It is considered transgressive if it violates intentionally or accidentally the
conventional semiotics or is in wrong place.

Examples of Online Landscapes:

-YouTube
-Twitter
-Memes

Lesson 6: TYPES OF COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

Nomination- collaboratively and productively establish a topic which is initiated by the speaker or the
sender, the source of the information or message.
Restriction- this is the limitation one may have in the communication process, constraining the response
or reaction by the speaker and/or the participants involved.
Turn-taking-occurs in a conversation when one person listens while the other person speaks, wherein
the listener and speaker exchange roles throughout the communication process.
Topic control-used to control and prevent unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts and is considered a
procedural formality or informality that affects the development of certain topics in the communication
process.
Topic Shifting- involves moving from one topic to another. In other words, it is where one part of a
conversation ends and where another begins.
Repair-refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that
they may encounter in a conversation. a self-righting mechanism that addresses or corrects
something/someone in a conversation.
Termination-refers to the conversation participants ' close initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DEVELOPING COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

 The topic should be introduced in a clear and truthful manner.
 The topic should be introduced in a clear and truthful manner.
 Convey your message in a comprehensive way.
 Know your audience ' s standards
 Observe behaviour and perceptions of one another for better communication.
 Stick to the topic of the discussion and avoid inserting anything unnecessary or other unrelated.
 Use effective conversational transitions in order to shift to a different topic
 Openness to criticism
Lesson 7: Purposes of Communication, Public Speaking, and Interview

A. Purposes of Communication

1. Informative. The main purpose of informative or expository communication or writing is to simply

convey information factually. Its goal is to input new learning, enhance prior knowledge, confirm a
concept, alleviate comprehension of an idea or explain a process or procedure.
a. Stick on Facts- Giving factual information is factual. As mentioned before, informative communication
always deals with the facts.
b. Avoid Repetitions- Avoiding repetition facts presented is the first rule in relaying information to your
listener/reader.
c. Make it Clear- It does not take a genius to develop a paragraph in such a way that it follows a clear
flow of thought and the fact logically presented logically.

2. Persuasive. Politicians, periodical editors, and marketing strategist have one thing in common. They
like making people believe and support the idea they want to push across.
A. BE OBJECTIVE, BUT SUBJECTIVE. You are persuading your listener/reader, therefore, make sure that
your subjective point is coming across
B. USE YOUR BRAIN, NOT YOUR HEART. Persuading people sometimes feel like you are pouring your
heart out, but it is not supposed to be.
C. CITE, CITE, CITE. As a presenter / writer you have to always cite and annotate your sources. The least
thing that you need is your readers be conviced of that everything in your work is your own.

3. Argumentative. To argue does not mean necessarily mean to fight. Argumentation is like persuasion,
but it is differ in its purpose. Unlike persuasion which convince listeners or readers to support your idea
argumentation tries to make listeners/readers believe that your idea is better base on the various
reasons that you have at hand.
A. IT IS A ONE WAY DEBATE. Your readers cannot make a counterclaim because you are not presently
there. You have to make sure that your claim is bullet proof. Meaning whatever counter claim that you
assumed that can be made should be address your work.
B. MOVE THE READER TO ACTION. Your work should answer this following questions "What now if I
continue the reader with my assertions? Will there be a change in mind? Would it make the reader let
go if the previous ideas.
C. END WITH A PUNCH. A strong conclusion make sure the reader what you want to convey.

B. Public Speaking
The act of speaking to a small group or a large group of people with the goal of informing,
motivating, persuading, educating, or entertaining the audience.
Importance of Public Speaking
Public speaking is one of the most important and most dreaded forms of communication. It allows us to
form connections, influence decisions, and motivate change.

3 Purposes of Public Speaking

 To Inform
 To Persuade
 To Entertain

TYPES OF SPEECH
1. READ SPEECH ⁃ Reading from a manuscript is the word for word iteration of a written message. The
material is printed or written out.
2. MEMORIZED SPEECH ⁃ Is the recitation of a written message that the speaker has memorized. Every
word of the speech is memorized and there are no notes used.
3. IMPROMPTU SPEECH ⁃ Is not rehearsed. This type of speaking is a presentation of a short message
without prior preparation. Speaker have little or no time at all to lay their train of thoughts.
4. EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH ⁃ Is the presentation of a planned and rehearsed speech using minimal
notes. It involves writing and editing an outline used to keep your ideas in order.

3 MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONVERSATION AND PUBLIC SPEAKING ACCORDING TO LUCAS (2015).
Public Speaking is highly structured.
Public Speaking requires more formal language.
Public Speaking requires a different method of delivery.

THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES ON DEVELOPING A SPEECH FROM LUCAS (2015).

1. Focus your topic
2. Develop your topic
3. Organize your speech

Parts of Speech:
A. Introduction - You need to get the interest and attention of audience.
B. Body - seems to organize the body itself.
C. Conclusion - reinforce your central idea.
For good delivery, the following elements must be able to taken into coordination;
1. Volume - Adjust your voice to the acoustic of the rooms the size of the audience and the level of the
background noise
2. Pitch - avoid sounding monotonous. Used valid inflection of pitch. Words need to deliver in a high
pitch, while some low.
3. Rate - Adjust your rate to your vocal attributes, the mood that you are trying to create, the
composition of your audience and the nature of the occasion
4. Pauses - Pause at the end of the taught unit.
5. Vocal Variety - change in rate, pitch and volume once in a while and appropriately to give your voice
interest and expressiveness.
6. Pronunciation- Practice in front of as many trusted friends and relatives as you can corner. Ask for
feedback from them if you are mispronouncing any word.
7. Articulation⁃ Articulative every vowel, syllable, and word properly. Avoid colloquial articulation of
words.
8. Movement ⁃ Do not stand rigidly and expressionless from beginning to end.
9. Gestures ⁃ Avoid over choreographed gestures. Think about communicating with your listeners, and
your gestures.
10. Eye Contact ⁃ It is not enough just to look at your listeners, how you look at them also counts.

C. Interview
An interview is a two-party interaction in which at least one party has a specific, serious, purpose
and that usually involves the asking and answering the questions.

Interview plays a central role in the world of work.

1. Employers interview prospective employees or applicants.
2. Supervisors perform appraisal interviews.
3. Human resources personal use exit interviews.
4. Health care providers, attorneys, counselors, and salespeople interview their clients.
5. Police officers journalists and social workers do investigate interviews.
6. Business people and marketing professionals conduct survey interviews.
Three common characteristics of interviews:
1. Interviews always involve two parties.
2. Interviewing is always purposeful.
3. There is focus on asking and answering questions.

Methods of Interviewing:
1. Live interviews
2. Phone interviews
3. Video or Skype interviews
4. Taped interviews

The success of an interview depends on several factors. Primordial of those factors is planning the
interview. In planning the interview, Adler (2012) offers the following pieces of advice:
1. Define the goal *Clear as possible
2. Identify and analyze the other party/respondent. *If you can choose an interviewee, you should pick a
right person.
3. Prepare a list of topics. *Listing topics will help to achieve your goal.
4. Choose the best interview structure. *Structured interview – allow only a limited range of answers
with no follow up. *Unstructured interview- permits the conversation to flow in whatever direction
seems most productive. *Moderately structured interview- interviewer prepares a list of topic and
anticipates its order, design major questions and possible follow up probes.
5. Consider possible questions. *A good interviewer considers these question types as tools and chooses
the right combination to get the right information he or she wants to uncover.
6. Arrange the setting *Setting can dictate the formality and informality of the interview.

Guidelines in conducting interview from Adler, et al. (2012):

1. OPEN WITH A GREETING AND AN ORIENTATION.
·Motivate the interviewee to cooperate
·Explain the reason for the interview
·Explain what information is needed
·Clarify any ground rules.
·Mention the approximate length of time of the interview.
2. PERFORM SEVERAL TASKS DURING THE QUESTION AND ANSWER PHASE OF THE DISCUSSION.
·Control and focus the conversation.
·Listen actively.
·Use secondary questions to probe for important information.
3. CLOSE WITH A SATISFACTORY CONCLUSION.
·Review and clarify the results of the interview if needed.
·Establish future actions.
·Conclude with pleasantries.
Guides for both interviewee and interviewer in conducting an interview:
1. Formally inform that you will be conducting or attending an interview
2. Being punctual is key in making a good impression.
3. Dress to impress.
4. Always start with a strong handshake.
5. Color your words with kindness.
6. Avoid unnecessary stories.
7. Do not lose eye contact during the interview.
8. The magic word is thank you.

Lesson 8: Workplace Communication

Communication in Workplace- Exchanging information and ideas within an organization is called

workplace communication and it is one of the signs of high-performance culture.

Types of Workplace communication:

1. Face to Face Communication
2. Written Communication
3. Phone Communication
4. Body Language and Facial expressions

Verbal Communication- The most recommended method of workplace communication since it actually
lets you and the person you're talking to communicate and receive information effectively and has a low
probability of misinterpretation because validation can occur throughout the discussion as well as the
message.
Written Communication- This method can be the most challenging because there are less cues as to
how the written piece should be interpreted. However, choosing this type whenever verbal
communication is not possible due to form distance and etc. Misunderstanding is most likely to occur
with the absence of tone, volume, tempo and pitch for voice.

Forms of Written Communication:

1. Email
2. Circular
3. Memo
4. Advice
5. Business Correspondence

Phone Communication- Tone will be the determining factor in a good or bad phone conversation during
phone communications. Because you won't be able to see the person's face, tone will be a good
indicator of how they're feeling. Make sure your tone is professional, courteous, and always reflects
favorably on the firm.
Body Language and Facial Expressions- Body language and facial expressions reinforce the main verbal
communication and improve message delivery and understanding. Make sure your body language does
not make the other person feel defensive or uncomfortable. A successful conversation is supported by
good body language.

Importance of Workplace Communication

-Effective communication in the workplace is central to all business goals.

The ability to effectively communicate in the workplace can boost overall productivity and build
a strong team. Employees will be more interested in cooperating and finding the best solution jointly if
they consult with one another and consider the perspectives of others.

Five important reasons

 Innovation
 Growth
 Effective Communication
 Team Building
 Giving a Voice to ALL

7 C's of workplace communication

 Correct
 Consideration
 Creativity
 Complete
 Courtesy
 Concise
 Clear

How can you improve the communication of your workplace?

 Start talking first.
 Listen and show empathy.
 Be prepared for different answers.
 Arranging a meeting.
 Use simple words.
 Prepare what to say.
 Avoid unnecessary repetition.
Barriers to Communication in Workplace
 Cultural barriers
 Ineffective Communication
 Kinesics
 Emotional Distractions
 Personality barriers

Business Letter- It is a letter in formal language, used when writing from one business organization to
another.

FORMAT IN WRITING A BUSINESS LETTER

1. The Letter head
2. The reference
3. The date
4. The inside address
5. The Subject and Receiver’s Reference number
6. The salutation
7. The body
8. The Complimentary Close
9. The Signature and Designation
10. The enclosures
11. The reference initials
12. The copy notation

The 3 Formats of Business Letter

 Block
 Indent
 Modified Block

Types of Business Letters

 Cover Letters
 Letter of Recommendation
 Interview follow-up letter
 Offer letter
 Sales letter
 Letter of Commendation
 Letter of Resignation
 Thank you letter
 Complaint letter
 Apology letter
 Office memorandum
 Request letters
 Announcement letter
 Welcome letter
 Termination letter
Memorandum- A document typically used for communication within a company. It can be as formal as a
business letter and used to present a report.
Purpose: To inform readers of specific information and used to quickly communicate with a wide
audience to remind, inform or to communicate ideas.
Format of Memo:
1. A memo has a header that clearly indicates who sent it and who the intended recipients are.
2. Pay particular attention to the title of the individual(s) in this section.
3. Date and subject lines are also present, followed by a message that contains a declaration, a
discussion, and a summary.
4. In a standard writing format, we might expect to see an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.
5. All these are present in a memo, and each part has a clear purpose.
6. The declaration in the opening uses a declarative sentence to announce the main topic.
7. The discussion elaborates or lists major points associated with the topic, and the conclusion
serves as a summary.

Lesson 9: Minutes

Minutes- is an official written statement of the motions and resolutions taken in a meeting.

Types of Minute:
Minutes of narration: These minutes will be a concise summary of all
discussions which took place, reports received, actions to be taken and
decisions made.
Minutes of resolution: Minutes of resolution means the written
statement of the decisions that have been taken and approved by the
participating members of the meeting.

What to include?
 When did the meeting start and end?
 Where did the meeting take place? Was it in real life or over video call?
 Who attended the meeting? Who was supposed to attend, but did not
show up?
 What was the decision made for each agenda item?
 What are the next steps for each meeting?
Importance of Minutes
 The participants to the meetings have a reminder aid.
 The minutes say who will do what and when.
 They are the starting point of the following meeting.
 They are helpful for those absent to know was discussed and what
decisions have been taken.
 In case of conflicts, they are useful to know what agreements were
made.

Incident Report
An incident report is a formal document that details the facts related to an incident at the workplace.

Benefits:
1. Immediate Reinforcement of Actions
2. Hazards and Threats Communication and Awareness
3. Continuous Improvement of Processes

Types of Incident Report

 Near Miss Reports
 Injury and Lost Time Incident Report
 Exposure Incident Report
 Sentinel Event Report

What to Include?
 General information
 Setting or environment
 Affected people
 Injuries and the severity
 Witnesses
 Administered treatment
 Property and equipment damages
 Events
 Actions of people involved during the incident

How to Write an Incident Report?

 Accurate
 Factual
 Complete
 Graphic
 Valid
Research Proposal
A research proposal is a concise and coherent summary of your proposed research.
 The research proposal is your chance to explain the significance of your project to organizations
who might wish to fund or otherwise support it. Ideally, it will demonstrate the quality and
importance of your project as well as your ability to conduct the proposed research.

Contents of a Research Proposal:

The main contents of the proposal may be presented under the following headings:
(i) Introduction
(ii) Review of Literature
(iii) Aims and Objectives
(iv) Research Design and Methods,
(v) Ethical Considerations
(vi) Budget,
(vii) Appendices
(viii) Citations

The ff. should be included in writing a Research Proposal:

 Title
 Background and rationale
 Research Question(s)
 Research Methodology
 Plan of work & Time schedule
 Bibliography