1.

Presents written research methodology;

2. Collects data using appropriate instruments;
3. Presents and interprets data in tabular or graphical forms.

Timeframe: 2 weeks (Q2- Week 5-6)

Student’s Name: ___________________________________________

Grade & Section: __________________________________________

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Research Methodology

Concept Notes

Chapter 3:
Methodology: This part of the research paper explains the procedure in collecting and analyzing data and
also describes the sources of data.
Chapter 3:

Methodology
I. Research Design
II. Respondents of the Study
a. Number of participants
b. Participants’ demographic characteristics
c. Setting of the study
III. Instruments
a. Describe the instrument/s
b. Describe validation and reliability procedure and outcomes
IV. Data-gathering Procedure
a. Describe the data to be collected.
V. Data Analysis
a. Statistical methods used in the study
Note: Format: APA, Font Size:12, Font Style: Times New Roman,
Point of View: In third person, Paper Size: Short bond paper

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. RESEARCH DESIGN. Essentially which describes the research mode.

2. RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY. This describes the target population and the sample frame.

3. INSTRUMENT OF THE STUDY. It describes the specific type of instrument that will be used such as
questionnaire, checklist, teacher-made tests, etc.

4. ESTABLISHING AND VALIDATING RELIABILITY. The instrument must pass the validity and
reliability tests before it is utilized.

5. STATISTICAL TREATMENT. To establish objectivity of research findings is by subjecting the data to

different but appropriate statistical tools.

Worksheet
s
It’s time to test yourself!

Name: _________________________________________Strand & Section: __________________

Date: _________________________________________ Teacher: ____________________________

WORKSHEET #1: Methodology

Instruction. GROUP WORK. Direction: In a separate sheet of paper, make your Research Methodology
(Chapter 3) of your chosen study. Refer to the part of Chapter above.

References: Barrot, J.S. (2017). Practical research 2 for senior high school. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc

*Please detach this page and submit to your subject teacher in PR 2.

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Collects Data using Appropriate Instruments

Concept Notes
Get ready to check the information below! If you have internet access, you may gather more information about them.

Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

Collecting data is one major component of any type of research. Undermining its importance would result in the
production of inaccurate data sufficient to render your research study invalid. Hence, in collecting quantitative data,
stress is given to the accuracy or appropriateness of your data-gathering technique as well as of the right instrument to
collect the data. The following are the most used quantitative data gathering techniques along with the data-gathering
instruments for each technique. (Matthews 2010; Badke 2012; Thomas 2013; Woodwell 2014)
1. Observation
Using your sense organs, you gather facts or information about people, things, places, events, and so on, by watching
and listening to them; then, record the results of the functioning of your eyes and ears. Expressing these sensory
experiences to quantitative data, you record them with the use of numbers. For instance, watching patients lining up at
a medical clinic, instead of centering your eyes on the looks of the people, you focus your attention on the number,
weight, and height of every patient standing up at the door of the medical clinic.
2. Survey
Survey is a data-gathering technique that makes you obtain facts or information about the subject or object of your
research through the data gathering instruments of interview and questionnaire. This is the most popular data-gathering
technique in quantitative and qualitative researcher studies for the researchers are free to use not just one survey
instrument but also these two following data-gathering instruments.
Questionnaire
Questionnaire is a paper containing series of questions formulated for an individual and independent answering by
several respondents for obtaining statistical information. Each question offers a number of probable answers from
which the respondents, on the basis or their own judgment, will choose the best answer. Making up a questionnaire are
factual and opinionated questions.
Interview
Survey as a data-gathering technique likewise uses interview as its data-gathering instrument. Similar to a
questionnaire, interview makes you ask a set of questions, only that, this time, you do it orally. Some, however, say
that with the advent of modern technology, oral interview is already a traditional way of interviewing, and the modern
ways happen through the use of modern electronic devices such as mobile phones, telephones, smart phones, and other
wireless devices.
Order of Interview Questions
In asking interview questions, you see to it that you do this sequentially; meaning, let your questions follow a certain
order such as the following:(Sarantakos 2013; Fraenbel 2012)
First set of questions – opening questions to establish friendly relationships, like questions about the place, the time,
the physical appearance of the participant, or other non-verbal things not for audio recording
Second set of questions – generative questions to encourage open-ended questions like those that ask about the
respondents’ inferences, views, or opinions about the interview topic
Third set of questions – directive questions or close-ended questions to elicit specific answers like those that are
answerable with yes or no, with one type of an object, or with definite period of time and the like
Fourth set of questions – ending questions that give the respondents the chance to air their satisfaction, wants, likes,
dislikes, reactions, or comments about the interview. Included here are also closing statements to give the respondents
some ideas or clues on your next move or activity about the results of the interview.
3. Experiment
An experiment is a scientific method of collecting data whereby you give the subjects a sort of treatment or condition
then evaluate the results to find out the manner by which the treatment affected the subjects and to discover the reasons
behind the effects of such treatment on the subjects. This quantitative data-gathering technique aims at manipulating or
controlling conditions to show which condition or treatment has effects on the subjects and to determine how much
condition or treatment operates or functions to yield a certain outcome. The process of collecting data through
experimentation involves selection of subjects or participants, pre-testing the subjects prior to the application of any
treatment or condition, and giving the subjects post-test to determine the effects of the treatment on them. These
components of experiment operate in various ways. Consider the following combination or mixture of the components
that some research studies adopt:
a. Treatment → evaluation
b. Pre-test → Treatment → Post-test
c. Pre-test → Multiple Treatments → Post-test
d. Pre-test → Treatment → Immediate Post-test → 6-mos.
e. Post-test → 1-yr. → Post-test

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Worksheets

It’s time to test yourself!

Name: ______________________________ Strand & Section: ____________________

Date: _______________________________ Teacher: ____________________________

WORKSHEET #2 Identify the Statistical Test to Use

Direction: Identify the appropriate data collection technique/s needed for each Research Study by
completing the table.

I. Directions: INDIVIDUAL WORK. Pretend you are researchers and determine what appropriate statistical test to us
in each problem. And give justification for each chosen Statistical Test.

1. You have an independent-measures design, with four conditions (varying in the amount of beer that was drunk).
Each participant belongs to one condition only, and provides a single score. Speed of ascent is a ratio measure, and
we are given no indications that the data do not satisfy the other requirements for a parametric test. Therefore, the
appropriate test is a ______________________________________.

Justification: _________________________________________________________________________

2. You are studying at the moment the “Effect of Corona Virus-2019(COVID -19) pandemic on the Public Utility
Vehicle Modernization (PUVM) Plans of Iloilo Transport Cooperative (ITRANSCO) Members; Input to
Continuity Plan”, and you want to measure the following:

2.1 The effect of COVID-19 on the modernization plan of ITRANSCO members when grouped according to
occupation in terms a/(an)1.1 Financial Aspect, 1.2. Physical Aspect, 1.3 Operational Aspect. Therefore, the
appropriate test is a _____________________________.

Justification: _________________________________________________________________

2.2 If there is a significant difference in the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the PUVM plans of ITRANSCO
when grouped according to occupation in terms of a/(an): 1.1 Financial Aspect, 1.2. Physical Aspect, 1.3
Operational Aspect. Therefore, the appropriate test is a ______________.

Justification: _________________________________________________________________

3. You are studying “The Association of Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) and Neutrophil to
Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) on the Outcome of Patients Admitted Due to Acute Coronary
Syndrome(ACS) at Iloilo Mission Hospital: A Retrospective Study”, and you want to measure the
following:

3.1 To determine the significant differences on the admission platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) of
patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome when taken as a whole and when grouped
according to ACS type, age and sex. Therefore, the appropriate test is a
_____________________________.

Justification: _________________________________________________________________

3.2 To determine if there is an association between PLR and the clinical outcome of the patients with
ACS. Therefore, the appropriate test is a _____________________________.

Justification: _________________________________________________________________

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Presents and interprets data in Tabular or Graphical forms

Concept Notes

Get ready to check the information below! If you have internet access, you may gather more information about them.

RECAP
Descriptive statistics involves arranging, summarizing, and presenting a set of data in such a way that useful
information is produced.
Charts and graphs
 Charts and graphs are used to portray:
 Trends, relationships, and comparisons
 The most informative are simple and self-explanatory
Use the right type of graphic: Charts and graphs
 Bar chart: comparisons, categories of data
 Line graph: display trends over time
 Pie chart: show percentages or proportional share
Bar chart: Comparing categories Stacked bar chart: Represent components of whole &
compare wholes (Represent components of whole & compare wholes)
6
Females 4 10
4 Site 1
Males 3 6 0-14 years
2 Site 2
15+ years
0 Site 3 0 5 10 15
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
1 2 3 4 Number of months patients have been enrolled in HIV
care

Line graph Pie chart

Displays trends over time Number of Clinicians Contribution to the total = 100%
Working in Each Clinic During Years 1–4*
6
Percentage of All Patients Enrolled by
5 8%Quarter
Number of clinicians

4 10%
Clinic 1 1st Qtr
3
Clinic 2
2nd Qtr
2
Clinic 3 23% 59% 3rd Qtr
1
4th Qtr
0
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

Basic Tabular Presentation: A table helps representation of even large amount of data in an engaging, easy to read
and coordinated manner. The data is arranged in rows and columns. This is one of the most popularly used forms of
presentation of data as data tables are simple to prepare and read.

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Following Are the Main Parts of a Table:

 Table Number: Table No. is the very first item mentioned on the top of each table for easy identification
and further reference.
 Title: Title of the table is the second item which shown just above the table.
It narrates about the contents of the table so, it has to be very clear, brief and carefully worded.
 Headnote: It is the third item just above the Table & shown after the title, it gives information about unit
of data like, “Amount in Rupees”etc., it is generally given in brackets.
 Captions or Column Headings: At the top of each column in a table, a column designation/head is given
to explain figures of the column. This is column heading is called “Caption”.
 Stubs or Row Headings: The title of the horizontal rows is called “Stubs”.
 Body of the Table: It contains the numeric information and reveals the whole story of investigated facts.
Columns are read vertically from top to bottom and rows are read horizontally from left to right.
 Source Note: It is a brief statement or phrase indicating the source of data presented in the table.
 Footnote: It explains the specific feature of the table which is not self-explanatory and has not been
explained earlier. For example, Points of exception if any.

Interpreting data
Adding meaning to information by making connections and comparisons and exploring causes and consequences

 Relevance of finding: Adding meaning to information by making connections and comparisons and exploring
causes and consequences
 Reasons of finding: Supplement with expert opinion; Others with knowledge of the program or target
population
 Consider other data: Use routine service data to clarify questions -Calculate nurse-to-client ratio, review
commodities data against client load, etc., Use other data sources, Situation analyses, Demographic and health
surveys, Performance improvement data
 Conduct further research: Data gap conduct further research, Methodology depends on questions being
asked and resources available
Note:
 Use the right graph for the right data
 Tables – can display a large amount of data
 Graphs/charts – visual, easier to detect patterns
 Label the components of your graphic
 Interpreting data adds meaning by making connections and comparisons to program
 Service data are good at tracking progress & identifying concerns – do not show causality

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*
Worksheets
It’s time to test yourself!

*Please detach this page and submit to your subject teacher in PR 2.

Name: ___________________________________ Strand & Section: ______________
Date: _______________________________ Subject- teacher: ____________________

Worksheet #3.1
I. For items 1-5. Identify the following parts of the table.

1.Whether Tabulation Makes the Data Simple or Complex? ___________________________________

2.Give Two Reasons to Use Footnotes in a Table?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3.Where is ‘head-note’ Placed in a Table?
____________________________________________________________________________
4.What is the Importance of Table Number?
____________________________________________________________________________
5.What is the Main Part of the Table Called?
____________________________________________________________________________
II. For items 6-8. Multiple choice. Read each question carefully and write the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer on your answer sheet. Use UPPERCASE LETTER.

6. _________ explains the specific feature of the table which is not self-explanatory.
A. Footnote B. Source note C. Body of table D. Caption
7. At the top of each column in a table a column designation is provided to explain figures of the column which
is known as ___________________.
A. Stub B. Caption C. Head note D. Title
8.___________ part of table gives information about unit used in table to represent data.
A. Stub B. Caption C. Head note D. Title
III. Given the data. Graph the data and interpret the results.
No. of Confirmed Cases Recovered Admitted Quarantined Expired
Iloilo Province 1907 44 97 96
Iloilo City 4027 38 134 141
ro6.doh.gov.ph

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Name: _____________________________________________ Strand & Section: ___________________
Date: _______________________________ Subject- teacher: ___________________________________
Worksheet #3.2
Given the data represented in a tabular form, choose an appropriate graph to present the data. Interpret the results.

Province Recovered Died

Aklan 192 9
Antique 50 1
Bacolod City 4832 166
Capiz 840 45
Guimaras 131 3
Iloilo City 4027 141
Iloilo Province 1907 96
Negros Occidental 40168 133 ro6.doh.gov.ph

Spending Percentage
Housing 35%
Savings 10%
Dept 15%
Transportation 15%
Other living Expenses 25%
Total 100%

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Name: _____________________________________________ Strand & Section: ___________________
Date: _______________________________ Subject- teacher: ___________________________________
Worksheet #3.3

Given the table, Interpret the results.

Table 1: Significant difference in the PR2 performance and teaching styles of research teachers of Grade 12-ABM.
Category Mean df t-value Sig.
Research Performance 86.50 29 .628 .00
Teaching Styles 4.32 29 .907 .65
Note: p˂.05
Interpretation:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Table 2: The relationship of PR2 Performance of Grade 12- ABM to the teaching styles of research teacherss.
Variables r-probability Sig.
Research Performance
1.00 .993
Teaching Styles

Interpretation:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Table 3: Level of Research Performance of Grade 12-ABM

Variables Mean SD
Research Performance 86.50 15.69

WEIGHT DESCRIPTION
74 and below Beginning
75 - 79 Developing
80 - 84 Approaching Proficiency
85 - 89 Proficient
90 and above Advance

Interpretation:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

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Reflection

What knowledge have you gained from these self-learning materials applicable to real-life
situation?

PLEDGE OF COMMITMENT

I commit fully to the accomplishment of the module with all honesty and dedication.
I promise to spend _______________________________(no.of hours/specific day(s)
of the week) learning about Organization and Management.
Further, I promise that no part of this module will be posted publicly, and I will not
allow anybody to have it photocopied without a written permit of my teacher.

__________________________________________
STUDENT’S SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME /DATE

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