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More Types, Methods, Conditionals

This document outlines a lecture on more advanced Java concepts including methods, parameters, return values, and conditionals. It discusses different variable types like boolean, int, double, and String. It introduces methods as reusable blocks of code that can accept parameters and return values. Conditionals like if/else statements and comparison operators are covered for making decisions based on variable values. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts.

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Francene Alvarez
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55 views

More Types, Methods, Conditionals

This document outlines a lecture on more advanced Java concepts including methods, parameters, return values, and conditionals. It discusses different variable types like boolean, int, double, and String. It introduces methods as reusable blocks of code that can accept parameters and return values. Conditionals like if/else statements and comparison operators are covered for making decisions based on variable values. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

Francene Alvarez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6.

092: Intro to Java

2: More types, Methods,


Conditionals
Outline
 Lecture 1 Review
 More types
 Methods
 Conditionals
Types
Kinds of values that can be stored and
manipulated.

boolean: Truth value (true or false).


int: Integer (0, 1, -47).
double: Real number (3.14, 1.0, -2.1).
String: Text (“hello”, “example”).
Variables
Named location that stores a value

Example:
String a = “a”;
String b = “letter b”;
a = “letter a”;
String c = a + “ and “ + b;
Operators
Symbols that perform simple computations

Assignment: =
Addition: +
Subtraction: -
Multiplication: *
Division: /
Outline

 Lecture 1 Review
 More types
 Methods
 Conditionals
Division
Division (“/”) operates differently on
integers and on doubles!

Example:
double a = 5.0/2.0; // a = 2.5
int b = 4/2; // b = 2
int c = 5/2; // c = 2
double d = 5/2; // d = 2.0
Order of Operations
Precedence like math, left to right
Right hand side of = evaluated first
Parenthesis increase precedence

double x = 3 / 2 + 1; // x = 2.0
double y = 3 / (2 + 1); // y = 1.0
Mismatched Types
Java verifies that types always match:

String five = 5; // ERROR!

test.java.2: incompatible types


found: int
required: java.lang.String
String five = 5;
Conversion by casting
int a = 2; // a = 2
double a = 2; // a = 2.0 (Implicit)

int a = 18.7; // ERROR


int a = (int)18.7; // a = 18

double a = 2/3; // a = 0.0


double a = (double)2/3; // a = 0.6666…
Outline
 Lecture 1 Review
 More types
 Methods
 Conditionals
Methods
public static void main(String[] arguments)
{
System.out.println(“hi”);
}
Adding Methods
public static void NAME() {
STATEMENTS
}

To call a method:

NAME();
class NewLine {
public static void newLine() {
System.out.println("");
}

public static void threeLines() {


newLine(); newLine(); newLine();
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


System.out.println("Line 1");
threeLines();
System.out.println("Line 2");
}
}
class NewLine {
public static void newLine() {
System.out.println("");
}

public static void threeLines() {


newLine(); newLine(); newLine();
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


System.out.println("Line 1");
threeLines();
System.out.println("Line 2");
}
}
class NewLine {
public static void newLine() {
System.out.println("");
}

public static void threeLines() {


newLine(); newLine(); newLine();
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


System.out.println("Line 1");
threeLines();
System.out.println("Line 2");
}
}
Parameters
public static void NAME(TYPE NAME) {
STATEMENTS
}

To call:

NAME(EXPRESSION);
class Square {
public static void printSquare(int x) {
System.out.println(x*x);
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


int value = 2;
printSquare(value);
printSquare(3);
printSquare(value*2);
}
}
class Square2 {
public static void printSquare(int x) {
System.out.println(x*x);
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


printSquare("hello");
printSquare(5.5);
}
}

What’s wrong here?


class Square3 {
public static void printSquare(double x) {
System.out.println(x*x);
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


printSquare(5);
}
}

What’s wrong here?


Multiple Parameters
[…] NAME(TYPE NAME, TYPE NAME) {
STATEMENTS
}

To call:

NAME(arg1, arg2);
class Multiply {
public static void times (double a, double b) {
System.out.println(a * b);
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


times (2, 2);
times (3, 4);
}
}
Return Values
public static TYPE NAME() {
STATEMENTS
return EXPRESSION;
}

void means “no type”


class Square3 {
public static void printSquare(double x) {
System.out.println(x*x);
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


printSquare(5);
}
}
class Square4 {
public static double square(double x) {
return x*x;
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


System.out.println(square(5));
System.out.println(square(2));
}
}
Variable Scope
Variables live in the block ({}) where they
are defined (scope)

Method parameters are like defining a


new variable in the method
class SquareChange {
public static void printSquare(int x) {
System.out.println("printSquare x = " + x);
x = x * x;
System.out.println("printSquare x = " + x);
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


int x = 5;
System.out.println("main x = " + x);
printSquare(x);
System.out.println("main x = " + x);
}
}
class Scope {
public static void main(String[] arguments) {
int x = 5;
if (x == 5) {
int x = 6;
int y = 72;
System.out.println("x = " + x + " y = " + y);
}
System.out.println("x = " + x + " y = " + y);
}
}
Methods: Building Blocks
 Big programs are built out of small methods

 Methods can be individually developed, tested and


reused

 User of method does not need to know how it works

 In Computer Science, this is called “abstraction”


Mathematical Functions
Math.sin(x)

Math.cos(Math.PI / 2)

Math.pow(2, 3)

Math.log(Math.log(x + y))
Outline
 Lecture 1 Review
 More types
 Methods
 Conditionals
if statement
if (CONDITION) {
STATEMENTS
}
public static void test(int x) {
if (x > 5) {
System.out.println(x + " is > 5");
}
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


test(6);
test(5);
test(4);
}
Comparison operators
x > y: x is greater than y
x < y: x is less than y
x >= y: x is greater than or equal to x
x <= y: x is less than or equal to y

x == y: x equals y
( equality: ==, assignment: = )
Boolean operators
&&: logical AND
||: logical OR

if (x > 6) { if ( x > 6 && x < 9) {


if (x < 9) { …
… }
}
}
else
if (CONDITION) {
STATEMENTS
} else {
STATEMENTS
}
public static void test(int x) {
if (x > 5) {
System.out.println(x + " is > 5");
} else {
System.out.println(x + " is not > 5");
}
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


test(6);
test(5);
test(4);
}
else if
if (CONDITION) {
STATEMENTS
} else if (CONDITION) {
STATEMENTS
} else if (CONDITION) {
STATEMENTS
} else {
STATEMENTS
}
public static void test(int x) {
if (x > 5) {
System.out.println(x + " is > 5");
} else if (x == 5) {
System.out.println(x + " equals 5");
} else {
System.out.println(x + " is < 5");
}
}

public static void main(String[] arguments) {


test(6);
test(5);
test(4);
}
Questions?
Conversion by method
int to String:
String five = 5; // ERROR!
String five = Integer.toString (5);
String five = “” + 5; // five = “5”

String to int:
int foo = “18”; // ERROR!
int foo = Integer.parseInt (“18”);
Comparison operators
 Do NOT call == on doubles! EVER.

double a = Math.cos (Math.PI / 2);


double b = 0.0;

a = 6.123233995736766E-17
a == b will return FALSE!
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

6.092 Introduction to Programming in Java


January (IAP) 2010

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

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