Digital Signal Processing

Lecture 1
Introduction

Dr. Tahir Zaidi

DSP is Everywhere

▪ Sound applications
▪ Compression, special effects, synthesis,
recognition, echo cancellation,…
▪ Cell Phones, MP3, Movies, Text-to-speech,…
▪ Communication
▪ Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo
cancellation,…
▪ Cell Phones, dial-up modem, DSL modem,
Satellite Receiver,…
▪ Automotive
▪ ABS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control,
DSP is Everywhere

▪ Medical
▪ Magnetic Resonance, Tomography,
Electrocardiogram,…
▪ Military
▪ Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote
sensing,…
▪ Image and Video Applications
▪ DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video
conferencing,…
▪ Mechanical
▪ Motor control, process control, oil and mineral
prospecting,…
Limitations of Analog Signal Processing

▪ Accuracy limitations due to

▪ Component tolerances
▪ Undesired nonlinearities
▪ Limited repeatability due to
▪ Tolerances
▪ Changes in environmental conditions
▪ Temperature
▪ Vibration
▪ Sensitivity to electrical noise
Limitations of Analog Signal Processing

▪ Limited dynamic range for voltage and

currents
▪ Inflexibility to changes
▪ Difficulty of implementing certain
operations
▪ Nonlinear operations
▪ Time-varying operations
▪ Difficulty of storing information
Microprocessor

▪ Any CPU that is contained on a single chip

▪ Little chip is the heart of a computer. Often
referred to as just the “processor”
▪ Does all the computations like adding,
subtracting, multiplying, and dividing
▪ In PCs, most popular Intel Pentium chip
▪ In Macs, the PowerPC chip (Motorola, IBM,
and Apple)
DSP, RISC, CISC Processor
▪ A processor is frequently categorized
based on the width of its busses
(4,8,16,32,64…)
▪ Clock Rate (i.e. at what rate does the
processor execute instructions)
▪ Complexity of Instruction Set
– CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computer
– RISC : Reduced Instruction Set Computer
Digital Signal Processor
▪ A DSP is a “general purpose” processor with
features specifically designed to make Signal
processing applications fast and efficient
Design Options for Digital Systems
▪ Special Purpose Hardware
– Custom ICs / ASICs
▪ Software Programmable Processor
– Pentium, PowerPC, etc
▪ FPGA (possibly with embedded
general purpose microprocessor)
– Xilinx, Altera, etc
▪ DSP
– TI, ADSP, etc
Comparison of Options
Specific HW Gen Purpose HW
▪ NRE/Dev Cost
▪ Speed
▪ Flexibility
▪ Time to Market
▪ Production Cost
Embedded SW Design Flow
▪ Develop Code for a Target processor
▪ Since target is minimal (not much
memory, I/O…etc. Code development
done on a separate machine. (e.g a PC)
▪ Cross Compiler / Assembler
▪ Simulator
▪ Code then run in the target system and
observed. Debug support programmed
into the software
Emulation / Debugging
▪ In-Circuit Emulator
▪ Debug Kernel BIOS
▪ JTAG Emulation
▪ Interactively Run Code
– Breakpoints
– Single Step
– Watch Variables
▪ Observe interaction with rest of system
▪ Development environment is frequently
processor specific
Embedded Systems Characteristics
▪ Real-Time
Real, defined timing requirements for particular
actions to be accomplished
▪ Event Driven
Actions of the system are in response to events,
not a predefined sequence.
▪ Resource constrained
Memory Size, speed, power constrained
▪ Special purpose
Device must only perform certain well defined
tasks
Embedded System Example

▪ Events :
– Button Press
– Knob Turned
– New Sample needed
by D/A converter
– Data block available
from CD drive
TI TMS320C6713 DSP
TI TMS320C6713 DSP Features
▪ EDMA Controller
▪ McBSP Serial Ports (I/O)
▪ Multiple Computation Units (8)
▪ Cache
▪ On-chip PLL
▪ Host Port Interface
▪ Timers
▪ Floating Point Units
Typical DSP Applications
Web wireless
Data Storage technology
& Transmission Ultrasound
Medical
Spy Imaging
Satellite
Imaging
Military
Appls

Real
Video Digital
Communications Time DSP Radiographic
Imaging
Embedded
Systems
Space Real Time
Imaging Video Cameras
Appls & Cell Phones

Speech
Recognition Optical
Wearable
Car Awake warning system Computers
Example: Speech Modeling

Pitch
Period
Vocal Tract
Impulse Parameters
Train
Generator
Time-
u(n) varying
× s(n)
digital
filter
Noise G
Generator
An Embedded System
Real Time Controller Process
Control Panel Operating
system User interface
process

ASIC MICROCONTROLLER
Embedded signal
Processing System

System Bus

Host port Host port

FPGA PROGRAMMABLE PROGRAMMABLE CODEC
DSP DSP

Memory interface Memory interface

Dual Port Memeory Analog

interface

DSP
Assembly
Code
Example Embedded System

HSP52014 SBSRAM

From RF Board
A/D

TMS320C6201
8-bit DAC & Xilinx 4062
LPF
To RF Board
DDS

FLASH
68332
49.152
MHz SRAM
amplifier &
squarer
Sine wave
clock square wave I/O Bitstream
output Output
Software Defined Radio (SDR)
All configurable HW
Waveform 1

Proprie ½ Framer 16
Data Algo4 V.35 OFDM
FEC QAM
Data
tary 1

Device 1
Device 0

FPGA General Purpose Processor

Device 4 DSP
SDR Board Design
Clock
Generator
AD9513
3 outputs

/2
IN SPI
I-Input AD9640
AD8352 DUAL ADC SSN
Differential 14BIT, 105 MSPS Silicon Serial Number
47
Amp AVDD=1.8V/310mA
IN
DVDD=1.8V/34mA
Q-Input Ethernet PHY
DRVDD=3.3V/35mA
64-LFCSP_VQ DP83848I Ethernet
16-LFCSP_VQ IOVDD=3.3V/150mA Interface
AVDD=3.3V/100mA? RJ45
8 Channel ADC LQFP-48
HMC610 RSSI MCP3008 4-Bit
RSSI Analog VD=3.3V/0.5mA AUDIO SERIAL PORT
SOIC-16
x2 Interface ASP HEADER
GAIN CONTROL (6-BIT)

20
RS232 Interface DB9
PA
6-Bits Output power control
interface
FPGA Spartan3
Filter
3-Bit Rx Filter Selection SPARTAN3 SUPPORTS
Selection RS232 TRANSCEIVER
XC3S1500FG676I LVCMOS-1.8
MAX3232EID
T/R Switch 1-Bit T/R Control - XC3S2000FG676I SOIC-16

VCCINT=1.2V/470mA 2x MT47H64M16BT-5E
Sythesizer 1G DDR SDRAM
5-Bit Frequency control VCCAUX=2.5V/100mA 32BIT
Interface DSP 64M x 32
VCCO1=3.3V/mA HPI / VLYNQ
VCCO2=2.5V/mA TMS320DM6446 1.8VD/mA?
interface
DUAL Channel CVDD 1.2V/767mA
IN LVCMOS_1.8V
AMP 14 bit , DVDD 1.8V/102mA
I-Output 28F256J3, 128Mb
FILTER 125 MSPS (Max) DVDD 3.3V/6mA
16MB Intel Strata flash
NETWORK DAC, 3.3V/80mA
Not DAC2904, 32
IN
implemente VA=3.3V/64mA
Q-Output d VD=3.3V/19.5mA
TQFP-48 OSC

EXP JTAG
16-32 IO PBGA-N361
HEADER

PLATFORM
FLASH JTAG
XCF08P 3.3VD/20mA
Digital Power FSG-48 (BGA)
FG-676 (BGA)
167

(SMPS) Analog
1.2VD (LDO Linear PSU)
IN 1.8VD 1.8VA
GC5016
2.5VD 3.3VA
POWER Quad Wideband DUC/DDC
3.3VD
IN VPAD=3.3V/180mA
VCORE=1.8V/420mA Title: Tranceiver Board
PBGA-252
Size: A Revision: 1.3
Date: 08/04/08 Drawn by: ASK
Digital Signal Processing

digital digital
signal signal
analog analog
signal A/D DSP D/A signal

• Analog input – analog output

– Digital recording of music
• Analog input – digital output
– Touch tone phone dialing
• Digital input – analog output
– Text to speech
• Digital input – digital output
– Compression of a file on computer
Pros of Digital Signal Processing

▪ Accuracy can be controlled by choosing

word length
▪ Repeatable
▪ Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal
▪ Dynamic range can be controlled using
floating point numbers
▪ Flexibility can be achieved with software
implementations
▪ Non-linear and time-varying operations
are easier to implement
Pros of Digital Signal Processing

▪ Digital storage is cheap

▪ Digital information can be encrypted for
security
▪ Price/performance and reduced time-to-
market
Cons of Digital Signal Processing

▪ Sampling causes loss of information

▪ A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal
hardware
▪ Limited speed of processors
▪ Quantization and round-off errors
Course Objectives

▪ To establish the idea of using computing

techniques to alter the properties of a signal
for desired effects, via understanding of
▪ Fundamentals of discrete-time, linear,
shift-invariant signals and systems in
▪ Representation and Analysis: sampling,
quantization, Fourier and z-transform;
▪ Implementation: filtering and transform
techniques;
▪ System Design: filter & processing
algorithm design
Course Outline
Course Outline
Prerequisite

▪ A fundamental course in signal and

system
▪ Liner System analysis and transform
analysis
▪ convolution and filtering
▪ Fourier transforms
▪ Laplace and z transforms
Textbooks

▪ Oppenheim, Schafer and Buck,

Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2nd
edition (Prentice-Hall, 1999)
▪ Mathematics of DSP
▪ Refrences:
▪ McClellan, Schafer, & Yoder, DSP First
▪ Ifeachor Jervis “Digital Signal Processing-
A Practical Approach”, Prentice Hall
DSP Components
DSP Introduction

Application of mathematical operations

to digitally represented signals

IN OUT
A/D DSP D/A

x[1]
x[0]

n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Discrete Time Signal
General Introduction

sequence x[n]

- as opposed to continuous-time
signals x(t)
- “time” = independent variable
Discrete
Examples in Nature
- stock market indices
NasDaq daily closing value from Aug 1995 to Jan 1996

- population statistics
Birth in Canada from 1995-1996 to 1999-2000
Example
Sampled continuous-time (analog) signals
- Speech
Digital Images
2-D arrays (matrices) of numbers