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Date Performed: Date Submitted:

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LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 2

BASIC ASSEMBLY PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION USING DEBUG

1. Objective(s):

The activity aims to introduce the debug programming to the student

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

The students shall be able to:

1. Perform the arithmetic operations based on the given number system using Debug.
2. Demonstrate the knowledge in data manipulation using Debug.

3. Discussion
Debug is software that is used as tool for testing executable programs. A feature of DEBUG is that it
displays all program code and data in hexadecimal format and any data you enter into memory must also
be in hex form. It is found in any PC with the MS_DOS which make it available to any user who has access
to a machine with these characteristics.

Debug provides a set of commands that lets you perform a number of useful operations. It is possible to
visualize the values of the internal registers of the CPU using the DEBUG program.

DEBUG Commands

o A (assemble) symbolic instruction into machine code

o D (display) the contents of an area of memory
o E (enter) data into memory beginning at a specific location
o G (go) or run the executable program in memory
o N (name) a program
o P (proceed) or execute a set of related instructions
o Q (quit) the debug program
o R (run) or display the contents of one or more registers
o T (trace) the contents of one instruction
o U (unassembled) machine code into symbolic code
o W (write) a program onto disk

The following are some of the basic debug commands:

Q (Quit)
Finishes the debug session and exits back to dos environment.
Ex. –Q
R (Register)
Allows you to display all registers and their values.
Ex. –R
-R CX
A (Assemblle)
Allows you to create program in mnemonic or symbolic code
Ex. –A 0100gramming using Debug

G (Go)
Runs the program as a whole in memory and displays the output
Ex. –G

T (Trace)
Runs the program in single step mode. It also displays the new values of the registers and
the next instructions to be executed.
Ex. –T

Basic Assembly Language Instructions

The following commands are the operation used to program in assembly language.

 mov (move data)

it copies and transfer data between two registers, or between an immediate data to a register.
Format: mov <destination>, <source>
mov <register>, <register> mov
<register>, <data>

Example: hexadecimal Decimal

mov ax, 1234H mov bh, 30
mov bl, 12H mov cl, 15
mov ax, bx mov cl, bh
add (add data)

it is used to get the sum of two registers or a register and a data and store the result to the left
most register.
Format: add <destination>, <source>
add <register>, <register> add
<register>, <data>

Example: hexadecimal: Decimal:

mov ax,1234H mov bh, 30
add al, ah  al=al + ah mov bl, 45
mov bx, 0034H add bh, bl  bh = bh+ bl
add ax, bx  ax = ax +bx

 sub (subtract data)

it is used to get the different of two registers or a register and a data and store the result to the
left most register.
Format: sub <destination>, <source>
sub <register>, <register>
sub <register>, <data>
Example: hexadecimal Decimal
mov ax, 1234H mov bh, 30
sub al, ah  al = al –ah mov bl, 45
mov cx, 0012H sub bl, bh  bl = bl - bh
sub ax, bx  ax = ax –bx

 mul (multiply data)

it is used to get the product of a given register AX and multiply data, and stores the result
to AX register. (If the product is greater than 16 bits, the overflow is stored in DX register.)
Format: mul<source>
mul<register>

Example: hexadecimal Decimal

mov ax, 1234H mov al, 30
mov bl, 03H mov bl, 4
mul bl  ax = ax * bl mul bl  ax = ax * bl

 div (divide data)

it is used to get the quotient of a given register AX register and divide data, and stores the
result to AX register. (If the quotient produces a remainder, the data is stored in DX
register.)
Format: div <source>
div <register>

Example: hexadecimal Decimal

mov ax, 1234H mov al, 40
mov bl, 02H mov bl, 2
div bl  ax = ax / bl div bl  ax = ax / bl

 inc (increment by one)

it is used to increase the value of the register by one(1).

Format: inc <register>

Example: hexadecimal Decimal
mov dx, 0FF0H mov dl, 50
inc dx  dx = dx +1 inc dl  dl = dl +1

 dec (decrement by one )

it is used to decrease the value of the register by one(1).

Format: dec<register>

Example: hexadecimal Decimal

mov cx, 0FF0H mov cl,15dec cx  cx = cx -1 dec cl  c
l = cl -1
4. Resources:

Desktop Computer
DOSbox application with Debug file

5. Procedure:
To begin working with DEBUG, type the following prompt in your computer.

C:\> debug

On the next line a dash will appear, this is the indicator of DEBUG at this moment the instructions
of DEBUG can be introduced using the following command:

-r [enter key]

All the contents of the internal registers of the CPU are displayed; an alternative of viewing them is
to use the “r” command using as a parameter, the name of the register whose value wants to be
seen.

For example:
-rbx
BX 0000
This instruction will only display the content of the BX register and the DEBUG indicator change from “-“ to
“:”. When the prompt is like this, it is possible to change the value of the register which was seen by typing
the new value and [enter], or the old value can be left by pressing [enter] without typing any other value.

Creating Basic Assemble Program in DebugTo assemble a program on the DEBUG, the
“a” (assemble) command is used; when this command is used, the address where you want the
assembling to begin can be given as a parameter, if the parameter is omitted the assembling will be
initiated at the locality specified by CS:IP, usually 0100H which is the locality where programs
with .COM extension must be initiated.
Example: Values of registers to be entered in DEBUG program are as follows:

mov ax, 0002

mov bx, 0004
add ax, bx
nop

Appear on the screen are the assembly instructions machine:

Type the command “t” (trace) to execute each instruction of the program.

You see that

the value 0002H move to AX register. Type the command “t” (trace) again and you see the second
instruction is executed.
Type the command “t” (trace) to see the instruction add is executed

To exit DEBUG use the “q” (quit) command.

1. When you add the value of AX to BX, what will be value of AX?

2. After adding the BX to AX, what is the value of BX?

3. What is the purpose of NOP in your program in DEBUG? Try not to include the NOP in your code,
what happened?
Assemble Program using Debug

Creating program on DEBUG, proceed debug type “-a 100” each input line starts with a segment-offset
address, and if you want to see the output type “- g”.
1. mov ax, 1234H
mov bh, 30
mov bl, 12H
mov ax, bx
mov cl, 15

AX = BX= CX= DX=

CS = BP= SS= DI=

2. mov ax, 1234H

mov bl, 02H
div bl
AX = BX= CX= DX=
DS = BP= DI= DI=

3. mov ax, 1234H

mov bl, 03H
mul bl
AX = BX= CX= DX=
SS = DI= DS= IP=

4. mov ax,1234H
add al, ah
mov bx, 0034H
AX = BX= CX= DX=
SS = IP= ES= SI=

QUESTIONS:

1. What will happen if “- a 100” segment offset change to “ –a 200”?

2. What is the purpose of setting the segment offset?

3. What is the purpose of NOP in your program in DEBUG? Try to not include the NOP in your
code, what happened?
6. Supplemental Activities:
A. Using DEBUG, determine the contents of AX, BX, CX, and DX after executing every sequence
of assembly language instruction. Write your answer on the space provided.

Table 1:

Register Code AX BX CX DX
MOV AX, 0420H
MOV BX, 1220H
MOV CX, 0002H
MUL CX
SUB AX, BX
ADD AL, BL
ADD CL, AH

Table 2:

Mov AX, 0235

MOV DX, 0004
DIV DL
Mov Bx, 1230
SUB BX, AX
INC AL
DEC DL
7. Conclusion:

What conclusion can you make based on the activity?

8. Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory Performance):

Evaluated by: Date:

Printed Name and Signature of Faculty Member