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03-Types Class One Lecture

This document summarizes the key types of wind energy systems. It discusses the historical development of wind turbines from the late 1800s to modern times. It then describes the key components of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) such as the blades, gearbox, generator, and tower. Both advantages and disadvantages of HAWTs and vertical axis wind turbines are provided. The document also discusses wind turbine gearboxes, the rapid growth in turbine size over time, and basic specifications for a 2MW turbine. Finally, it outlines controllable mechanical variables, typical power-speed characteristics, and the main types of wind turbine generators including fixed and variable speed systems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
70 views38 pages

03-Types Class One Lecture

This document summarizes the key types of wind energy systems. It discusses the historical development of wind turbines from the late 1800s to modern times. It then describes the key components of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) such as the blades, gearbox, generator, and tower. Both advantages and disadvantages of HAWTs and vertical axis wind turbines are provided. The document also discusses wind turbine gearboxes, the rapid growth in turbine size over time, and basic specifications for a 2MW turbine. Finally, it outlines controllable mechanical variables, typical power-speed characteristics, and the main types of wind turbine generators including fixed and variable speed systems.

Uploaded by

haashill
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3: Types of Wind Energy

Systems
Baosen Zhang
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
Historical Development of Wind Energy
• Charles F. Brush is the first person
to build wind turbine to produce
electricity in Cleveland, Ohio in
1888
– It was just 12 kW

• Poul la Cour of Denmark built the


first wind turbine outside of the
US to generate electricity in 1891
Historical Development of Wind Energy

• 1930-1940: Thousands of wind turbines were used in


rural areas not yet served by the power grid

1950 1960 wind power declined


we built a native grid
interest in w'and
1970 s oil crisis high

1990 s to now renewed interest


HAWT
Key Parts of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Rotating blades
gearbox
highspeed
I r Housing (nacelle)

low
speed
Igen
Yaw control
Tower
Structure

Blades hub Transforme


Gearbox Generator r
Main hub Disk
Main shaft brake

Coupling

Nacelle
Bed

Yaw

Tower

ÓBaosen Zhang, University of Washington 5


Advantages of the HAWT

• The tall tower allows the turbine to access strong wind


• It is a high efficiency turbine as its blades continuously receive
power from wind during the entire rotation.
• The speed of the blade is fairly constant during a single
rotation. Thus rapid fluctuations in electrical variables such as
voltage and reactive power is insignificant.

ÓBaosen Zhang, University of Washington 6


Disadvantages of HAWT

Needs control not typically


yaw
3600 adds cost

Tall tower heavy gearboxes


hard to maintain
local opposition

ÓBaosen Zhang, University of Washington 7


Vertical Axis Turbines

Hub Blade

Gearbox

Generator

ÓBaosen Zhang, University of Washington 8


Advantages of VAWT
no need to rotate the turbine

generator are
everything gearbox
at ground level

ÓBaosen Zhang, University of Washington 9


Disadvantages of VAWT

of wind is low
speed
limits power

ÓBaosen Zhang, University of Washington 10


Wind Turbine Gearboxes

heavy expensive

most common failure


source
of

4 newer turbines
Type
no gearbox
electronics
uses power
1.5 MW Turbine

to
new ones
are to aw

Queen
Rapid Growth of Wind Turbine Size

10MW

i 12mW
i

i
Basic Wind Turbine Specifications (2MW)

Rotor Diameter = 80 meters


Swept Area = 5,026 m2
Blade Rotation = 15.5-16.5 rpm
Generator Voltage = 690 Volts
Capacity = 1,800-2,000 kW
Nacelle (housing) Weight = 77 tons
Rotor Weight = 41 tons
Tower Weight = 105 tons
Total Weight = 223 tons
GE 3.6MW
Maximum rotor diameter (m)

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
MW MW MW MW MW MW MW

ÓBaosen Zhang, University of Washington 16


160
8.0 MW

140

120
3.0 MW
Hub Height (m)

loom
100
2.0 MW
80

60 700 kW

40 300 kW

50 kW
20

1980- 1990- 1995- 2000-


2010 2013
1990 1995 2000 2010

ÓBaosen Zhang, University of Washington 17


Can We Exceed 100m?

• Wind speed increases with elevation

It's hard to have more than cod on land

Transport constraint
construction

noise
VESTAS
1.8MW
Controllable Mechanical Variables
• Operating wind speed of modern turbines
Gear box High speed shaft
4 m/s > W < 30 m/s Rotating blades

~9 mph > W < ~67 mph


• Pitch Control Nacelle

– To maximize Cp Generator and


converter
– Reduce Cp when wind speed produces power higher Low speed shaft
Yaw
than the rating of the turbine
– Regulate the output power of the turbine as part of
grid control action Tower

• Yaw Control
– To align the rotor to face wind
• Feathering
– To lock the blades at high wind speeds (>50mph)
Typical Power-Speed Characteristics
Power

Wind power

legmen Wind Speed


Wind Turbine Performance
Vestas V80 Power Curve
2000
1800
1600
1400
Power kW

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Windspeed MPH
Types of Wind Turbine Generators (WTG)

• Asynchronous Generator (Induction Machine) e early


– Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) types
– Wound Rotor Induction generator (WRIG)
• Synchronous Generator (SG)

23
Fixed and Variable Speed IG

24
Fixed and Variable Speed WT
Operating
Range of
Torque Speed

induction
2
generator
Operating
Range of
Torque I

smalloperating
ns Speed
range
Fixed speed

ÓBaosen Zhang, University of Washington 25


Fixed vs Variable Speed Turbines
Power

Variable Speed Turbine Fixed Speed Turbine

Rated
Power

Synchronous speed Wind Speed


Fixed Speed Wind Turbine (FSWT) System

induction generators

operating range
is small

easy to build
maintain
easy to

27
Fixed Speed Wind Turbine (FSWT) System

28
Variable Speed Wind Turbine (VSWT) System

regulate power
lets the blades rotate at slower speeds

less mechanical stress

more expensive

29
Main Types of Wind Turbines

30
Main Types of WTG

Fixed Speed Types


coupledto thegrid
Type l induction generator
control
Variable Speed Types
may have pitch
2 induction with added resistance
type
3 Doubly fed ind gen reactive
Type power

4
Type syn generators
31
Type1: SCIG with Fixed Compensation
Type 2: Wound Rotor IG

33
Type 3: Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG)

34
Type 3: Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG)
Type 3: Advanced Control with AGC

36
Type 4: SG with Excitation Control
(Full Converter)

37
Type 4: SG with AGC (Full Converter)

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