ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

HYPOTHETICAL TOPIC AND SUB- TOPIC

BY:

Navarro, Victor Joseph D.

BSAR 5-A

ARCH 514_AR5A
COURSE:

COURSE LECTURER:
ARCHITECT VIRGINIA T. SY

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, BATAAN HEROES

COLLEGE
PROJECT TITLE

For my proposed research title, I chose RELOCATION OF INFORMAL SETTLER’S

ALONG SAN PEDRO-CALAMBA PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RAILWAYS.

PROJECT SUB-TOPIC

This projects subtopic is “PROVIDING A SOCIALIZED HOUSING FOR INFORMAL

SETTLERS RESIDING ALONG THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RAILWAYS OF SAN
PEDRO TO CALAMBA LAGUNA”
ABSTRACT

TITLE: RELOCATION OF INFORMAL SETTLER’S ALONG SAN PEDRO-

CALAMBA PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RAILWAYS.

RESEARCHER: Navarro, Victor Joseph D.

ADVISER: Ar. Marie Kastell S. Enriquez

YEAR: 2023

This is a comprehensive study about the housing situation of the informal settlers
and the importance and requisite of socialized Housing for the informal settlers that
are located on the Right of Way of Philippine National Railways from San Pedro to
Calamba Laguna. This paper engages with the challenge of understanding the
shaping of public space in informal settlements with a focus on exploring the spatial
structures and increments of change. Instruments used to generate data were
observation and interviews and thorough data gathering. To support the data
generated from the participants. Some of the social challenges found upon
conclusion from the data that was gathered from the informal settlers and other
group of participants include poverty, flooding, expensive water and electricity bills,
limited sewage disposal system, unfair relocations, poor sanitation, unemployment
and high crime rate. Solutions were also suggested on how to overcome these
challenges
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Background of the Study
1.3. Statement of Problem
1.4. Justification of the Study
1.5. Design Objectives
1.6. Purpose and Significance of the Study
1.7. Scope and Delimitation
CHAPTER 2
2.1. Theoretical framework
2.2. Conceptual Design – Design Concept
2.3. Review of the Literature
2.4. Definition of Terms
CHAPTER 3
3.1. Research and Methodology
3.2. Research Setting and Venue
3.3. Description of Population
3.4. Development of instrument or method for making observations
3.5. Administration of instrument or method for making observations
CHAPTER 4
4.1. Includes site inventory
4.2. Site Analysis
CHAPTER 5
5.1. Summary of Findings
5.2. Discussing findings in relation to the theoretical framework
5.3. Conclusions
5.4. Recommendations
5.5. References
5.6. Appendices
CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Housing problems had been a reoccurring problem to the country. Rich

countries as well as poor countries have been experiencing housing problems
at varying degrees. Resettlement involves removal of communities from an
environment where they have lived over many decades.

As urban areas flourished, informal settlements doubled their numbers in

slew. Its manifestation is the influx of urban poor living in environmentally risky
parts of the city, such as railway areas. Aside from having a compromised
settlement, their vulnerability to different hazards can be prevalent.

This research is a housing program to be undertaken by the government or

the private sector for the underprivileged and homeless citizens which shall
include sites and services development, long-term financing, liberalized terms
on interest payments, and such other benefits in agreement with RA 727-The
Urban Development and Housing Act (UDHA),

The targets for resettlement are the informal settlers residing in the right of
way of the Philippine National Railways. The decision to resettle these
communities was taken by the local authorities in the light of instigating the
riding public with one of the finest transportation services in the country,
enhancing quality of life.

This research tackles the importance and essence of a socialized housing for
the informal settlers located on the right of way of PNR (Philippine National
Railways) from San Pedro to Calamba Laguna.

The objective of this research is to analyze and give solution to the upscale of
the social challenges participants that are residing in informal settlements face
and how they end up seeking residence in informal settlement. The
background discusses the phenomenon of urbanisation which brings social
challenges to participants who end up residing in informal settlements. After,
the research problem and research questions are stated. The methodology,
data presentation and analysis, discussion and conclusion are presented.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to examine and implement the relocation of

informal settlers located along the right of way of PNR in San Pedro –
Calamba Laguna in accordance to the needs of the housing requirements.
This relocation will not only help the informal settlers occupying a Philippine
National Railways (PNR) property in the city but also the residents and the
riding public to one of the finest transportations services the country could
offer, therefore enhancing quality of life.

The DOTr (Department of Transportation) signed memorandums of

agreement with the local governments of Calamba, San Pedro and Sta. Rosa
for the implementation of the resettlement plans to make way for the
construction of the North-South Commuter Railway (NSCR) which will
connect Clark in Pampanga and Calamba, will have seven stations in Laguna.

According to. Philippine News Agency “This significance is underscored by

Presidential Directive No. PBBM-2023-536, in which the President has
mandated the Department of Transportation to collaborate with various
government agencies to address right-of-way (ROW) issues,

Chavez noted that the establishment of the RIMC makes the LGUs partners
of the DOTr in empowering the government to take ownership of the project
and actively participate in ensuring that ROW operations are conducted
smoothly, efficiently, and with compassion for affected communities.

Rapid Urbanization and Population Growth:

Rapid population growth and urbanization in the San Pedro-Calamba region

have raised demand for housing and settlement areas. Because of this, there
are now unofficial settlements beside the railroad, which raises questions
about security and safety.

Proximity to Railway Infrastructure:

There are unofficial settlers living near the railroad tracks in the San Pedro-
Calamba PNR. This brings up important safety concerns as well as the
possibility of railroad operations being disrupted.

Safety Concerns:

The existence of unofficial settlements close to railroad tracks presents

hazards to commuters as well as local inhabitants. Mishaps like train
collisions or derailments can have dire repercussions. Informal settlements
close to railway lines also carry the risk of electrocution, fires, and other safety
issues.

Impact on Railway Operations:

PNR operations may be hampered by informal settlements along the railway

corridor. Right-of-way encroachments may cause delays, maintenance
problems, and higher PNR operating expenses. Maintaining an effective and
secure railway system requires addressing these issues.

Community Livelihoods and Social Dynamics:

To take into account how moving informal settlers may affect their social
dynamics and means of subsistence. To create inclusive and sustainable
relocation plans, the study should examine the economic ventures, social
networks, and community ties of the informal settlers.

Government Initiatives and Interventions:

By: Angeline Marcelino - @inquirerdotnet

According to the transport chief, the government will build highly liveable
communities, complete with schools, markets, hospitals, transport hubs and
livelihood opportunities for affected residents.

Forming part of the massive North-South Commuter Railway (NSCR) System,

the entire PNR South Long-Haul Project is a 577-kilometer and 33-station rail
connection from Metro Manila to Batangas and Bicol.
Once completed, the rail line will reduce travel time from Manila to Legazpi
from the present 14-18 hours to six hours, using regular commuter trains and
4.5 hours, using the line's express trains.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Unofficial settlers who live near the railroad tracks put commuters and
themselves at serious risk for injury or death. In order to reduce the likelihood
of mishaps like train derailments, collisions, and other dangers, immediate
action is required.

The basic need for all humans is shelter. Developing countries are still coping
with the growing shelter problem, especially of the poor. The issue has been
made worse by the city population's sharp rise.

Result from the informal settlements that are present along the San Pedro-
Calamba PNR corridor. Citizens that squat on the railway right-of-way have
the potential to reduce overall efficacy of PNR operations, increase
maintenance costs, and create delays.

The evaluation of the suitability and adequate housing and infrastructure for
settlers who have been relocated. Insufficient facilities can cause discontent,
opposition, and difficulties adjusting the displaced communities to their new
surroundings.

Thorough and long-lasting strategy for the relocation of informal settlers along
the San Pedro-Calamba Philippine National Railways has not been properly
addressed nor looked into.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM

The study on the informal settlement relocation along the Philippine National
Railways (PNR) in San Pedro to Calamba is justified by the pressing need to
address the various ramifications and challenges that come with this intricate
problem. The rationale behind conducting this study is outlined in the following
points:

Safety and Humanitarian Concerns:

The growth of informal settlements, slums and poor residential

neighbourhoods is a global phenomenon accompanying the growth of urban
populations. An estimated 25% of the world’s urban population live in informal
settlements, with 213 million informal settlement residents added to the global
population since 1990

-William Robert Avis

Urban governance
Topic Guide, November 2016

The main rationale for this is the safety and humanitarian issues that come
with living near railroad tracks in informal settlements. It is imperative that
immediate attention and action be taken to fulfil the fundamental duty of
ensuring the safety and well-being of both railroad users and informal settlers.

Preservation of Railway Infrastructure:

In 2016, the new presidential administration leveraged this demand as one of

its promises, which was to accelerate the growth of infrastructure projects,
including the rail sector. Part of his political game was to rely on the support of
the Chinese government for funding these sorts of projects. In 2018, it was
announced that the 100-year-old rail system would be revamped and
extended further south in order to enhance the connectivity of the citizens to-
and-for the provinces.

- Laurence Kristoffer Espiritu

MSc UMD Graduate | Division Head of Business Development at DATEM Inc.

| OIC of DATEM Water Inc.

Socioeconomic Impact Assessment:

In the village of San Pablo in Malolos, most dwellers along the rail tracks work
as kargador (porters) or vendors in the nearby market. “Kung malilipat kami
ng tirahan, saan kami magtatrabaho?” (If we’re evicted, where do we find
work?), said Aling Lina Mendoza.

- BY DABET CASTAÑEDA

The thorough analysis of the socioeconomic effects of relocation on

unauthorized settlers provides justification. Relocation strategies must take
into account the possible disruption of social networks, livelihoods, and
community dynamics in order to be sensitive, successful, and long-lasting.

Community Engagement and Social Harmony:

The necessity of encouraging community involvement and participation in the

decision-making process justifies the study. Relocation tactics that are
inclusive and transparent improve social cohesion, lessen resistance, and
increase the chance of a successful resettlement.

Stakeholder Collaboration and Coordination:

“This significance is underscored by Presidential Directive No. PBBM-2023-

536, in which the President has mandated the Department of Transportation
to collaborate with various government agencies to address right-of-way
(ROW) issues,”

-DOTr Undersecretary for Railways Cesar Chavez

Philippine News Agency (PNA)

Effective cooperation between multiple stakeholders, such as government
agencies, the PNR, local authorities, and non-governmental organizations, is
necessary for a successful relocation. For the relocation efforts to be
successful, it is imperative that any potential gaps in stakeholder coordination
are looked into and addressed.

Long-Term Sustainable Development:

The informal settlers would not only be given new homes, but also fresh
opportunities with their transfer to the housing project.

-DOTr Undersecretary Cesar Chavez

Philippine News Agency (PNA)

This study's justification stems from its assessment of relocation strategies'

long-term viability. The sustainable development of the impacted areas is
aided by making sure the new settlements are sturdy, furnished with
necessities, and keep informal settlements from re-emerging.

In conclusion, the urgent need to address safety concerns, maintain

infrastructure, adhere to regulations, improve operational efficiency, assess
socioeconomic impacts, involve communities, coordinate stakeholders, and
ensure long-term sustainable development in the affected areas justifies the
study on the relocation of informal settlers along the San Pedro-Calamba
Philippine National Railways.
1.5 DESIGN OBJECTIVES

Defining specific goals that the research aims to achieve is part of designing
objectives for a study on the relocation of informal settlers along the San
Pedro-Calamba Philippine National Railways. These goals ought to direct
the investigation and give the work a distinct focus.

Privacy

By providing a space which they can count as their own with respect to their
living habits or preference in accordance to their needs and wants.

Ventilation

By providing open spaces which are energy saver and to provide

background ventilation

Social Interactions

By providing a space wherein they could interact with the community to

avoid sense of loneliness and alienation inside the community.

Security

By providing necessary precautions needed in order for the community to

feel safe that can meet their physical and psychological comfort.

Comfort

By providing amenities that can help them feel at ease and acclimate faster
to their new surroundings with the thought that danger and hazard is now far
away from them and their families

Disability Design
By providing necessary ramps, handrails, signage in all aspects such as
brail, readable sizes that can accommodate all users. And by giving proper
planning in accordance to accessibility.

Familiarity

By providing a design that can easily be recognized and familiarized

Amenities

By providing requisite amenities such as public markets, commercial spaces,

basketball court, parking spaces, daycare, tesda, toda, home association
office, and clinic to provide the needs and comfort of users.
1.6 PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The goal of this study is to give a thorough background so that readers can
comprehend the circumstances, motivations, and effects of the informal
settlers' relocation in this specific area.

To Users

Socioeconomic Impact:

Analyze the socioeconomic effects of relocation on informal settlers, taking

into account the general well-being of the impacted communities as well as
the disruption of livelihoods and social network changes.

Legal and Ethical Relocation Practices:

Provide guidelines for morally and legally sound relocation techniques that
take into account the rights of unauthorized settlers and obey the law.

Design:

take into account their needs, the local culture, and the sustainability of the
project over the long run.

Mitigate Resistance and Promote Social Harmony:

Create plans to address the worries and goals of both the community at
large and informal settlers in order to lessen opposition to relocation and
foster social harmony. In which building structures or amenities to be located
on site that could aid the different needs of settlers

Monitor Long-Term Sustainability:

Taking into account the resiliency of the new settlements, the delivery of
necessary services, and the avoidance of the resurgence of informal
settlements.

To Society

The study on the relocation of informal settlers along the San Pedro-
Calamba Philippine National Railways aims to understand, assess, and
resolve various social, economic, and environmental aspects. It plays a
crucial role in achieving regional development goals while addressing the
needs of informal settler communities. Additionally, it enhances relocation
practices and informs future policies, benefiting stakeholders in urban
planning, community development, and social justice initiatives.

To Architecture

Safety Hazards:

Assess the potential risks to public safety posed by unofficial settlements

along the San Pedro-Calamba PNR, including derailments, collisions, and
other mishaps. In conformity with the following regulations and laws such as:

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6541 National Building Code of the Philippines

(RA) No. 9514 “Fire Code of the Philippines

Batas Pambansa Blg. 344. Accessibility law

REPUBLIC ACT NO. -7796 “Technical Education and Skills-Development

Act of 1994” or the “TESDA Act of 1994.”

Executive Order No. 152, series of 2002, granted the Presidential

Commission for the Urban Poor (PCUP) such powers to fulfill its mandate of
ensuring strict compliance with the requirements of just and humane
demolition and eviction under the Urban Development and Housing Act of
1992;

Design:

The analysis focuses on the spatial planning and design of relocation sites. It
assesses how architectural decisions improve the liveability and functionality
of new communities. including amenities, layout, and housing design.
Furthermore, it explores architectural approaches that promote community
integration in the new locations.

evaluates the impact of architectural decisions on the environment and

identifies sustainable design practices to address these concerns.

1.7 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

Scope of the Study:

This study focuses on the facility's exterior design, which influences the
facilities that will be housed there. It also considers the architectural
advancements that will be present inside, providing users with all the
resources they need to meet their housing needs, as well as the security of
the entire compound to ensure user safety and provide families with the
assurance that their loved one is in a secure compound.

This is aimed for the illegal settlers located on the right of way of Philippine
national railways located at San Pedro - Calamba laguna which consumes
(0.1%) zero-point one percent of the total population of laguna where in the
demand for public transport services deplete due to the reason that illegal
dwellers had been squatting in the area for a prolonged period of time

This research aims to follow the Executive Order No.152 (December 10,
2002) designated the PCUP as the clearing house for the conduct of
demolition and eviction activities involving homeless and underprivileged
citizens, establishing for the purpose a mechanism to ensure strict compliance
with the requirements of just and humane demolition and eviction under the
Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992.

Delimitation of the Study:

Exclusion of Other Regions:

The study will not include informal settlements outside of the San Pedro-
Calamba region or along other PNR corridors. The dynamics and difficulties
unique to this particular geographic area are the main focus.

Limited Legal Analysis:

The study will examine the pertinent legal and regulatory framework for the
relocation process, but it won't offer a comprehensive legal analysis. Specific
legal matters outside the purview of the move will not be covered.

Focused Socioeconomic Impact Assessment:

The effects of relocation on informal settlers will be the main focus of the
socioeconomic impact assessment. Only those regional socioeconomic
issues that have a direct bearing on the relocation process will be taken into
consideration.

Stakeholder Collaboration Dynamics:

The study will discuss stakeholder collaboration, but it won't go into great
detail about the inner workings of each stakeholder group. To keep things
focused, specific organizational structures and procedures will be defined.

Specific Community Engagement Strategies:

Although the study will suggest broad approaches to community engagement,

it won't offer concrete implementation recommendations. More planning and
thought will go into how the designs are carried out in detail.

Infrastructure Implementation Details:

The study will make recommendations for infrastructure and housing designs;
however, it will not offer comprehensive implementation strategies. For the
purpose of further planning, specific construction details and project
management elements will be defined.

The study ensures depth and relevance within the defined parameters by
keeping the focus on the relocation of informal settlers along the San Pedro-
Calamba Philippine National Railways by clearly defining its scope and
delimitations.
CHAPTER 2

2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Human Ecology Theory:

Concept: Human ecology theory places a strong emphasis on how people

interact with their surroundings. Understanding how the physical
environment, particularly closeness to railroad tracks, affects settlement
patterns and the well-being of informal settlers, is helpful in the context of
informal settlements along the PNR.

Application: The ecological dynamics analysis will direct the evaluation of

environmental effects, safety concerns, and relocation site suitability.

Social Capital Theory:

Concept: The value embodied in community ties and social networks is

examined by social capital theory. Assessing the possible disruption caused
by relocation and identifying opportunities for community-driven solutions
require an understanding of the social ties within informal settlements.

Application: Analysing social capital makes it easier to create community

engagement plans that take advantage of already-existing networks and
make the transition easier for informal settlers.

Environmental Justice Framework:

Concept: The equitable allocation of environmental advantages and
disadvantages is emphasized by environmental justice. It deals with the fair
treatment of informal settlers in the relocation context, making sure they are
not unduly burdened by resource scarcity or environmental hazards.

Application: The evaluation of possible injustices in the relocation process

and the creation of plans to advance environmental justice are guided by the
environmental justice framework.

Human Rights Approach:

Concept: The protection of fundamental human rights is emphasized by the

human rights approach in all interventions. Ensuring the rights of informal
settlers—such as the right to sufficient housing, access to essential services,
and involvement in decision-making—in the context of relocation is the main
focus.

Application: This methodology directs the development of morally and legally

sound relocation plans, guaranteeing that the procedure upholds the rights
and dignity of the impacted populace.

Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR):

Concept: Collaboration between researchers and the community is

emphasized by CBPR at every stage of the research process. It entails
giving community members decision-making authority and addressing
pertinent research questions.

Application: The study's methodology is informed by the CBPR principles,

which guarantee that the viewpoints and insights of informal settlers are
central to the research process.

The study of the informal settlers' relocation along the San Pedro-Calamba
Philippine National Railways can obtain a thorough understanding of the
institutional, legal, social, and ecological factors influencing the relocation
process by incorporating these theoretical perspectives.
2.2 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

The main structure's shape is modelled by a train, where the units,

mechanical room, and waste disposal are placed. On the roof, the clothesline
regions symbolize an open area where users can hang their wet clothes to
dry. The inside air is kept clean and fresh by efficient ventilation throughout
the entire building. Homes need to be able to breathe like lungs to ensure that
clean air enters and stale air exits. High concentrations of moisture, smells,
gasses, dust, and other air contaminants can accumulate indoors.

Trains have a variety of deep symbolic connotations, but some of the most
well-known ones are travel, a fresh start, the passage of time, connection,
destiny, and advancement.
Construction-grade bamboos, such as Dendrocalamus sinicus bamboos,
which have a 30 m length, 30 cm diameter, and a very thick culm wall that can
be used for heavy construction, would be used to create the exterior
appearance of the building. A sustainable, green substance. Both structural
and aesthetic uses are possible for bamboo. In seismic areas, its flexibility is
advantageous. Additionally fireproof and termite-proof, bamboo can be used.
Bamboo gives the design an earthy and calming aesthetic touch.

Eco-friendly bricks, also called fly ash or pulverized fuel ash bricks, are solid
and cavity-free. They are made by combining fly ash with cement, sand, lime,
and gypsum. These bricks are strong and durable, making them suitable for
load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls in various construction projects. By
utilizing fly ash, a by-product of thermal power plants, these bricks offer an
environmentally-friendly solution while reducing pollution. Bricks made of fly
ash have a high fire insulation. Due to their extreme strength and stability, fly
ash bricks almost never break while being transported. Because fly ash bricks
are uniform in size, less mortar is needed for joints and plaster. Bricks made
of fly ash are effective thermal insulators. Lintel, sill, and jamb do not require
different sizes of fly ash bricks. This brick is advised for the subtropical region
or, more specifically, for the regions with warm climates because it lacks the
capacity to absorb heat. In cold climates or even in the winter, it is not very
useful.
2.3 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Affordable Housing as a Method for Informal Settlements Sustainable

Upgrading

Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305422698_Affordable_Housing_as
_a_Method_for_Informal_Settlements_Sustainable_Upgrading

One of the biggest challenges facing development in developing countries

today is informal settlements. The phenomena of informal settlements, urban
sprawl, is increasing every day, destroying cities, reducing the quality of life
and destroying urban structures. Which created a vital need to find new
sustainable solutions to improve informal settlements in developing countries.
One of the different ways is affordable housing. Affordable housing is rarely
discussed in the context of improving informal settlements. While affordable
housing brings many new affordable housing strategies and improvement
techniques. It is also suitable for developing countries, because the
governments of developing countries cannot afford to finance all the projects
that improve informal settlements. The purpose of this study is to find out the
relationship between affordable housing and informal settlement
improvement. To achieve this goal, this article highlights the definition, impact
and strategies of affordable housing. It also explains what informal solutions
are. Then analyze two relevant examples. Using comparative analysis to
analyze affordable housing policies implemented in a sample improvement
program. To demonstrate that affordable housing policies can be useful in
improving informal settlements in developing countries.

Impacts of Displacement on Urban Livelihoods

Source:https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/
d69652bc-2de9-5cbc-b48f-4ce93e690e81/content

This article seeks to understand how displacement due to development

affects urban livelihoods, with a particular focus on residents who remain in
place. Through the empirical A case study of the Philippine Railway
Improvement Project examines its impact on livelihoods large-scale
demolition and relocation that varied according to physical capital The
remaining population has declined due to land clearance and dependence on
local residents. a livelihood network created with displaced settlers. In
comparison, households remained unchanged when they had little to do with
the local shadow economy.

Measuring Housing Affordability in the Philippines

Source:https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2222.pdf

This study assesses housing affordability in the Philippines using traditional

approaches. It compares Residual income method estimates for the 30
percent income standard is often used in the country as a measure of housing
affordability. The authors note that 30 percent of the income level
overestimates the affordability of housing for the poor and underestimates
higher income levels relative to residual income method in other words, poor
and poor households cannot afford housing at a price of 30% of their income,
while the middle-income rich can afford housing more than 30 percent of their
income. The study also shows that family structure (ie size and having
children) affect housing affordability.

Building Resilience among the Philippines’ Urban Poor

Source- https://www.adb.org/publications/building-resilience-
philippines-urban-poor
Building resilience among the urban poor in the Philippines is essential given
the country's rapid urbanization, rising climate and disaster risks, and COVID-
19 pandemic. The report suggests a comprehensive and integrated strategy.
It acknowledges that fostering resilience necessitates coordinated action
across policy domains and at the local, regional, state, and federal levels.

DOTr eyes clearing informal settlers along PNR right of way

Source- https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1005743#:~:text=MANILA%2C
%20Aug.,a%20half%20to%20two%20years.

The goal of the Department of Transportation (DOTr) is to finish the relocation

of unofficial settlers who have been living along the right-of-way of the
proposed North and South rail lines of the Philippine National Railways
(PNR). According to DOTr Undersecretary for Railways Cesar Chavez, the
right-of-way needs to be addressed immediately because it is impeding the
implementation of railway projects.
2.4 Definition of Terms

A.

Adequate - satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.

Ambiguity - the quality of being open to more than one interpretation;

inexactness.

Amenities - a desirable or useful feature or facility of a building or place.

Alleviate - make (suffering, deficiency, or a problem) less severe.

Assessment - the evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of

someone or something.

Aspects - a particular part or feature of something.

B.

Biodiversity - the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to
ecosystems.

C.
Congestion - so crowded with traffic or people as to hinder freedom of
movement.

Crucial - decisive or critical, especially in the success or failure of something.

Cohesion - the action or fact of forming a united whole.

Comprehensiveness - the state or condition of including all or nearly all

elements or aspects of something.

Corridors - a long passage in a building from which doors lead into rooms.

Conservation - prevention of wasteful use of a resource.

Complexities - the state or quality of being intricate or complicated.

Clothesline - a rope or wire on which washed clothes are hung to dry.

Contaminants - a polluting or poisonous substance that makes something

impure.

Connotation - an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or

primary meaning.

D.

Dispossession - the action of depriving someone of land, property, or other

possessions.

Displaced - take over the place, position, or role of (someone or something).

Degradation - the condition or process of degrading or being degraded.

Disintegration - the process of losing cohesion or strength.

Depth - the distance from the top or surface to the bottom of something.

E.

Exacerbate - make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse.

Ecosystem - a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms,

as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life

Exacerbates - make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse.

Ethical - relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with
these.

Eco friendly - not harmful to the environment.

Empowerment - authority or power given to someone to do something.

Ensuring - make certain that (something) shall occur or be the case.

Encroach - intrude on (a person's territory or a thing considered to be a right).

Explicitly - in a clear and detailed manner, leaving no room for confusion or

doubt.

Exclusion - the process or state of excluding or being excluded.

Exclude - deny (someone) access to or bar (someone) from a place, group,

or privilege.

F.

Foster - encourage or promote the development of (something, typically

something regarded as good).

Garnered - gather or collect (something, especially information or approval).

Geographical - based on or derived from the physical features of an area.

H.

Holistic - characterized by the belief that the parts of something are

interconnected and can be explained only by reference to the whole.

I.

Implication - the conclusion that can be drawn from something although it is

not explicitly stated.

Inadequate - lacking the quality or quantity required; insufficient for a

purpose.
Infrastructure - the basic physical systems of a business, region, or nation
and often involves the production of public goods or production processes.

Implication - the conclusion that can be drawn from something although it is

not explicitly stated.

Intervention - extending or occurring between events.

Integration - the action or process of successfully joining or mixing with a

different group of people

Indicators - a thing, especially a trend or fact, that indicates the state or level
of something.

J.

Justice - just behaviour or treatment.

L.

Livelihood - a means of supporting one's existence, especially financially or

vocationally; living

Land tenure - ways in which property rights to land are allocated, transferred,
used, or managed in a particular society.

Multifaceted - having many aspects or sides

Mitigating - having the effect of making something bad less severe, serious,
or painful.

Micro enterprises - a small business that employs few people

Optimizing - make the best or most effective use of (a situation, opportunity,

or resource).

Poverty alleviation - to improve the quality of life for those people currently
living in poverty
Provision - the action of providing or supplying something for use.

Psychosocial - relating to the interrelation of social factors and individual

thought and behaviour.

Participatory - involving or characterized by participation.

R.

Rapid - happening in a short time or at a fast pace.

Rehabilitate - restore (someone) to health or normal life by training and

therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.

Resilience - the capacity to withstand or to recover quickly from difficulties;

toughness.

Resettlement - the settlement of people in a different place.

Robust - strong and healthy; vigorous.

S.

Sustainable - able to be maintained at a certain rate or level.

Squatter - a person who unlawfully occupies an uninhabited building or

unused land.

Socio economic - a social science and a branch of economics that focuses

on the relationship between social behaviour and economics

Substandard - below the usual or required standard.

Social cohesion - the strength of relationships and the sense of solidarity

among members of a community

Stakeholders - an independent party with whom each of those who make a

wager deposits the money or counters wagered.

Settlements - an official agreement intended to resolve a dispute or conflict.

T.
Theories - a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something,
especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be
explained.

Tailored - (of clothes) smart, fitted, and well cut.

U.

Urban - in, relating to, or characteristic of a town or city.

Uprooted - pull (something, especially a tree or plant) out of the ground.

Urban sprawl - the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.

V.

Vocational training - education that prepares people for a skilled craft as an

artisan, trade as a tradesperson, or work as a technician.

CHAPTER 3

3.1 RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

The suggested project was developed by the researcher following a

methodical procedure. The objective is to compile workable structures that
can generate a range of foundations for the purpose of gathering data for the
design process concept.

The researcher used a variety of methods to collect data, including surveys

given to random individuals, interviews with locals, government
representatives in the area, and site visits, and visits to the railways.

METHODOLOGY
3.2 RESEARCH SETTING AND VENUE

PLACE AND TIME OF STUDY

This study is in coordination to providing socialized housing for informal

settlers residing along the Philippine national railways of San Pedro to
Calamba laguna by a 5th year bachelor of Science in Architecture student of
Bataan Heroes College. The research takes place in the city of Laguna
located in the region of CALABARZON Established in 1571, With a land area
of about 1,760 km2. The country’s notable as the birthplace of José Rizal, the
country's de facto national hero. According to the Köppen climate
classification, with an elevation of 293.8 meters (963.91 feet) above sea level,
Laguna is classified as having an Am tropical monsoon climate. The city
experiences 26.75ºC (80.15ºF) annually, which is -0.47% colder than the
average for the Philippines. Laguna has 220.92 rainy days (60.53% of the
time) and 152.92 millimetres (6.02 inches) of precipitation on average per
year. The locations of the proposed study are to be situated at San Pedro,
Santa Rosa and Calamba. This property is in close proximity to interesting
dining options and attractions. With proper education and health systems the
research has been started since October 12, 2023 and questionnaires were
sent to and was conducted to various respondents in and out of laguna on
November 25,2023 were in sufficient data is acquired.

3.3 DESCRIPTION OF POPULATION

The population in this research consists of the approximately 5,000 unofficial

settler-families that live close to the PNR railway. Accounted for about .16%
percent of the total population in laguna. The local inter-agency committee's
PNR and NHA representatives could make sure that the relocation and
resettlement plan complies with the directives of the national agencies.

Based on PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority) As of May 1, 2020, the total

population of laguna is 3,382,193 and the population rate is 2.39% which
comprises of 1,680,934 females, and 1,692,202 males.

Among the city, the highest number of informal settlers was recorded in
Calamba with 42.6 percent of the total illegal dwellers in San Pedro-Calamba
laguna, followed by San Pedro and Sta, Rosa with 22 percent.
Because there was a large population included in this study, statistical testing
was conducted using a sample of the population that best represented the
entire set of data required.

Convenience sampling is the method of sampling employed in this study,

whereby the researcher selects respondents from a pool of people who are
easily accessible or nearby.

3.4 DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENT OR METHOD FOR MAKING

OBSERVATIONS

In this study, the researcher employed a variety of survey questionnaires,

including multiple choice, demographic, Likert scale, and open-ended
questions. Multiple-answer multiple choice questions typically have square
checkboxes. Likert scale questions provide respondents with a range of
possibilities, such as starting at "not at all likely" and scaling all the way up to
"extremely likely," allowing them to check off all the choices that apply to
them. You can segment your audience depending on their characteristics and
activities with the help of demographic questions, which provide you even
more insight into your data. Additionally, open-ended survey questions don't
offer pre-determined response options; instead, respondents must input their
response into a comment box. Reactions are then examined separately or
through text analysis software.
Survey data gathered from a survey's sample of participants. This data is
extensive information about a certain subject that has been obtained from a
target audience in order to carry out research.

The researcher conducted an open-ended survey to collect information from

respondents about how they understand the concept of relocation in order to
assess the study's viability in relation to the development of housing units for
illegal settlers.

The questionnaire is Based on the researcher's additional investigation and

the knowledge acquired from readings, publications, and interviews related to
the study, the questionnaire was developed.

A range of methods are employed to get input and viewpoints from the
targeted population. Researchers prefer to use a variety of sources, including
online and in-person surveys, when doing survey research. In order to obtain
the necessary number of survey replies is determined by the method used to
collect the survey data.

3.5 ADMINISTRATION OF INSTRUMENT OR METHOD FOR MAKING

OBSERVATIONS

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

By identifying the problem and national issue in regards to the illegal settlers
residing along the PNR (Philippine National Railways) right of way and how
housing development facilities can be an advantage for them in the near
future.

Information Gathering

By gathering and examining the relevant documentation, as well as by

speaking with study participants who are more knowledgeable about the
research issue and who may greatly contribute to the validity and integrity of
the study. After that, accurate and useful data is gathered and scrutinized to
produce improved results.
METHODS FOR MAKING OBSERVATIONS

The Internet and Cyberspace

The majority of data and important information are gathered in contemporary

ways, such as through social media platforms, the internet, and cyberspace,
where users can exchange information, communicate with one another,
participate in debates, and engage in a variety of other activities. The internet
is a globally connected network system that makes it possible to access data
resources and facilitate global communication through a vast collection of
networks from the public, private, business, academic, and government
sectors.

SURVEY

By distributing a survey to anyone who might find use for the research. Many
questions were developed or posed using a Google Form; the answers are
thereafter examined to determine the pertinent and essential data that will
support the study or proposal.

GOVERNING

Here, research is done to obtain accurate statistics using technical details that
are not easily accessible to the general public on the internet.

DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF RESPONDENTS

The following graph shows the demographic data of the respondents:

CHAPTER 4

4.1 SITE INVENTORY

With a land area of 1,760 square kilometres, the city is landlocked within the
province of Calamba, with its various municipalities enclosing it on all sides: to
the north, Santa Cruz, the capital city; to the east, Pagsanjan and Paete; to
the south, Calamba; and to the west, Santa Rosa. There are 681 barangays
in the province of Laguna, which make up its 24 towns and 6 cities.

Santa Rosa City is located in the Province of Laguna and is about 98

kilometres away from Manila. It is 149.5 square kilometres in size.

That Lot 1515-X-1, Psd-18301 covered under TCT No. T-359173, with an
area of 50,000 square meters, located at Brgy. Turbina, this City, and
registered in the name of Rushmore Holdings, Inc. appears to be situated
within the Growth Management Zone-1 (GMZ-1), based on City Ordinance
No. 668, Series of 2019, amending Municipal Ordinance No. 256, Series of
2000. RELOCATION OF INFORMAL SETTLER’S ALONG SAN PEDRO-
CALAMBA PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RAILWAYS is a proposed providing a
socialized housing for informal settlers residing along the Philippine National
Railways of San Pedro to Calamba Laguna.

Property Identification Map of Labas, Santa Rosa, Laguna

The surrounding lot types and nearby commercial areas are depicted in this
figure.
Landmarks

The nearby landmarks that are easily identifiable to both tourists and locals as
landmarks and navigational aids are Nisscare Automotive Repair and
Services, Rivera Heights Phase 2, and Labas Senior High School.

Land Use Map

This indicates Safe Haven is an appears to be situated within the Growth

Management Zone-1 (GMZ-1)

STRENGTHS

● Near forest zones, and parks

● Near roads

WEAKNESS

● Being crowded as a result of the location being on residential land

OPPORTUNITIES
● Being able to construct somewhere where well-known landmarks make

it simpler to find and access

THREATS

● Having excessive noise because of nearby sites.

Road Network Map.

RELOCATION OF INFORMAL SETTLER’S ALONG SAN PEDRO-CALAMBA

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RAILWAYS according to the researcher's additional
research, the circulation system is consistently supported by all public
transportation options because it is located close to both national and
barangay roads, making it accessible by bus, taxi, jeepney, and private
vehicles. For individuals who require transportation out of the site, there is a
waiting area in front of the location. For visitors without access to a car, this
will be especially helpful because buses, taxis, and jeepneys frequently pass
by the main road, ensuring that the transportation system runs smoothly.

STRENGTHS

● Easier to reach by any kind of transportation.

● Accessible modes of transportation all day long.

WEAKNESS

● Due to its proximity to the national road system, it has become a part of

the city's bustling area.

OPPORTUNITIES

● To be able to construct in an area that is reachable by foot, car, or

both.

THREATS

● Being overly noisy because most of the time there are transit vehicles

passing by
Flash Flood Areas and Submerge Brgy Map

This figure shows that the site where located is far from flood and submerge.
Near in Tagapo nia Canal.

STRENGTHS

● Away from floods and preserve a green environment

WEAKNESS

● May encounter periods when the amount of water supplied is

insufficient given the size of the area it supplies.

OPPORTUNITIES

● Being able to construct water-based facilities and an automated

irrigation system
THREATS
● May be vulnerable to contamination in the area's main supply pipe

Fault Line Map

This figure shows that the site where Safe Haven’s is far in the west valley
fault lines.

STRENGTHS

● Since it is not located on a fault line, the city's residents are

accustomed do some of their activities and are preparing it for future

disasters by advancing the study of earthquake-resistant building
construction.
THREATS

● Unpredicted tectonic movement

4.2 SITE ANALYSIS

Site Analysis

The site is surrounded by a network of roads, as seen in the above figure,

which makes it very accessible to neighbouring locations. In the east, the sun
rises, and in the west, it sets. Because the Amihan is situated in the northeast
and the Habagat is in the southwest, the wind direction at the site determines
the site's climate, which is constant.
CHAPTER 5

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Scope of Informal Settlements:

The study shows that there are a lot of informal settlements along the
Philippine National Railways (PNR) corridor between San Pedro and
Calamba, underscoring the severity of the problem and the requirement for
action.

Reasons for Relocation:

The decision to relocate informal settlers is probably explained in the report.

These may include safety-related worries, environmental risks, or the
requirement for railway development and expansion.

Impact on Informal Settlers:

The effects of relocation on the impacted informal settlers, such as

adjustments to living arrangements, access to facilities, and means of
subsistence, may be covered in the findings. It might cover the opportunities
and difficulties that come up during the moving process.

Government Initiatives:

It is probable that the report will address government programs and directives
concerning the relocation of informal settlements, providing insight into the
institutional and legal mechanisms at play.

Infrastructure Development:

The study might look into how the move fits in with larger objectives for
infrastructure development, especially those that have to do with enhancing
and growing the Philippine National Railways.

Community Engagement and Participation:

Results could discuss community engagement tactics used in the relocation

process and evaluate how much informal settlers participated in decision-
making and execution.
Challenges Faced:

The report most likely lists the difficulties encountered during the move,
including opposition from the impacted communities, logistical problems, or
delays in moving forward with the plan.

Post-Relocation Monitoring:

Information on post-relocation monitoring systems, such as the sustainability

of the new settlements and the welfare of the relocated families, may be
available in order to assess the initiative's effectiveness.
5.2 FINDINGS IN RELATION TO THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
INTRODUCED IN THE LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature review likely discussed social justice theories and urbanization
models to provide context for the situation of informal settlers. The results
examine if relocation efforts align with urban development patterns and social
inequality. The theoretical framework emphasizes land rights and housing
importance. The results assess if relocation upholds these rights and impacts
the ability of informal settlers to access suitable housing.

If the literature review includes community development models, the results

can analyze how the relocation process aligns with or deviates from these
models. This includes aspects such as preserving social networks,
empowering the community, and involving community members. To assess
how well the relocated informal settlers adapt to and withstand challenges, the
study may integrate vulnerability and resilience frameworks. The results may
highlight factors that support or hinder resilience in the new settlements.
Additionally, the study may explore whether the relocation addresses or
worsens environmental injustices discussed in the literature review,
considering the impact on ecosystems, natural resources, and potential
environmental risks.

The theoretical framework examined government policies and governance

structures in relation to informal settlements. The study investigated the
economic impact of relocation and its effects on residents' livelihoods.
Additionally, cultural and identity preservation during the relocation process
were considered. The results evaluated the adequacy of addressing these
issues in new settlements and potential concerns regarding the loss of cultural
identity.
5.3 CONCLUSIONS

The effectiveness of relocation policies can be evaluated in the conclusions

by assessing if the goals, such as improving living conditions and promoting
sustainable development, have been achieved. The impact on the well-being
of informal settlers can be examined in the findings, including housing
conditions, quality of life, and access to essential services. The study can also
provide insights into the social and economic effects of relocation, such as
changes in livelihood opportunities and potential for economic growth in the
area.

The level of community involvement and participation in decision-making

regarding relocation may impact the outcomes. This includes assessing
community engagement plans and empowering informal settlers in the
relocation process. The study's conclusions may also examine the
environmental impact, considering sustainability, resource conservation, and
risk reduction. Lastly, the study can summarize key findings and address
challenges faced during relocation. This information can be valuable for future
initiatives and policy changes.

The relocation process's adherence to legal frameworks and human rights

standards may be addressed in the conclusions. This includes evaluating the
rights of unofficial settlers throughout the procedure. The conclusions may
also suggest future improvements to the relocation process based on the
findings, such as policy revisions, better community engagement, and
corrective measures.
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS

Ensure meaningful involvement of impacted communities in decision-making.

Conduct thorough consultations to understand informal settlers' needs,
preferences, and concerns. Develop and maintain necessary infrastructure for
post-relocation well-being. Respect human rights and legal frameworks during
the relocation process. Integrate ecologically responsible approaches in
planning and development of new settlements, minimizing environmental
impact and preserving natural resources.

Encourage social integration and monitor the progress of relocation. Regularly

evaluate the well-being of relocated families and address any issues promptly.
Maintain open communication with impacted communities, providing clear
information and resources. Develop plans to handle potential challenges and
support the resilience of displaced communities. Continuously review and
update relocation policies based on new information and changing conditions.
5.5 REFERENCES

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1026110

https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-region-iv-calabarzon-population-
2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_National_Railways

https://pnr.gov.ph/news-media/press-releases/351-dotr-awards-50-
houses-to-informal-settlers-affected-by-ongoing-rail-project-in-
pampanga.html

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1005743

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1663473/dotr-exec-govt-to-relocate-
thousands-of-informal-settlers-due-to-railway-subway-projects

https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/10/16/news/national/housing-projects-
built-for-railway-informal-settlers/1914902

https://mb.com.ph/2023/7/12/marcos-vows-affected-residents-during-
big-railway-ticket-will-get-gov-t-help

https://pia.gov.ph/news/2023/10/16/dotr-breaks-ground-for-pnr-
resettlement-sites

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
305422698_Affordable_Housing_as_a_Method_for_Informal_Settlements_Su
stainable_Upgrading

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/d69652bc-
2de9-5cbc-b48f-4ce93e690e81/content

https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2222.pdf

https://www.adb.org/publications/building-resilience-philippines-urban-
poor
https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2222.pdf

https://lbtimes.ph/2012/10/08/life-along-the-tracks-at-brgy-baybayin-los-
banos-laguna/

https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/
Housing%20Tables%20by%20City_%20Municipality.xlsx

https://www.philstar.com/nation/2023/10/08/2301988/

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1211323

https://www.moneymax.ph/car-insurance/articles/flood-prone-areas-
metro-manila

https://chanrobles.com/republicactno6541.htm
5.6 APPENDICES