ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

Microwave transmission lines & Micro-strip lines

(UNIT-I)
Dr. N. R. Dhineshbabu
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Aditya Engineering College (A)
Email: [email protected]
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Course Objectives
COB 1: To make the student understand the Structure of Microwave transmission lines.
COB 2: To enable the student understand different Microwave components and its
applications.
COB 3: To impart the working principle of various Microwave Tubes.
COB 4: To impart the knowledge on Solid State Microwave devices.
COB 5: To study the principles of various parameters measurement using Microwave
test bench.
Course Outcomes
At the end of the Course, Student will be able to:
CO1: Explain the characteristics of different wave guide structures.
CO2: Evaluate the performance of the Microwave components using S-matrix.
CO3: Explain the characteristics of Microwave tubes.
CO4: Analyze working principles of Microwave Solid State Devices.
CO5: Measure different parameters by using a bench set-up.
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Module Outcomes
At the end of the Module, Student will be able to:
MO 1 : Compute the electrical characteristics of Waveguides (Rectangular & Circular).
MO 2 : Figure out the power loss or attenuation characteristics of waveguides & cavity
resonators.
MO 3 : Compare and contrast the performance of microwave transmission lines
Unit-IA : Microwave transmission lines Aditya Engineering College (A)

Introduction:
Microwave Spectrum and Bands,
Advantages & Applications of Microwaves.
Rectangular Waveguides –
TE/TM mode analysis,
Expressions for Fields,
Characteristic Equation and Cut-off Frequencies,
Filter Characteristics,
Dominant and Degenerate Modes,
Sketches of TE and TM mode fields in the cross-section,
Mode Characteristics – Phase and Group Velocities,
Wavelengths and Impedance Relations;
Power Transmission and Power Losses in Rectangular Guide,
Impossibility of TEM mode.
Related Problems.
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Unit-IA : Microwave transmission lines
Introduction,
Nature of Fields,
Characteristic Equation(field components),
Dominant and Degenerate Modes.
Cavity Resonators
Introduction,
Rectangular and Cylindrical Cavities,
Dominant Modes and Resonant Frequencies,
Q factor and Coupling Coefficients,
Excitation techniques or coupling methods
Probe, Loop, Aperture types.
Related Problems.
Unit-IB : MICROSTRIP LINES
Introduction, Zo Relations,
Effective Dielectric Constant,
Losses, Q factor.
Introduction: Aditya Engineering College (A)

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with a frequency:

300 MHz – 300 GHz (1 MHz = 10 ^6 Hz and 1 GHz = 10 ^9 Hz) or
wavelengths in air ranging from 100 cm -to- 1 mm.
The word Microwave means very short wave, which is the shortest wavelength
region of the radio spectrum and a part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Microwave is an electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength.
Microwaves are easily attenuated within short distances.
They are not reflected by ionosphere
Transmission line techniques must be applied to short conductors
Propagations of this waves happens in such a way that direction of propagation,
Electric field and Magnetic fields always remains perpendicular to each other.
Microwaves frequencies characteristics are very much similar to light.
Stray reactance's are more important as frequency increases.
Solutions for the wave equations are obtained from the modified Maxwell’s
equations or Helmholtz’s equations
EM wave Propagation in Wave guides
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E
P

H
Microwave Spectrum and Bands, Aditya Engineering College (A)

Microwave Engineering P. Bujjibabu, Associate Professor, ECE

Band Designation Frequency in GHz Wavelength Aditya Engineering College (A)

IEEE/Industry Standard band Designation

UHF 0.3-3.0 0.999m-0.099m
L 1.1-1.7 0.273m-0.176m
LS 1.7-2.6 0.175m-0.115m
S 2.6-3.9 0.115m-0.768m
C 3.9-8.0 0.768m-0.037m
X 8.0-12.5 0.037m-0.024m
Ku 12.5-18.0 0.024m-0.017m
K 18-26 0.017m-0.011m
Ka 26-40 0.011m-0.007m
Q 33-50 0.009m-0.006m
U Millimeter band 40-60 0.007m-0.005m
M 50-75 0.006m-0.004m
E 60-90 0.005m-0.003m
F 90-140 0.003m-0.002m
G 140-220 0.002m-0.001m
R 220-300 0.001m-0.0009m
Sub-millimetres >300 <0.0009m
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Microwave Bands for RADARS

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Microwave Frequency Bands as per ITU Radio Regulation
Radio Waves are defined by Radio Regulations of the International telecommunication
Union.
The radio spectrum allocated for Microwave are UHF,SHF and EHF as mentioned
below in the table: Metric
Corresponding Abbreviations for
Band Number Symbol Frequency Range Metric Subdivision the band
4 VLF 3 to 30 kHz Myriametric waves B. Mam
5 LF 30 to 300 kHz Kilometric waves B. km
6 MF 300 to 3000 kHz Hectometric waves B. hm
7 HF 3 to 30 MHz Decametric waves B. dam
8 VHF 30 to 300 MHz Metric waves B. m
9 UHF 300 to 3000 MHz Decimetric waves B. dm
10 SHF 3 to 30 GHz Centimetric waves B. cm
11 EHF 30 to 300 GHz Milimetric waves B. mm
12 300 to 3000 GHz Decimilimetric waves
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Advantages with microwaves
1. Increased bandwidth availability:
 To conclude;
It provides larger BWs  Speech BW is 0.3 to 3kHz
More no. of channels will be allocated  Music BW is 10 to 15 kHz
More information will be transformed  TV Signal or FM BW is 5 to 7MHz
Interference is less
2. Improved directive properties:
 4 Ae   4 Ae 2 
As frequency increases, directivity increases from G = kD = k  2 
 k  .f 
    c 
2
The desired level of gain can be achieved with
smaller dimensional antennas.
3. Fading effect and reliability: E  h; where  is the frequency
Fading effect is less due to the axial uniformity in the waveguide structures.
Due to the Line of Sight (LOS) propagation and high frequencies, there is less fading
effect and hence microwave communication is more reliable.
4. Power requirements: 2
• Transmitter / receiver power requirements 2 dl  2  dl  2
Prad =     I rms     2  f I rms 2
2
are pretty low at microwave frequencies.  c 
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Advantages with microwaves
• Increased bandwidth availability:
As we go higher in frequency, fractional bandwidth increases. For example, let’s assume
that we wish to transmit a number of 4 kHz wide voice signals through a wireless link.
Further let’s assume that we have two wireless systems to chose from, one operating at
500 MHz and the second at 4 GHz, each with a 10 % bandwidth around its center
frequency. Operating Frequency X % of BW per channel
No. of channels =
Channel BW
 In theory, the 500 MHz system could carry:

No. of channels =
0.5GHz X 0.1
 12,500  To conclude;
4kHz If some one is not required to go with
100000 no. of channels, then increase
 In theory, the 4 GHz system could carry: the % of BW per channel which
increases the channel BW or guard
4GHz X 0.1 bandwidth and hence the co-channel
No. of channels =  100, 000
4kHz interference is greatly reduced.
Advantages & Applications-a brief Aditya Engineering College (A)

• Advantages:
Increased BW:
More no of channels
More BW per channel
More information transfer with less interference
Improved Directional properties
Increases Gain and other parameters with smaller dimensions
Improved Noise and interference parameters
Attenuations and Absorption are not severe
Transmitter and receiver power requirements are pretty low
Advantages & Applications-a brief Aditya Engineering College (A)

• Applications:
•Wireless Communications (space, cellular phones, cordless phones, WLANs,
Bluetooth, satellites etc.)
•Radar and Navigation (Airborne,vehicle, weather radars, GPS etc.)
•Remote sensing (Meteorology, mining, land surface, aviation and marine traffic
etc.)
•RF Identification (Security, product tracking, animal tracking, toll collection etc.)
•Broadcasting (AM,FM radio, TV etc.)
•Heating (Baking, Food process, Ovens, Drying, Mining, rubber industry)
• Bio-medical application(Diagnostics)
•Jitter free switches
•Remote sensing applications
•Electronic WARFAREs ,ECMs….
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Commercial and industrial applications
• Microwave oven
• Food process industry – Precooling / cooking, pasteurization / sterility, hat frozen
/ refrigerated precooled meats, roasting of food grains / beans.
• Rubber industry / plastics / chemical / forest product industries
• Mining / public works, breaking rocks, tunnel boring, drying / breaking up
concrete, breaking up coal seams, curing of cement.
• Drying inks / drying textiles, drying / sterilizing grains, drying / sterilizing
pharmaceuticals, leather, tobacco, power transmission.
• Biomedical Applications ( diagnostic / therapeutic ) – diathermy for localized
superficial heating, deep electromagnetic heating for treatment of cancer,
hyperthermia ( local, regional or whole body for cancer therapy).
• Identifying objects or personnel by non – contact method.
• Light generated charge carriers in a microwave semiconductor make it possible to
create a whole new world of microwave devices, fast jitter free switches, phase
shifters, HF generators, etc.
Rectangular Waveguides –Introduction Aditya Engineering College (A)

x
Z y
Z-Axis
Y-Axis

X=0, Y=0, Z=

X=0,
Z=0,
& Y=b

X=0,
Y=0,
Z=0

X=a &, Finally X=0-to-a, Y=0-to-b, & Z=0-to-

Y=0,
Z=0 X-Axis
Rectangular Waveguides –Introduction Aditya Engineering College (A)
Rectangular Waveguides –Field analysis of Transmission lines
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• Any shape of cross section of a waveguide can support electromagnetic waves of which
rectangular and circular waveguides have become more common.
• A waveguide having rectangular cross section is known as rectangular waveguide

• The size of the waveguide determines its

operating frequency range.
• The frequency of operation is determined by the
dimension ‘a’.
• This dimension is usually made equal to one –
half the wavelength at the lowest frequency of
operation, this frequency is known as the
waveguide cutoff frequency.

• At the cutoff frequency and below, the waveguide will not transmit energy.
• At frequencies above the cutoff frequency, the waveguide will propagate energy.
Rectangular Waveguides –Field analysis of Transmission lines
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A Hollow metallic tube of uniform cross section for transmitting electromagnetic waves by
successive reflections from the inner walls of the tube is called waveguide.
From the solutions of Maxwell’s Equations, waves
are classified into three types:
Transverse Electro-Magnetic (TEM) wave
Transverse Electric (TE) wave
Transverse Magnetic (TM) wave
In TEM mode, both the electric and magnetic field
components are transverse, or perpendicular to the
direction of propagation.
In TE mode, the electric field component is
transverse, or perpendicular to the direction of
propagation.
In TM mode, the magnetic field component is
transverse, or perpendicular to the direction of
propagation.
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TEM mode Ez=Hz=0 TE mode Ez=0 & Hz not=0
TM mode Hz =0 & Ez not=0
Wave guides & Cavities
Conventional Transmission lines Wave guides & Cavities

Coaxial Cable

Z Z Z

E or H UW waveguides UW Cavities
E H

H or E
or E or H
Representation of modes
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• The general symbolic of representation will be TE n, m or TM n, m

Where the first subscript n indicates the number of
half wave variations of the electric field intensity
along the a ( wide) dimension of the waveguide
The second subscript m indicates the number of half
wave variations of the electric field in the b (narrow)
dimension of the guide. (with a=2b)
The TE 1, 0 mode has the longest operating
wavelength and is designated as the dominant mode.
It is the mode for the lowest frequency that can be
propagated in a waveguide.
For a standard rectangular waveguide, the cutoff
wavelength is given by,
c  2
2
2
 n   m 
 a   
   b 
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Mode analysis-Classification of wave Solutions
Introduction:  ? 
 Z  0 
Microwave transmission line are having axial uniformity-  
means that is cross-sectional shape and electrical properties do not vary w.rt
length of the waveguide or along the axis, which is chosen as the z-axis.
Since the sources are not considered, the E and H components are solution of the
homogenous vector Helmholtz Equations or Modified Maxwell’s., ie…
2 E  ko 2 E  0; for TM waves
2 H  ko 2 H  0; for TE waves

Here, the “del” operator becomes,  t   z  t (e j  z )

Where  is transverse or perpendicular component wrt to z, the direction of propagation
t
 
t  a x .  ay .
x y
So  z is tangential or parallel or axial component wrt to z.
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Mode analysis-Classification of wave Solutions
So
E ( x, y, z )  Et ( x, y, z )  Ez ( x, y, z )
 E ( x, y, z )  E ( x, y) E( z) Parameter separable
 j z Property
 E( x, y, z)  Ez ( x, y)  e( x, y) e
and
H ( x, y, z )  H t ( x, y, z )  H z ( x, y, z )
 H ( x, y, z )  H ( x, y ) H ( z) Parameter separable
 j z Property
 H ( x, y, z)  H z ( x, y)  h( x, y) e
Where E , H are transverse or perpendicular(x,y) components wrt to z.
t t
and
Ez , H z are tangential or parallel or axial component wrt to z.
From this assumptions we will get reduced form of Maxwell’s (or modified
Maxwell’s) equations, which are proved to be very useful in formulating the solutions
for waveguide systems.
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Mode analysis-Classification of wave Solutions
In order to determine the EM fields propagating within the waveguide, Modified
Maxwell’s equations should be solved subject to appropriate boundary conditions at
the walls of the guide.
Such solutions give rise to a number of field configurations.
Each configuration is known as a mode. The following are the different modes
possible in a waveguide system
Transverse Electro Magnetic (TEM) wave: Here both electric and magnetic fields
are transverse components. (i.e.) E z = 0 and Hz = 0

Transverse Electric (TE) wave: Here only the electric field is purely transverse to
the direction of propagation and the magnetic field is not purely transverse. (i.e.)
E z = 0, Hz ≠ 0. (Hence H-mode)

Transverse Magnetic (TM) wave: Here only magnetic field is transverse to the
direction of propagation and the electric field component is not purely
transverse. (i.e.) E z ≠ 0, Hz = 0. (Hence E-mode)
Procedure to Analyze Waveguides Aditya Engineering College (A)

• Solve reduced Helmholtz Equations ie..

 2 2 
 2  2  kc  hz  0 ; for TE mode or H- mode
2

 x y 
  2 2 
 2  2  kc  ez  0 ; for TM mode or E - mode
2

 x y 

• The solution will contain several unknown constants( like A, Bs) wave numbers( k)
• Apply the boundary conditions to the appropriate field components to find out the
unknown constants and k.
• Use the relation between known and unknown field components to find out the
transverse fields (hz or ez).
• Find out all transverse field components from relations of wave impedance and
propagation constants and other waveguide parameters v , v , k f ,B ,Z
p g c , nm, c , nm nm nm
Basic equations used for; Aditya Engineering College (A)

Standard set of equations are..

 j z  j z  j z
H z  h . e  hz . e  hz . e
 j z  j z  j z
Ez   e . e  ez . e  ez . e
j  E z H z  kc is the cut of wave number
Hx  2 
  
kc  y x  k 2 =k 2 +k 2 or k 2 =k 2 - 2
c x y c 0
j  E z H z 
Hy  2 
   2
kc  x y   is the propagation constant (   )

 j  E z H z 
Ex  2 
     is the angular frequency( =2 f )
kc  x y 
 is the permiability( =r 0 )
j  E z H z 
Ey     
kc 2

 y x

  is the permittivity( =  r  0 )
TE wave or H- Mode analysis: Aditya Engineering College (A)

Transverse Electric (TE) wave: Here only the electric field is purely perpendicular to
the direction of propagation and the magnetic field is not purely transverse.
(i.e.) E z = 0, Hz ≠ 0. (Hence H-mode)
• All the field components can be determined from the axial magnetic field hz by means
of the following equation.

 hz
2
 hz
2
t hz  kc hz  0; or
2 2
  kc 2 hz  0    (1)
x 2 y 2
•Two imp’ properties of wave guides solutions( by  
Helmholtz ) are,  0
z t
-Axial Uniformity and
-Parameter Separable e ( x, y, z)  et ( x, y)e( z)
•Hence hz can be written as hz  f ( x) g ( y )
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•Equation 1 can be represented as  2 fg  2 fg

  kc 2 fg  0    (2)
x 2 y 2
• Where f is a function of x - alone & g is a function of y - alone
•By considering the dependency of variables, equation 2 can be represented as,, ie..
independent variables can be take out from its derivative. Like..
2 f 2 g
g.  f.  kc 2 fg  0    (3)
x 2 y 2
•Dividing the equation 3 with fg and simplified for;
1  f 1 2
 g 1 2
 g. 2  f. 2  . kc fg  0    (4)
2
fg x fg y fg

1  f 1  g
 
2 2
•Whence  . 2  .  k x
2
 k y
2
 0    (5)
f x g y 2
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•Equation 5 can be rearranged to 1 A partial

2
f differential
1 
equation
2
g with
.
dependent k 2

variables
x .
converted k y an 0    (6)
into
2
Function of x 2
f equation g y variables
of independent
2
Function of
x-alone y-alone
•So the equation 6 can be partitioned into two separate parts as given below
1 2 f  2
f Function of
. 2  k x  0 (or)
2
 f k x  0    (6 A)
2
x-alone
f x x 2

1 2 g  2
g Function of
. 2  k y  0 (or)
2
 g k y  0    (6 B )
2
g y y 2 y-alone
•Equation 6A with f and 6B with g are of the standard form 1  2
Q
.   n 2
Q y 2
•whose solution is of the form

f  A1 Cos(k x x)  A2 Sin(k x x) g  B1 Cos(k y y)  B2 Sin(k y y)

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•Where A1, A2,B1,and B2 are arbitrary constants

• Kx and Ky are unknown wave number
These unknowns can be derived by applying the boundary conditions that hz satisfy and
are defined by h df As f is a function
z
 0 at x=0 and x=a or  0 at x=0 and x=a of x-alone
x dx
hz dg
 0 at y=0 and y=b or  0 at y=0 and y=b As g is a function
y dy of y-alone
•So from the above equations; it can be Substituting x=0 , gives A 2  0
d
 A1 Cos(k x x)  A2 Sin(k x x)   0
at x=a, we have to take Sin(k x a)=0
dx This means that k x a  n ; at n  0,1, 2,....

 k x . A1.Sin(k x x)  k x . A2 Cos(k x x)  0 or k x  n
a
n m
•Whence f  A1 Cos( x) and g  B1 Cos( y)
a b
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•But we know that hz=fg(from initial assumption)

•So we can write the solution for hz as
n m
 hz  fg  A1 Cos( x ) B1 Cos( y)
a b
•Or it can also be modified like..
n m n m
 hz  A1 B1 Cos( x ) Cos( y )  Anm Cos( x ) Cos( y)
a b a b
•Where Anm is an arbitrary constant for the nm th mode in a RWG
•But we know that the final component of magnetic field is given by
H  h e j  z
z z
Magnitude and phase of Hz
n m  j z
 H z  Anm Cos( x) Cos( y ). e   A and Ez  0 from TE mode definition
a b
•Equation A can be substituted in standard form to evaluate further required field
components, like… Ex, Ey, Hx, and Hy
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•As stated, equation A can be substituted, in the following set, to evaluate additional
associated field components
Expressions in General Expressions for TE when Ez=0 ;

j  E z H z  j  H z  j  H z
Hx   2      Hx   2     .
kc  y x  kc  x  kc 2
x
j  E z H z  j  H z   j  H z
Hy   2      Hy   2    .
kc  x y  kc  y  kc 2
y
j  E z H z  j  H z  j H z
Ex  2 
     Ex  
kc  x y  2  
kc  y  kc 2 y
j  E z H z  j  H z  j H z
Ey   2 
      Ey   2   
kc  y x  x 
kc  kc 2 x
j H z Simplification  Ex  
j H z
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Hx  .
kc 2 x kc 2 y

j   n m  j   n m  j z 
 Hx  .  Anm Cos( x) Cos( y). e  j  z   Ex    nm
A Cos( x ) Cos( y ). e 
kc 2 x  a b  kc 2 y  a b 
j m   n  j n  j z   m 
 Hx  y ).e j  z  Ex   Anm Cos( x ). e  Cos( y) 
x  
Anm .Cos( Cos( x )
kc 2 b a  kc 2
a y  b 
j m  n n  j n  j z  m m 
 Hx  y ).e j  z   Ex   Anm Cos( x ). e Sin( y ).
b 
Anm .Cos(  Sin( x ).
kc 2
b  a a  kc 2 a  b
n j  n m m j n m
 H x   Anm . . 2 .Sin( x).Cos( y ). e  j  z  E x   Anm Cos( x ).Sin( y ).e  j z
a kc a b b kc 2 a b
j n n m j m n m
 Hx   Anm . .Sin( x).Cos( y ).e  j  z   B  Ex   Anm Cos( x).Sin( y ).e  j  z   D
kc 2 a a b kc 2 b a b

j m n m j n n m
llly H y   Anm . .Cos( x).Sin( y ).e  j  z  C llly E y   Anm Sin( x) Cos( y ). e  j  z   E
kc 2 b a b kc 2 a a b
n m and Ez  0   F
 H z  Anm Cos( x) Cos( y ). e  j  z   A
a b
Field expressions for RWGs in TE mode Aditya Engineering College (A)

j n n m
 Hx   Anm . .Sin( x ).Cos( y ).e  j  z
kc 2 a a b
j m n m
Hy   Anm . .Cos( x).Sin( y ).e  j  z
kc 2 b a b
n m
H z  Anm Cos( x ) Cos( y ). e  j  z
a b
j m n m
Ex   2
Anm Cos( x ).Sin( y ).e  j  z
kc b a b

j n n m
Ey   2
Anm Sin( x ) Cos( y ). e  j  z
kc a a b

Ez  0
Field expressions for RWGs in TM mode Aditya Engineering College (A)

j n n m
E with Sin  Ex   Anm . .Cos( x ).Sin( y ).e  j  z
kc 2 a a b
j m n m
Ey   Anm . .Sin( x ).Cos( y ).e  j  z
H with Cos kc 2 b a b
n m
E z  Anm Sin( x ) Sin( y ). e  j  z
a b
H with Cos
j m n m
Hx   2
Anm Sin( x).Cos( y ).e  j  z
kc b a b
j n n m
E with Sin
Hy   Anm Cos( x ) Sin( y ). e  j  z
kc 2 a a b

So solutions with COS or SIN are valid solutions for both TE & TM wrt plane of reference
Hz  0
Characteristic Equation and Cut-off FrequenciesAditya Engineering College (A)
•The rectangular waveguide characteristic equation or characteristic impedance is
given by Ex 1 1 1 1 c
nm  Z nm     
Hy  o  r  o  r o o  r  r r  r
•A particular mode is only supported above its cutoff frequency and the cutoff
frequency is given by where c  3  108 m/s
2 2 2 2
1 n m c n m c
fcnm            and cnm 
2  a  b  2 r  r a  b  f cnm
The relation between 0c g
•Propagation constant   j  when  =0
1 1 1
c c is given by  
p   0 2 c 2 g 2
   0

2 2

•Phase velocity Vp is 1
fc
f0
1
c Cut off wave number k cis defined as

 n   m 
2 2
  c 1   0 
2 2
 c 1  
fc kc  kx2  k y 2  
•Group velocity Vg is  g f 0       
  c  a   b 
Filter Characteristics Aditya Engineering College (A)

•I was reading in a book how to derive the equivalent circuits for TE, TM, TEM
modes of a generic ideal (without losses) waveguide. After some computations, I
found this equivalent circuit for TE modes:
•It is written that for f > fc (cut - off frequency of the mode), this structure allows
propagation because L1 dominates on C1, while for f < fc there is not propagation
because C1 dominates on L1. It is shown in the following schemes:

where X L  2 fL ;
1
and XC  ;
2 fC

Equivalent circuit for TE modes

•First question: why should the circuit at left allow propagation, and that at right not?
Filter Characteristics Aditya Engineering College (A)

•A waveguide filter is an electronic filter constructed with waveguide technology.

Waveguides are hollow metal conduits inside which an electromagnetic wave may be
transmitted.
•Filters are devices used to allow signals at some frequencies to pass (the passband),
while others are rejected (the stopband).
•Filters are a basic component of electronic engineering designs and have numerous
applications., viz. selection or rejection of signals and to limit the noise.
•Waveguide filters are most useful in the microwave band of frequencies, where they
are a convenient size and have low loss.
•Examples of microwave filter use are found in satellite communications, telephone
networks, and television broadcasting.
•A particular feature of waveguide filter design concerns the mode of transmission.
•In waveguide systems, any number of modes are possible. Where as in pairs
of conducting wires and similar technologies have only one mode of transmission.
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•Waveguide filters have much more in common with transmission line filters than
lumped element filters; they do not contain any discrete capacitors or inductors.
•However, the waveguide design may frequently be equivalent (or approximately so)
to a lumped element design.
•The design of waveguide filters frequently starts from a lumped elements design and
then converts the elements of that design into waveguide components
•Another peculiar feature to waveguide filters is that there is a definite frequency,
the cutoff frequency, below which no transmission can take place.
•The filter is consequently low-pass by design and may be considered a low-pass filter
for all practical purposes if the cutoff frequency is below any frequency of interest to
the application.
• The waveguide cutoff frequency is a function of transmission mode, so at a given
frequency, the waveguide may be usable in some modes but not others. Likewise, the
guide wavelength(λg) and characteristic impedance (Z0) of the guide at a given
frequency also depend on mode
Dominant and Degenerate Modes Aditya Engineering College (A)

•The dominant mode of propagation is the one with the lowest possible cut-off
frequency.
•A typical guide may have a=2b,in which case;
2 2 2 1 2 2 ab
cnm     
2 2
n2 m2 n 2b 2  m 2 a 2 1 n 2b 2  m 2 a 2 n 2b 2  m 2 a 2
n m  2
     ab
a  b  a2 b a 2b 2
2.2b.b 4.b 2
 c10    4b  2(2b)  2a
1 b  0 (2b)
2 2 2
b 2 2

2.2b.b 4.b 2 4.b 2 4.b 2

 c 01      2b  a
0 b  1 (2b)
2 2 2 2
0 b  1 (2b)
2 2 2 2
4b 2 2b
2.2b.b 4b 2 4b 2 4b 2 4b 2a
 c11      
1 b  1 (2b)
2 2 2 2
b  4b2 2
5b 2 b 5 5 5
c c c c
•The corresponding frequency is  f c10  and f c 01  and hence  f 
2a a 2a a
Dominant and Degenerate Modes Aditya Engineering College (A)

•There by with in the specified range only H10 mode will propagate and hence this
(TE10) mode is called the DOMINANT mode, and hence it is desired to find out it’s
associated field components. Such as

2 2
 j z  n   m 
H z10  A10 Cos( x ). e 2 2 2
where kc nm  kx  k y     
a  a   b 
j  
 H x10   A10 . .Sin( x ). e  j  z 2 2 2
kc 2 a a  1.   0.    
 kc 210  k x 2  k y 2      
j    a   b  a
E y10   A10 Sin( x ). e  j  z
kc 2 a a
1
H y10  
j
kc 2
A10 .
0
b
.Cos(
n
a
x ).Sin(
0
b
y ).e  j  z  0 
and  nm 2 = k02  kc 2nm or  nm  k02  kc 2nm  2

1
j m  0  2   2 2
E x10   A10 Cos( x).Sin( y ).e  j  z  0
kc 2
b a b  10 = 2
k0  kc 210
2
or 10   k0    
  a  
Ez  0  
Dominant and Degenerate Modes Aditya Engineering College (A)

Ey
•Then the characteristic impedance for this mode is  nmTE  Z nmTE  Z nmH  
Hx
k0
 10TE  Z10TE  Z10 H  Z 0
10
2 2 0 0
•The guided wavelength is also modeled as g  or10   
g 10  0 
2
 0 
2
1   1  

 c10   2a 
•Degenerate (or Evanescent) modes are modes below the cutoff frequency.
•They cannot propagate down the waveguide for any distance, dying away
exponentially.
•However, they are important in the functioning of filter components such as irises
and posts, because energy is stored in the evanescent wave fields
•At lower frequencies the waveguide needs to be impractically large in order to keep
the cutoff frequency below the operational frequency.
Sketches of TE and TM mode fields in the cross-section
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Mode characteristics: Aditya Engineering College (A)
Phase Velocity Vp and Group Velocity Vg

•Phase Velocity (Vp) is the rate at which the wave changes its phase in order to undergo
a phase shift of 2π radians.
•It can be understood as the change in velocity of the wave components of a sine wave,
when modulated.
•The equation for the Phase velocity can be derived as follows;
•We know V=λ/T; Where, λ = wavelength and T = time Phase
• It can be V=λ/T=λ.f (Since f=1/T) change

•If we multiply the numerator and denominator by 2π then, we have

• V=λf=2πλf/2π
•We know that ω=2πf and β=2π/λ π 2π

•The above equation can be written as V=2πf/(2π/λ)=ω/β

•Hence, the equation for Phase velocity is represented as Vp=ω/β
c c
•Or it can be    λ

   
p
0
2 2
fc
1 1
f0 c
Mode characteristics: Aditya Engineering College (A)
Phase Velocity Vp and Group Velocity Vg

•Group Velocity Vg can be defined as the rate at which the wave propagates through
the waveguide.
•This can be understood as the rate at which a modulated envelope travels compared
to the carrier alone.
•This modulated wave travels through the waveguide.
•The equation of Group Velocity is represented as Vg=dω/dβ
•The velocity of modulated envelope is usually slower than the carrier signal.

Envelope signal Vg=dω/dβ or

  c 1   0 
2 2
Carrier signal

g  c 1  
fc
 f0   
 c
Power Transmitted in RWGs Aditya Engineering College (A)

•Power transmitted in a rectangular waveguide is given by

Power flow in
Px  E y X H z Not Px   E z X H y
or required x direction
P E X H Py  Ez X H x Not Py   Ex X H z
or required
Power flow in
y direction
Power directed in
+ve Z direction Pz  Ex X H y
x
or
Power directed in
–ve Z direction 
Pz   E y X H x  Z y
•As mentioned, there are three possible powers with the availabilities of E and H wrt
its coordinates as shown.
•Out of the list, the component of interest is the one which is moving in the direction
of Z( from Z=0 to Z= infinity.)
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•Then the power propagated along Z is given by Pnmz  Ex .H y Ptz   E .H

x y ds
a b a b
 Ex H y 
•And  Pnmz total    Ex .H y dy.dx or  Pnmz total    
 2. 2 
 dy.dx
x 0 y 0 x 0 y 0  
a b

  E 
1
  Pnmz total  x .H y dy.dx
2
x 0 y 0
•But the relationship between the characteristic impedance and E-M fields is
Ex Ex
 nm  or E x   nm H y or H y 
Hy  nm
a b a b
 Ex 
•So  Pnmz total 
1
  nm H y .H y  dy.dx or  Pnmz total 
1
   x
E .  dy.dx
nm 
x 0 y 0 
2 2
x 0 y 0

•Re arranging the terms will results;

2 a b
nm
a b

 
1
or  Pnmz total
2
 Pnmz total 
2  
x 0 y 0
Hy dy.dx 
2nm
x 0 y 0
Ex dy.dx
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a b

 
1
•So the total power is  Pnmz total  Ex
2
dy.dx
2nm
x 0 y 0

a b 2
 m n m
 
1
 Pnmz total  Anm Cos( x)Sin( y ) dy.dx
2nm kc 2
b a b
x 0 y 0

2 a
1   b
 m n 2 m
  Pnmz total   Anm . 2 .   
2
Cos ( x)Sin ( y)dydx
2nm  kc b  a b
x 0 y 0
from the fundamental knowledge
 ab
a b
 ; when n  0 and m  0
  
 
n m
Cos 2 ( x) Sin 2 ( y )dydx   4
x 0 y 0
a b  ab ; when n = 0 and m = 0

 2
2
1   m  ab
• Hence the final power is   nmz total
P   nm
A . .  .
2 nm  kc 2
b  4
Power Losses in Rectangular Guide Aditya Engineering College (A)

•For waveguides with conducting walls, the transmission (or ohmic ) losses are of
two types:
• (a) loss due to dielectric medium  d
• (b) loss due to conductor walls  c
•In dielectric waveguides, losses are due to absorption and scattering by imperfections
•If the operating frequency is less than the cut-off frequency, then the attenuation is
more and the mode turns into non-propagating mode or degenerate mode
•The transmission losses can be quantified by replacing the propagation constant β by its
complex-valued version as   j  in the general expressions.
•As usual, the power loss can be defined by using Poynting Vector(P=EH); where in E
and H are defined in terms of attenuation (α c ),as shown below.
 g z
 Ez  E0 z e
Ez  E0 z e
 g z
 E0 z e
   E e g z e j z
  g  jg z
and
0z  g z
llly H z  H 0 z e
Power Transmission and Power Losses in Rectangular Guide
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•Let elaborate the sub components causing for the losses in the propagation
•The first one is, attenuation is a function of dielectric constant(  and  ) and is given
by  
d 
2 
•The second one is, attenuation is a function of operating frequency(fc) and is given
by   fc
g  ;for TE mode g  1  ; for TM mode
f 2 f0
2 1 c
f0
•It is interesting to note that, for a low loss guide, the time average power flow
2 g z
decreases proportionally to e hence,
Pr  Ptz e2 z where    d   c
•Power loss is also defined as power per unit length, as given in below equation
Ptz Ploss
Ploss  and the attenuation can also be given as  t 
z 2 Ptz z
Impossibility of TEM mode Aditya Engineering College (A)

• Transverse Electro Magnetic (TEM) wave: Here both electric and magnetic fields are
TEM mode possibility
transverse components. (i.e.) E z = 0 and Hz = 0
•TEM mode is characterized by electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to one
another and perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Electric field
•In order to have such a configuration, there has to be a source of electric fieldcurrent at the
center from where E fields originate and terminate on the outer conductor and there
has to be a current source which can generate magnetic fields. field
Circular Magnetic
•A waveguide is a single conductor with a dielectric inside it (Air is also a dielectric).
E and H are mutually perpendicular and also perpendicular to I
 For TEM mode the current flow should be along the axis of the waveguide, which
This set up requirement is not possible in Waveguides
creates rotating magnetic fields which are normal to the electric fields generated due
to the (moving) charges in the current carryingHenceconductor.
TEM is also not possible in Waveguides

•Since such a current source is absent and waveguide being a single conductor
configuration, TEM mode cannot exist inside a waveguide.
•Also it is evident from the above explanation that for TEM mode to exist, presence of
at least two conductors is compulsory.
Related Problems: Example1 Aditya Engineering College (A)

•An air-filled rectangular waveguide of inside dimensions 7 x 3.5 cm operates in the

dominant TE10 mode operating at a frequency of 3.5GHz as shown in Fig. Then find
c
•Cut off frequency, c  
 g  c 1   f c f   c 1   0  
2 2
1. f c10  0
f0
•Guided wavelength, 2a  0  c

•Group velocity c c
p  
•Phase Velocity
   
0
2 2
fc
1 1
f0 c
•Phase constant
•Cut off wavenumber 2 2 0 0
g  or10   
g 10  0 
2
 0 
2
1   1  
 c10   2a 
1
 2   2 2
 10 2 = k0 2  kc 210 or 10   k0    
  a  
 
Unit 1 Part A RWGs: Summery Aditya Engineering College (A)

•In this part, the learning outcomes are;

 Advances and Applications of Microwave Communication
 Introduction to WGs,
 Rectangular Waveguides-field expressions for TE & TM modes
 Power transmitted & power loss
 Wave guide Parameters
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Circular waveguides: Introduction
•A circular waveguide is a tubular circular conductor.
•A plane wave propagating through a circular
waveguide results in a TE or TM mode.
•The general properties of waveguide are similar to
those for the rectangular waveguide.
•A unique property of the TM01 mode is rapid
decrease in attenuation with increasing frequency
which makes this application long-low loss
communication link.
•Several other types of waveguide such a s elliptical
and reetrant guides also propagate electromagnetic
waves
•In Circular Wave guide, similar to RWGs, TE & TM
modes exists.
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Circular waveguides: Introduction
z •In Circular waveguide the solutions
are represented in terms of -  ,  , z
 E-plane
0 Z  a   0 to a
  0 to 2 H-plane

Z  0 to 

•Unlike RWGs, Infinite no of solutions are
Z0 a possible with Circular waveguides.
x
•Because of infinite no symmetric lines can be
y
 drawn for a circle.
•This can be incorporated with Bessel’s
Function
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•As in the RWGs (field components are transverse), the cylindrical components of
transverse fields can be derived from the longitudinal components such as;

j  Ez  H z  j   Ez H z 
E      
kc 2      
H 2 
kc     


 j   Ez H z  j  Ez  H z 
E  2 
    2   
kc      H 
kc     

•The field components for a TE mode in a circular wave guide are derived in the
following section
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Propagation of TE waves in Circular WGs
Transverse Electric (TE) wave: Here only the electric field is purely perpendicular
to the direction of propagation and the magnetic field is not purely transverse.
(i.e.) E z = 0, Hz ≠ 0. (Hence H-mode)
• From the modified Maxwell’s equations, we have2 H z  kc 2 H z  0; forTE waves
•Expanding “del” in cylindrical coordinate system, the above equation can be
2 H z 1 H z 1 2 H z
  2  kc Hz  0
2
Where P is a function of ρ only
 2
    2
Q is a function of  only
•Let us consider Hz=PQ and substituting in above eq.
 2 PQ 1 PQ 1  2 PQ
   2  kc PQ  0
2
 2     2

2 P
Q P P  2Q
Q    kc PQ  0
2
 2
   
2 2
2
•Multiplying the entire equation with PQ we get,
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2  2 Q P  2 P  2Q
2 P  2
.Q 2  .  . 2  k 2
c PQ. 0
PQ  PQ   PQ   2
PQ

 2  2 P  P 1  2Q Where kc 2  k  2
 .  .  .  k 2
. 2
0
P  Q 
c
P  2 2

Function of  only Function of  only only

Function of Function of  only

•The equation can be modified to get into a standard form for achieving its solutions,
and can be separated according to the parameter separable property.
 2  2 P  P 1  2Q
 . 2  .  . 2  kc 2 . 2  n2  n2  0  ( A)
P  P  Q 
 2  2 P  P 1  2Q
Hence .  .  k 2
. 2
 n 2
 0  ( A1) and .  n 2
 0  ( A2)
P  Q 
c
P  2 2
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•Multiplying the entire equation with P, we will get

 2 2 P  P  2
P P
P. . 2  P. .  P.(kc   n )  0  . 2  .
2 2 2 2
 (kc 2  2  n2 ) P  0  (1)
P  P   

•The above equation is in the form of nth order Bessel’s function, as given
d2y
x . 2  x.
2
dx
dy
dx
 
 x 2  n 2 y  0 with n as constant

•Whose solution is given by y  Cn J n ( x)

•Equation 1 can be re written to get its original form by introducing the terms required
2 P P  2
( kc  ) .
2
 k  .  ( k  ) 2
 n P  0  (2) with a solution of P  Cn J n (kc  )
 ( kc  ) 2 c
kc   c 
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Now let us consider the equation A2 and its solution is of the form given
1  2Q 1  2Q
. 2  n  0 or Q. . 2  Q.n2  0
Q 
2
Q 
whose solution is Q=An Cos n  BnSin n
So the final solution for the Hz is given by taking product of P and Q solutions
 H z =P.Q=Cn J n (kc  ).(An Cos n  BnSin n ) where

 C0 =Cn Cn1
 An 
 H z  Cn J n (kc  ). A n  Bn
2 2
Cos  n  tan ( )
Cn1 = A n 2  Bn 2
 Bn 

Cos  n 
An
Cn J n (kc  ).Cn
1
 Hz 

1 ( n )  n  tan (
1
)
Bn

 H z  C0 J n (kc  ).  Cos n ;if Bn 0

Sin n ;if An 0
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Boundary conditions to TE mode
•For applying boundary conditions, we need to investigate the dependency of Ez and
Hz components wrt   0 and at   a
• Here E  0 at  =a for all values of  from 0 to 2
•And hence H z
=0  J n1 (ak )  0
   a
1
P
Let ak  Pnm1  k  nm
a
•Therefor the final Hz with its sinusoidal variations along the Z given by

H z  C0 J n (kc  ). Cos  n  e or H z  C0 J n (kc  ). Cos  n  e

1  z 1  j z
as  =0
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•From the general expressions of Circular waveguides, we can derive the TE field
components as follows(with Ez=0 & Hznot=0);
j  Ez  H z   j   E z H z 
E  2 
   E  2 
  
kc      kc     

 j  H z j H z
 E  2 .  E  . ; Since Ez=0
kc  
; since Ez=0
kc 2

 j    j  
 E  2 . C0 J n (kc  ). Cos  n  
1
C0 J n (kc  ). Cos  n  
1
 E  2 . 
kc     kc   

 j  j 
  C0 .Cos  n 
1
 E   J n (kc  ) 
 E  2 . .C0 J n (kc  ) Cos  n  
1
kc 2 
kc    
j
C0 .Cos  n  J n1 (kc  )  ( B)
1
j   E 
.nC0 J n (kc  )Sin  n   ( A)
1
 E  2 . kc 2
kc 
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j   E z H z  j  E z  H z 
  2 
 
   
H
2   
H kc  
kc     
 j  H z  j  H z
 H  Since Ez=0  H  ;Since Ez=0
kc 2
 kc 2  
j   
 j  
 H  2    1  H  C J ( k  ). Cos  n  1
C J ( k ). Cos n kc 2    
0 n c
kc   
0 n c

 j  j   
 H  C0 Cos  n 
1
 J n ( kc  )   H  C0 J n (kc  ).
 
Cos  n  1

kc 2
 kc 2 

 j j 
nC0 J n (kc  ).Sin  n   ( D)
1
C0 Cos  n  J n1 ( kc  )  H 
1
 H    (C )
kc 2 kc 2 

j  j
.nC0 J n ( kc  ) Sin  n   ( A) C0 .Cos  n  J n1 (kc  )  ( B )
1 1
 E  .  E 
kc 2  kc 2

•Equations A, B, C, D are multiplied by e z or e j z to get the complete solutions for

TE mode.
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•The final form of equations will also depends on the nature of excitation magnitudes.
•Because of the azimuthal symmetry of the wave guide, both the Sin(n) and Cos(n)
terms are valid solutions, and can be present in a specific problem to any degree.
 nm )  0 .
1 1
•If the roots of the n
J 1
( k c )are defined as Pnm , so that n
1
J ( P
•The values of Pnm1 are given as follows.
Pnm1 1 2 3 m Circumferential variations

0 3.832 7.016 10.174

1 1.841 5.331 8.536

2 3.054 6.706 9.970

u
Radial variations

•The mode with smallest root value will be the first mode(TE11) to propagate and this
mode is said to dominant mode
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Propagation of TM waves in Circular WGs
Transverse Electric (TM) wave: Here only the electric field is purely perpendicular
to the direction of propagation and the magnetic field is not purely transverse.
(i.e.) E z ≠ 0, Hz = 0. (Hence E-mode)
• From the modified Maxwell’s equations, we have 2 ez  kc 2ez  0; for TM waves
•Expanding “del” in cylindrical coordinate system, the above equation can be
 2 ez 1 ez 1  2 ez
   kc ez  0
2
 2
   2 2

•This equation is just similar to TE and hence the solution is

ez  C0 J n (kc  ). Cos  n  
1
 C0 J n ( kc  ). Cos n ; if Bn 0
C0 J n ( kc  ). Sin n ; if An 0

 j z
 C0 J n (kc  ). Cos  n  .e  j z
1
 Ez (  ,  )  ez (  ,  )e
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•From the general expressions of Circular waveguides, we can derive the TE field
components as follows(with Eznot=0 & Hz=0);
j  Ez  H z   j   E z H z 
   E     
2  
E
kc      kc 2     

j  Ez   j   Ez 
   ; since H z  0 E  2   ;Since Hz=0
2 
E
kc    kc    
j   
E 
 j  
   1  j z  E   C J ( k  ). Cos  n  1  j z 
.e 
kc   
 C J ( k ). Cos n .e  2 0 n c
kc 
2  0 n c

 j j   j z  
Cos  n  
 1
E  C0 Cos  n  .e
1  j z
 J n (kc  )  E  2 C0 J n (kc  ).e 
kc 2
  kc    
j 
 j nC0 J n (kc  ) Sin  n  .e  j  z  ( B)
1
E 
C0 Cos  n  .J n1 (kc  ).e  j  z  ( A)
1
E  kc 2 
kc 2
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j   E z H z  j  E z  H z 
   2 
 
  
H
2  
H 
kc      kc  

j   Ez  j  Ez 
H  2  H  2 
  ;Since Hz=0
 ;Since H z  0 kc   
kc    
j    j  C J (k  ). Cos  n 1 .e  j  z 
H  

C J ( k  ). Cos  n  1  j z 
.e 
H  
  0 n c 
kc  
2 0 n c 2
kc
j   Cos  n 1  j 
H  C0 J n ( kc  ).e  j  z   H  C0 . Cos  n  .e
1  j z
 J n ( kc  ).
kc 2  
kc 2

 j  j
nC0 J n ( kc  ).Sin  n  .e  j  z  (C ) C0 . Cos  n  .J n1 ( kc  ).e  j  z  ( D )
1 1
H  H 
kc 2  kc 2

 j j 
C0 Cos  n  .J n1 (kc  ).e  j  z  ( A)
1
E  nC0 J n (kc  ) Sin  n  .e  j  z  ( B)
1
E 
kc 2 kc 2 
•Equations A, B, C, D are the complete solutions for TM mode.
Circular Wave guide fields: at a glance Aditya Engineering College (A)

TE mode or H-mode TM mode or E-mode

Ez  0& H z  0 H z  0 & Ez  0

 Ez  C0 J n (kc  ). Cos  n  .e
1  j z
H z  C0 J n (kc  ). Cos  n  e
1  z

  j
C0 Cos  n  .J n1 (kc  ).e  j  z  ( A)
j
.nC0 J n ( kc  ) Sin  n   ( A)
1 1
 E  . E 
kc 2  kc 2
j 
j E  2 nC0 J n (kc  ) Sin  n  .e  j  z  ( B)
1
C0 .Cos  n  J n1 (kc  )  ( B )
1
 E 
kc 2 kc 
 j  j 
C0 Cos  n  nC0 J n (kc  ).Sin  n  .e  j  z  (C )
1
 H 
1
J n1 ( kc  )  (C ) H 
kc 2 kc 2 

j  j
 H  2 nC0 J n (kc  ).Sin  n   ( D) C0 . Cos  n  .J n1 (kc  ).e  j  z  ( D)
1
1 H 
kc  kc 2
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•The difference between TE mode solution and TM solution is that the boundary
conditions can now be directly applied to Ez.
 ez (  ,  )  0  a  J n (kc a)  0 or J n ( Pnm )  0 means that k c 
Pnm
a
•Values of Pnm are given in the table;

Pnm 1 2 3 m
Circumferential variations
0 2.405 5.520 8.654

1 3.832 7.016 10.174

2 5.135 8.417 11.620

u
Radial variations

•The first mode to propagate in TM is TM01 with P01=2.405, but TE11 is dominant
mode in circular waveguide with P11’=1.841
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TEM modes in circular waveguides

•The transverse electric and transverse magnetic (TEM) modes or transmission line
modes are characterized by Ez=0 and Hz=0
•This means that the electric and magnetic fields are completely transverse to the
direction of wave propagation.
•This mode cannot exist in hollow waveguides since it requires two conductors such as
the coaxial transmission line and two open wire line.
•The properties of TEM modes in a lossless medium are as follows
a. It’s cutoff frequency is zero
b. It’s transmission line is a two conductor system
c. It’s wave impedance is the impedance in an un bounded dielectric.
d. It’s propagation constant is a constant in an unbounded dielectric
e. It’s phase velocity is the velocity of light in an unbounded dielectric
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z Cavity Resonators
X=0-to-a,   0 to a
Y=0-to-b, &
Z=0-to-α   0 to 2
y And c > a > b
Z  0 to 

x
z
X=0-to-a,   0 to a
Y=0-to-b, &
  0 to 2
Z=0-to-c
y And c > a > b Z  0 to d

x
Rectangular Cavity Resonators Field Exp.s for TE & TM mode
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•If we close off two ends of a waveguide with metallic walls we have a cavity
resonator
•In this case, the wave propagating in the z- direction will bounce off the two walls
resulting in a standing wave in the z- direction
•Resonator is a tuned circuit which resonates at a particular frequency at which the
energy stored in the electric field is equal to the energy stored in the magnetic field.
•Resonant frequency of microwave resonator is the frequency at which the energy in
the resonator attains maximum value. i.e., twice the electric energy or magnetic
energy.
•At low frequencies up to VHF (300 MHz), the resonator is made up of the reactive
elements or the lumped elements like the capacitance and the inductance.
•Transmission line resonator can be built using distributed elements like sections of
coaxial lines(either opened or shorted) at the end sections thus confining the
electromagnetic energy within the section and acts as the resonant circuit having a
natural resonant frequency.
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•At very high frequencies transmission line resonator does not give very high quality
factor Q due to skin effect and radiation loss.
•So, transmission line resonator is not used as microwave resonator.
•The performance parameters of microwave resonator are:
(i) Resonant frequency
(ii) Quality factor
(iii) Input impedance
Quality Factor of a Resonator:
• The quality factor Q is a measure of frequency selectivity of the resonator.
• The quality factor Q defined as
Q = 2π x Maximum energy stored / Energy dissipated per cycle =W / P
Where,
a. W is the maximum stored energy
b. P is the average power loss
Rectangular Cavity Resonators Field Exp.s for TE & TM mode
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•In the case of TE and TM mode of Rectangular cavity resonator, the Z-component is
perpendicular to X- and Y- and hence the field expressions are given by

n m l
H z  Anm Cos( x ) Cos( y ).Sin( z ); for TE mode
a b c
n m l
E z  Anm Sin( x ) Sin( y ).Cos( z ); for TM mode
a b c
Cut off wave number k cis defined as

 n   m   l 
2 2 2

kc  kx  k y  kz
2 2 2
       Power oscillating in rectangular cavity resonator is
 a   b   c 
c a b
Resonant frequency f r is defined as  Ex H y 
fr 
2 
1  n 

 a 
 
2
 m 

 b 
 
 l 

2

 c 

2  Pnmz total     
z 0 x 0 y 0 
.
2 2
 dy.dx .dz
Circular Cavity Resonators Field Exp.s for TE & TM mode Aditya Engineering College (A)
•A circular cavity resonator is a closed microwave structure useful in signal generators.
•If we close off two ends of a waveguide with metallic walls we have a circular cavity
resonator
•In the case of TE and TM mode of circular cavity resonator, the Z-component is
perpendicular to radial- and circumferential components and hence the field
expressions are given by

l
Cos  n 
1
H z  Cn J n (kc  ).Cn1 Sin( z);for TE mode Power oscillating in circular cavity resonator is
c c a 2
 E H 
l
Ez  C0 J n (kc  ). Cos  n  .Sin( z ); for TM mode
1  Pnmz total      .  .d . d  .dz
z 0  0  0 
2 2
c
Cut off wave number k cis defined as Resonant frequency f r is defined as Resonant frequency f r is defined as

 Pnm   l 
2 2 2 2
 Pnm1   l   Pnm1   l 
2 2
1 1
k c  k  2  k 2      fr       ; forTE f   a    c  ; forTM
2 
r
 a   c  2   a   c     
Semi-Circular Cavity Resonators Field Exp.s for TE & TM mode
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•A circular cavity resonator whose circumferential variation is

limited to half.
•In the Semi-circular cavity resonator, the field components
are as same as normal cavity resonators   0 to a
•But the difference is in its total power calculation, which is   0 to 
taking the half circle variations instead of full circle variations
Z  0 to d
l
H z  Cn J n (kc  ).Cn1 Cos  n  Sin(
1
z);for TE mode Power oscillating in circular cavity resonator is
c c a 
 E H 
l
Ez  C0 J n (kc  ). Cos  n  .Sin( z ); for TM mode
1  Pnmz total     
z 0  0  0 
.
2 2
 .d . d  .dz
c
Cut off wave number k cis defined as Resonant frequency f r is defined as Resonant frequency f r is defined as

 Pnm   l 
2 2 2 2
 Pnm1   l   Pnm1   l 
2 2
1 1
k c  k  2  k 2      fr       ; forTE f   a    c  ; forTM
2 
r
 a   c  2   a   c     
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Quality factor of a Cavity Resonator
•Quality Factor of a Resonator:
•The quality factor Q is a measure of frequency selectivity of the resonator.
•The quality factor Q defined as
 Maximum energy stored   Maximum energy stored  wW
Q  2 X   or Q  2 X 
 Energy dissipated per cycle  
 Energy dissipated  P
• Where,
W is the maximum stored energy
P is the average power loss


 w 
2 2
w H dv H dv
wW 2
Q  v
 v


2 2 2
 Ht  Hn
Rs 2
H
P 2 Rs Ht da where H
t da
2 s
s

w
Q ; since Ht  2 H at the resonator walls
2 Rs
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Quality factor of a loaded and unloaded Cavity Resonator
•An unloaded resonator can be represented by a series or parallel resonant circuit . The
resonant frequency fr and the unloaded Qo of a cavity resonator is given by
1  L
fr  and Q0  0
2 LC R
0 L
•The loaded Ql of a cavity resonator is given by Ql 
R  N 2Zg
Where N is primary turns of the load transformer
Zg is the internal impedance of the source
•The relation between loaded and unloaded quality factors is given by

0 L 0 L
Ql   ; with K as coupling coefficient
 2
N Zg  R 1  K 
R 1  
 R  Q0
 
 Ql  ;
1  K 
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Types of Coupling with coupling coefficient, K
•There are three types of coupling coefficients
•Critical coupling(K=1):
Q0
•Then the loaded Quality factor is l 2 ;
Q 

•Over coupling(K>1):
•In this case, the cavity terminals are at a voltage maximum in the input line at
resonance. The normal impedance is the standing wave ratio  then the loaded
Quality factor is Ql 
Q0
;
1   
•Under coupling(K<1):
•In this case, the cavity terminals are at a voltage minimum in the input line at
resonance, and the input impedance is the the reciprocal of standing wave ratio 
then the loaded Quality factor is
Q0 Q0 
 Ql   ;  Ql  Q0 ;
 1   1   1
1    
    
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Excitation techniques or coupling methods
•The three devices used to inject or remove energy from
waveguides are
•PROBES---probe coupling, g
l  ;
•LOOPS---loop coupling, and 4

•SLOTS or APERTURES or WINDOWS ---aperture coupling

•Probe coupling: When a small probe is inserted into a
waveguide and supplied with microwave energy, it acts as a
quarter-wave antenna.
•Current flows in the probe and sets up an E field such as the
one shown in figure.
•The E lines detach themselves from the probe.
•When the probe is located at the point of highest efficiency,
the E lines set up an E field of considerable intensity.
•The most efficient place to locate the probe is in one quarter-
wavelength from the shorted end of the waveguide
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Excitation techniques or coupling methods
•Loop coupling: It is also a mode of injecting energy into a
waveguide is by setting up an H field in the waveguide.
• This can be accomplished by inserting a small loop which carries
a high current into the waveguide, as shown in figure.
•A magnetic field builds up around the loop and expands to fit the
waveguide.
•If the frequency of the current in the loop is within the
bandwidth of the waveguide, energy will be transferred to the
waveguide
•For the most efficient coupling to the waveguide, the loop is
inserted at a point where the magnetic field will be of greatest
strength.
•When the diameter of the loop is increased, its power-handling
capability also increases. The bandwidth can be increased by
increasing the size of the wire used to make the loop
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Excitation techniques or coupling methods
•Aperture coupling: Slots or apertures are used for loose (inefficient) coupling, as
shown in figure.
•In this method energy enters through a small slot in the waveguide and the E field
expands into the waveguide.
•The E lines expand first across the slot and then across the interior of the waveguide.
•Minimum reflections occur when energy is injected or removed if the size of the slot
is properly proportioned to the frequency of the of operation.
Waveguide & Transmission Lines Aditya Engineering College (A)

•Waveguide: hollow metal tube used to guide e.m. energy from one point to another
or through which electro-magnetic waves propagate.
•Typically one closed conductor filled with an insulating medium.
•The transmission of electro-magnetic energy along waveguide travels at velocity slower
than electro-magnetic energy traveling through free space.
•Transmission line: Two or more conductors separated by some insulating medium.

Transmission
Waveguides Line

Coaxial
Rectangular Circular Stripline
Line

Ridge Flexible Microstrip lines

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•It is formed with a rectangular ridge projecting inward from one or both of the wide
walls in a rectangular waveguide.
•Ridge is used to concentrate the electric field across the ridge and to lower the cutoff
frequency of TE10 mode.
•Applications: attractive for UHF and low microwave ranges.

Ridged Waveguide Using Metal Bar Singled Ridged Waveguide Double Ridged Waveguide
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Striplines …
•It consists of a thin conducting strip of width W that is centered between two wide
conducting ground planes.
•Dielectric material is placed on both sides of the strip conductor.
•Applications: used inside of the microwave devices themselves (e.g.: microwave
integrated circuitry).
Outer
Conductor
E-field
Dielectric

Ground
plane

w Inner Conductor H-field

Unit-IB : MICROSTRIP LINES-Introduction Aditya Engineering College (A)

•Micro-strip is a planar type Transmission Line. •W is the width of printed strip.

•Advantages with Planar type Transmission Lines are •d is the thickness of the substrate.
•Compact & Low cost. •εr is the relative permittivity.
•Capability for integration with passive and active microwave devices, such as
diodes, transistors, etc.

•It consists of a conducting

strip separated from a
ground plane by a
dielectric layer known as
the substrate.

(a) Geometry (b) Electric and magnetic field lines

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Unit-IB : MICROSTRIP LINES-Introduction
•The micro-strip structure does not have dielectric above the strip (as in stripline).
•So, micro-strip has some (usually most) of its field lines in the dielectric region,
concentrated between the strip conductor and the ground plane.
•Some of the fraction in the air region above the substrate.
•In most practical applications, the dielectric substrate is electrically very thin (d << λ).
•The fields are quasi-transverse electromagnetic (TEM) where the fields are essentially
same as those of the static case.
• The phase velocity and the propagation constant are

c
vp  ; &  =k 0  e
e
•Where εe is the effective dielectric constant of the micro-strip
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•The effective dielectric constant satisfies the relation: 1   e   r and is dependent

on the substrate thickness, d and conductor width, W. as given in eq’n
r 1 r 1 1
e  
2 2 12d
• The characteristic impedance can be calculated as: 1
W

•For a given characteristic impedance, Z0 and the dielectric constant, Єr, the W/d ratio
can be found as:
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TE modes in circular waveguides

• Where:

•Considering micro-strip as quasi-TEM line, the attenuation due to dielectric loss can
be determined as

•Where tan δ is the loss tangent of the dielectric.

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Losses in microstrip lines
•Losses in microstrip lines are: 1. Dielectric losses 2. Ohmic losses 3. Radiation losses
•Dielectric losses: when the conductivity of a dielectric cannot be neglected, the electric and
magnetic fields in the dielectric are no longer in time phase
 
d  Np / cm
2 
•Ohmic losses: The microstrip conductor contributes the major part of the ohmic loss. The
attenuation constant for ohmic loss is: 8.686 Rs w
c dB / cm; for  1
Z0 w d
•Radiation losses: In addition to the conductor and dielectric losses, microstrip line also has
radiation losses. The radiation loss depends on the substrate's thickness and dielectric
constant, as well as its geometry. The loss resistance is given by
 re  1  re  1   re  1 
with radiation factor is F ( re )  ln  
2
•  d  
Rr  240 2   F ( re )
  re 2 re  re   re  1 
 0 
Important Questions-short Aditya Engineering College (A)

1. What are the various applications of Microwaves? [4M]

2. Write the applications of circular waveguide. [4M]
3. Write the applications of rectangular waveguide. [4M]
4. Write the applications of cavity resonators. [4M]
5. What are the applications of Micro-strip lines? [4M]
6. How to find Q of resonant rectangular cavity? [4M]
7. What are the advantages waveguides have compared to coaxial transmission lines? [3M]
8. Draw the field patterns of rectangular waveguide in TE10 and TM11 modes. [4M]
9. Define effective dielectric constant of micro strip line and derive its equation. [4M]
10. Define and derive the equation for guide wave length of rectangular waveguide. [4M]
11. How to find the Zo of Micro strip line? [4M]
12. Derive the expression for cutoff frequency in a rectangular waveguide. [3M]
13. Explain about dominant and degenerate modes in circular waveguide. [4M]
14. Derive the expressions for phase and group velocities in a rectangular waveguide? [4M]
15. Explain about effective dielectric constants in micro strip line. [3M]
16. Explain about the filter characteristics in a rectangular waveguides. [4M]
17. Explain the construction of micro strip line and working. [4M]
18. List out the various IEEE Microwave frequency bands. [3M]
19. Sketch the schematic diagram of strip lines. [3M]
20. What is meant by mode of a electromagnetic wave in waveguide? [3M]
21. Write the expressions for resonant frequencies in rectangular and circular cavity resonators.
Important Questions-Long Aditya Engineering College (A)

1 a) Derive the field equations of rectangular waveguide in TM mode, starting from Maxwell’s equations. [10M]
b) Calculate the guide wavelength (in cm) at 7 and 12GHz for an air filled waveguide with a=2.54 cm , b=1.5cm . [6M]
2 a) Explain how TEM propagate in circular waveguides. [8M]
b) A cubic shaped cavity is required to resonate at 7500MHz in the TE101 mode. Calculate its dimensions and unloaded Q if
the cavity is air filled. [4M]
c) Determine the strip width of a Teflon filled balanced strip line for Zo = 50Ω if the ground plane spacing is 0.25 inch and the
strip thickness is 4 mils. [4M]
3 a) Derive the field equations of rectangular waveguide in TE mode, starting from Maxwell’s equations. [10M]
b) Prove that the cutoff frequency is same for both TE and TM modes. [6M]
4 a) Calculate the cutoff frequency of the dominant mode in a 1 inch diameter, Teflon filled circular waveguide. What is its
maximum operating frequency if the possibility of higher mode propagation is to be avoided? Include a 5 percent safety
factor, what would be the value of fmax if the possibility of TM01 propagation was excluded? [10M]
b) Compare rectangular and circular waveguides [6M]
5 a) Why the TEM wave is not possible in rectangular waveguide? [6M]
b) A rectangular waveguide has the following characteristics: b=1.5cm, a=3.0cm, µg = 1 ,and εg=2.25 Calculate cutoff wavelength,
frequency, λg, Zo and attenuation constant at 3.0 GHz. [10M]
6 a) What is meant by degenerative modes? [4M]
b) Derive the field equation for rectangular cavity resonator in TMmnp mode, starting from wave equation. [12M]
7 a) Calculate the cutoff frequencies of air-filled wave guide with a=3.24cm and b=2.2cm, for the TE10, TE20, TE01, and
TM11 modes. [8M]
b) Determine the power loss in rectangular waveguide. [8M]
8 a) Derive the characteristic equation of circular waveguide. [6M]
b) Derive the field equation for rectangular cavity resonator in TEmnp mode, starting from wave equation. [10M]
Important Questions-Long Aditya Engineering College (A)

9 a) Derive the field expression for TE & TM modes in rectangular waveguide? [12M]
b) Briefly explain the applications of microwave signal. [4M]
10 a) Explain about the effective dielectric constants, losses & Q-factor of microstrip lines? [8M]
b) Explain in detail about rectangular and circular cavity resonator? [8M]
11 a) Explain about the Power transmission and power losses in rectangular waveguide? [5M]
b) Explain why the propagation of TEM mode is impossible in wave guides? [5M]
c) Derive the expression for various fields in rectangular guides? [6M]
12 a) Explain about the dominant modes and derive expressions for resonant frequency in a cylindrical cavity resonator? [8M]
b) Explain the different excitations techniques used in rectangular and circular wave guides.
13 a) Analyze, derive and draw the fields for TE and TM modes in a rectangular waveguide. [10M]
b) A rectangular waveguide with dimensions a=4cm and b=1cm operates in TE10 mode at 10GHZ. The waveguide is perfectly
matched and maximum E field existing everywhere in the guide is 103 V/m. Determine the wave impedance and maximum
average power that can be carried by the guide? [6M]
14 a) Explain about dominant and degenerate modes in circular waveguide and derive the expressions for TE wave. [8M]
b) A TE11 mode is propagating through a circular waveguide, the diameter of the guide is 10cm and the guide is air-filled,
relative di-electric constant is ∈ = 4 n . Find :
i) cut-off frequency ii) wavelength in the guide for a frequency of 3 GHz iii) wave impedance of the guide
iv) mode diameter for a di-electric filled guide
15 a) Explain and derive the expressions for dominant and degenerate modes in a rectangular waveguides. [10M ]
b) A rectangular waveguide is designed to propagate the dominant mode TE10 at a frequency of 5 GHz. Cut-off frequency is 0.8 of
the signal frequency. The ratio of guide height to width is 2. The time-average power flowing through the guide is 1KW. Determine
the magnitudes of Electric and Magnetic intensities in the guide and indicate where these will occur in the guide? [6M]