Question 1

.model small

.stack 256

CR equ 13d

LF equ 10d

.data

prompt1 db 'Enter first number: $'

prompt2 db CR, LF, 'Enter second number: $'

result db CR, LF, 'The product is $'

num1 dw ?

num2 dw ?

.code

start:

mov ax, @data

mov ds, ax

mov ax, offset prompt1

call puts ; display prompt1

call getn ; read first number

mov num1, ax

mov ax, offset prompt2

call puts ; display prompt2

call getn ; read second number

mov num2, ax
mov ax, offset result

call puts ; display result message

mov ax, num1

imul num2 ; Multiply num1 and num2

call putn ; display product

mov ax, 4c00h

int 21h ; finished, back to DOS

getn:

; Read a number from the keyboard

; return value in AX register

; C variables

;dx records sign of number sign variable

;bl stores each digit digit variable

;cx stores the number read in so far n variable

;al stores each character rad in .

;ax is also used in the mul instruction

; Save registers on the stack

push bx

push cx

push dx

; Initialize variables

mov dx, 1 ; Record sign, 1 for positive

mov bx, 0 ; Initialize digit to 0

mov cx, 0 ; Initialize number to 0

; Read first character

cmp al, '-' ;it is negative

jne newline ; If not negative, goto newline

; Record sign for negative number

mov dx, -1

call getc ; Get next digit

newline:

push dx ; Save sign on stack

cmp al, 13 ; Check if al == CR

je fin_read ; If yes, goto fin_read

sub al, '0' ; Convert to digit

mov cl, al ; cl = first digit

call getc ; Get next character

read_loop:

cmp al, 13 ; If (al == CR)

je fin_read ; Then goto fin_read

sub al, '0' ; Otherwise, convert to digit

mov bl, al ; bl = digit

mov ax, 10 ; ax = 10

mul cx ; ax = cx * 10

mov cx, ax ; cx = ax, n = n * 10

add cx, bx ; cx = cx + digit, n = n + digit

call getc ; Read next digit

jmp read_loop ; Repeat the loop

fin_read:

mov ax, cx ; Number returned in ax

pop dx ; Retrieve sign from stack

cmp dx, 1 ; If dx == 1 (positive)

je fin_getn ; Then jump to fin_getn

neg ax ; Otherwise, negate ax (ax = -ax)

fin_getn:
pop dx ; Restore registers

pop cx

pop bx

ret ; Return from the subroutine

puts:

; Display a string terminated by $

; DX contains the address of the string

push ax ; Save ax

push bx ; Save bx

push cx ; Save cx

push dx ; Save dx

mov dx, ax ; Set dx to the address of the string

mov ah, 9h ; DOS function to display string

int 21h ; Call MS-DOS to output string

pop dx ; Restore dx

pop cx ; Restore cx

pop bx ; Restore bx

pop ax ; Restore ax

ret ; Return from the subroutine

putn:

; Display number in ax

; ax contains number (and also div C in above)

; dx contains remainder (rem in C above)

; cx contains 10 for division

push bx ; Save bx

push cx ; Save cx

push dx ; Save dx
mov dx, 0 ; Set dx to 0

push dx ; Push 0 as a sentinel

mov cx, 10 ; Set cx to 10

cmp ax, 0

jge calc_digits ; If number is non-negative, jump to calc_digits

; Number is negative

neg ax ; Make ax positive

push ax ; Save ax

mov al, '-' ; Display '-' sign

call putc ; Call putc to display the sign

pop ax ; Restore ax

calc_digits:

div cx ; dx:ax = ax / cx, ax = result, dx = remainder

add dx, '0' ; Convert dx to ASCII digit

push dx ; Save digit on the stack

mov dx, 0 ; Reset dx to 0

cmp ax, 0 ; Check if finished

jne calc_digits ; If not, repeat the process

; All digits are now on the stack, display them in reverse order

disp_loop:

pop dx ; Get the last digit from the stack

cmp dx, 0 ; Check if it's the sentinel

je end_disp_loop ; If yes, end the display

mov al, dl ; Move the digit to al

call putc ; Display the digit

jmp disp_loop ; Repeat the process for the next digit

end_disp_loop:

pop dx ; Restore dx

pop cx ; Restore cx

pop bx ; Restore bx

ret ; Return from the subroutine

; Display character in al

push ax ; Save ax

push bx ; Save bx

push cx ; Save cx

push dx ; Save dx

mov dl, al ; Move character to dl

mov ah, 2h ; DOS function to display character

int 21h ; Call MS-DOS to display character

pop dx ; Restore dx

pop cx ; Restore cx

pop bx ; Restore bx

pop ax ; Restore ax

ret ; Return from the subroutine

getc:

; Read character into al

push bx ; Save bx

push cx ; Save cx

push dx ; Save dx

mov ah, 1h ; DOS function to read character

int 21h ; Call MS-DOS to read character

pop dx ; Restore dx

pop cx ; Restore cx

pop bx ; Restore bx

ret ; Return from the subroutine

end start
Question 2

;; Read and divide two numbers. Display the quotient and remainder.

.model small

.stack 256

CR equ 13d

LF equ 10d

.data

prompt1 db 'Enter first number: $'

prompt2 db CR, LF,'Enter second number: $'

quotient db CR, LF, 'The quotient is $'

remainder db CR, LF, 'The remainder is $'

num1 dw ?

num2 dw ?

.code

start:

mov ax, @data

mov ds, ax

; Prompt for the first number

mov ax, offset prompt1

call puts ; display prompt1

call getn ; read first number

mov num1, ax

; Prompt for the second number

mov ax, offset prompt2

call puts ; display prompt2

call getn ; read second number

; Display quotient message

mov ax, offset quotient

call puts ; display quotient message

; Divide num1 by the second number (bx)

mov ax, num1

xor dx, 0 ; Clear dx for division

idiv num2 ; ax=ax/num2,dx stores the remainder

call putn ; display quotient

; Display remainder message

mov ax, offset remainder

call puts ; display remainder message

mov ax, dx ; Copy remainder from dx to ax

call putn ; display remainder

mov ax, 4c00h

int 21h ; finished, back to DOS

getn:

; Read a number from the keyboard

; return value in AX register

; C variables

;dx records sign of number sign variable

;bl stores each digit digit variable

;cx stores the number read in so far n variable

;al stores each character rad in .

;ax is also used in the mul instruction

; Save registers on the stack

push bx
push cx

push dx

; Initialize variables

mov dx, 1 ; Record sign, 1 for positive

mov bx, 0 ; Initialize digit to 0

mov cx, 0 ; Initialize number to 0

; Read first character

call getc

cmp al, '-' ;it is negative

jne newline ; If not negative, goto newline

; Record sign for negative number

mov dx, -1

call getc ; Get next digit

newline:

push dx ; Save sign on stack

cmp al, 13 ; Check if al == CR

je fin_read ; If yes, goto fin_read

sub al, '0' ; Convert to digit

mov cl, al ; cl = first digit

call getc ; Get next character

read_loop:

cmp al, 13 ; If (al == CR)

je fin_read ; Then goto fin_read

sub al, '0' ; Otherwise, convert to digit

mov bl, al ; bl = digit

mov ax, 10 ; ax = 10

mul cx ; ax = cx * 10

mov cx, ax ; cx = ax, n = n * 10

add cx, bx ; cx = cx + digit, n = n + digit

jmp read_loop ; Repeat the loop

fin_read:

mov ax, cx ; Number returned in ax

pop dx ; Retrieve sign from stack

cmp dx, 1 ; If dx == 1 (positive)

je fin_getn ; Then jump to fin_getn

neg ax ; Otherwise, negate ax (ax = -ax)

fin_getn:

pop dx ; Restore registers

pop cx

pop bx

ret ; Return from the subroutine

puts:

; Display a string terminated by $

; DX contains the address of the string

push ax ; Save ax

push bx ; Save bx

push cx ; Save cx

push dx ; Save dx

mov dx, ax ; Set dx to the address of the string

mov ah, 9h ; DOS function to display string

int 21h ; Call MS-DOS to output string

pop dx ; Restore dx

pop cx ; Restore cx

pop bx ; Restore bx

pop ax ; Restore ax

ret ; Return from the subroutine

putn:
; Display number in ax

; ax contains number (and also div C in above)

; dx contains remainder (rem in C above)

; cx contains 10 for division

push bx ; Save bx

push cx ; Save cx

push dx ; Save dx

mov dx, 0 ; Set dx to 0

push dx ; Push 0 as a sentinel

mov cx, 10 ; Set cx to 10

cmp ax, 0

jge calc_digits ; If number is non-negative, jump to calc_digits

; Number is negative

neg ax ; Make ax positive

push ax ; Save ax

mov al, '-' ; Display '-' sign

call putc ; Call putc to display the sign

pop ax ; Restore ax

calc_digits:

div cx ; dx:ax = ax / cx, ax = result, dx = remainder

add dx, '0' ; Convert dx to ASCII digit

push dx ; Save digit on the stack

mov dx, 0 ; Reset dx to 0

cmp ax, 0 ; Check if finished

jne calc_digits ; If not, repeat the process

; All digits are now on the stack, display them in reverse order

disp_loop:

pop dx ; Get the last digit from the stack

cmp dx, 0 ; Check if it's the sentinel

mov al, dl ; Move the digit to al

call putc ; Display the digit

jmp disp_loop ; Repeat the process for the next digit

end_disp_loop:

pop dx ; Restore dx

pop cx ; Restore cx

pop bx ; Restore bx

ret ; Return from the subroutine

putc:

; Display character in al

push ax ; Save ax

push bx ; Save bx

push cx ; Save cx

push dx ; Save dx

mov dl, al ; Move character to dl

mov ah, 2h ; DOS function to display character

int 21h ; Call MS-DOS to display character

pop dx ; Restore dx

pop cx ; Restore cx

pop bx ; Restore bx

pop ax ; Restore ax

ret ; Return from the subroutine

getc:

; Read character into al

push bx ; Save bx

push cx ; Save cx

push dx ; Save dx
mov ah, 1h ; DOS function to read character

int 21h ; Call MS-DOS to read character

pop dx ; Restore dx

pop cx ; Restore cx

pop bx ; Restore bx

ret ; Return from the subroutine

end start

Question 3:

.model small

.stack 256

CR equ 13d

LF equ 10d

.data

prompt1 db 'Enter first number: $'

prompt2 db CR, LF, 'Enter second number: $'

prompt3 db CR, LF, 'Enter third number: $'

prompt4 db CR, LF, 'Enter fourth number: $'

result db CR, LF, 'The sum is $'

num1 dw ?

num2 dw ?

num3 dw ?

num4 dw ?

.code

start:

mov ax, @data

mov ds, ax
mov ax, offset prompt1

call puts ; display prompt1

call getn ; read first number

mov num1, ax

mov ax, offset prompt2

call puts ; display prompt2

call getn ; read second number

mov num2, ax

mov ax, offset prompt3

call puts ; display prompt3

call getn ; read third number

mov num3, ax

mov ax, offset prompt4

call puts ; display prompt4

call getn ; read fourth number

mov num4, ax

; Display result message

mov ax, offset result

call puts ; display result message

; Calculate and display the sum of four numbers

mov ax, num1

add ax, num2

add ax, num3

call putn ; display sum

mov ax, 4c00h

int 21h ; finished, back to DOS

getn:

; Read a number from the keyboard

; return value in AX register

; C variables

;dx records sign of number sign variable

;bl stores each digit digit variable

;cx stores the number read in so far n variable

;al stores each character rad in .

;ax is also used in the mul instruction

; Save registers on the stack

push bx

push cx

push dx

; Initialize variables

mov dx, 1 ; Record sign, 1 for positive

mov bx, 0 ; Initialize digit to 0

mov cx, 0 ; Initialize number to 0

; Read first character

call getc

cmp al, '-' ;it is negative

jne newline ; If not negative, goto newline

mov dx, -1

call getc ; Get next digit

newline:

push dx ; Save sign on stack

cmp al, 13 ; Check if al == CR

je fin_read ; If yes, goto fin_read

sub al, '0' ; Convert to digit

mov cl, al ; cl = first digit

call getc ; Get next character

read_loop:

cmp al, 13 ; If (al == CR)

je fin_read ; Then goto fin_read

sub al, '0' ; Otherwise, convert to digit

mov bl, al ; bl = digit

mov ax, 10 ; ax = 10

mul cx ; ax = cx * 10

mov cx, ax ; cx = ax, n = n * 10

add cx, bx ; cx = cx + digit, n = n + digit

call getc ; Read next digit

jmp read_loop ; Repeat the loop

fin_read:

mov ax, cx ; Number returned in ax

pop dx ; Retrieve sign from stack

cmp dx, 1 ; If dx == 1 (positive)

je fin_getn ; Then jump to fin_getn

neg ax ; Otherwise, negate ax (ax = -ax)

fin_getn:

pop dx ; Restore registers

pop cx

pop bx

ret ; Return from the subroutine

; Display a string terminated by $

; DX contains the address of the string

push ax ; Save ax

push bx ; Save bx

push cx ; Save cx

push dx ; Save dx

mov dx, ax ; Set dx to the address of the string

mov ah, 9h ; DOS function to display string

int 21h ; Call MS-DOS to output string

pop dx ; Restore dx

pop cx ; Restore cx

pop bx ; Restore bx

pop ax ; Restore ax

ret ; Return from the subroutine

putn:

; Display number in ax

; ax contains number (and also div C in above)

; dx contains remainder (rem in C above)

; cx contains 10 for division

push bx ; Save bx

push cx ; Save cx

push dx ; Save dx

mov dx, 0 ; Set dx to 0

push dx ; Push 0 as a sentinel

mov cx, 10 ; Set cx to 10

jge calc_digits ; If number is non-negative, jump to calc_digits

; Number is negative

neg ax ; Make ax positive

push ax ; Save ax

mov al, '-' ; Display '-' sign

call putc ; Call putc to display the sign

pop ax ; Restore ax

calc_digits:

div cx ; dx:ax = ax / cx, ax = result, dx = remainder

add dx, '0' ; Convert dx to ASCII digit

push dx ; Save digit on the stack

mov dx, 0 ; Reset dx to 0

cmp ax, 0 ; Check if finished

jne calc_digits ; If not, repeat the process

; All digits are now on the stack, display them in reverse order

disp_loop:

pop dx ; Get the last digit from the stack

cmp dx, 0 ; Check if it's the sentinel

je end_disp_loop ; If yes, end the display

mov al, dl ; Move the digit to al

call putc ; Display the digit

jmp disp_loop ; Repeat the process for the next digit

end_disp_loop:

pop dx ; Restore dx

pop cx ; Restore cx

pop bx ; Restore bx

ret ; Return from the subroutine

putc:

; Display character in al

push ax ; Save ax
push bx ; Save bx

push cx ; Save cx

push dx ; Save dx

mov dl, al ; Move character to dl

mov ah, 2h ; DOS function to display character

int 21h ; Call MS-DOS to display character

pop dx ; Restore dx

pop cx ; Restore cx

pop bx ; Restore bx

pop ax ; Restore ax

ret ; Return from the subroutine

getc:

; Read character into al

push bx ; Save bx

push cx ; Save cx

push dx ; Save dx

mov ah, 1h ; DOS function to read character

int 21h ; Call MS-DOS to read character

pop dx ; Restore dx

pop cx ; Restore cx

pop bx ; Restore bx

ret ; Return from the subroutine

end start