Selecting and

Synthesizing Information
from Relevant Literature

ASONCION S . DAUS
2

A literature review follows an essay format

(Introduction, Body, Conclusion), but if the
literature itself is the topic of the essay,
your essay will need to consider the
literature in terms of the key
topics/themes you are examining.

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Introduction

 Topic sentence that states the broad topic

of your thesis
 Following sentence/s that state what is
included/excluded (parameters)
 Final sentence/s that signals list of key topics
that will be used to discuss the selected
sources

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Body

 Divide up your text into sections/topics as

indicated in the last sentence of your
introduction. Each paragraph will be a
synthesis of the many texts that you have
chosen for your literature review.

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Conclusion

 This is summary of all the related literature

and studies. It may be composed of 5 to
10 sentences.

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Guide in writing
a literature
review

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1. Choose a topic.

 Your literature review should be guided by a

central research question. Remember, it is
not a collection of loosely related studies in a
field but instead represents background and
research developments related to a specific
research question, interpreted and analyzed
by you in a synthesized way.

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2. Decide on the scope of review.

 How many studies do you need to look

at? How comprehensive should it be?
How many years should it cover?

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3. Select the databases you will use to
conduct your searches.

 Make a list of the databases you will

search.

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4. Conduct your search and find the
literature.

 Review the abstracts of research studies

carefully. This will save you time. Write down
the searches you conduct in each database
so that you may duplicate them if you need
to later (or avoid dead-end searches that
you'd forgotten you'd already tried). Use the
bibliographies and references of research
studies you find to locate others.
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5. Review the Literature

 What was the research question of the study you are

reviewing? What were the authors trying to discover? Was
the research funded by a source that could influence the
findings? What were the research methodologies? Analyze its
literature review, the samples and variables used, the results,
and the conclusions. Does the research seem to be
complete? Could it have been conducted more soundly?
What further questions does it raise? If there are conflicting
studies, why do you think that is? How are the authors viewed
in the field? Has this study been cited? if so, how has it been
analyzed?

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Activity

 Go back to our working statement of the problem

 List possible key words that you will search for the review of related
literature

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CITING RELATED
LITERATURE USING
STANDARD STYLES
ASONCION S. DAUS

3/5/2024
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A citation is a formal reference to a published or

unpublished source that you consulted and
obtained information from while writing your
research paper.

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According to this author, the following 15
are the purpose of citation.

 1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know
about the field
 2. To give authority, validity and credibility to other people’s claim,
conclusions and arguments
 3. To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant
materials about your topic
 4. To help readers find contact the sources of ideas easily
 5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work and
 6. To save yourself from plagiarism

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Styles in Related Literature Citations or
References
The following are the three terms used to express your
appreciation for recognition of people’s ownership of
borrowed ideas (Sharp 2012) as cited by Baraceros (2016).
1. Acknowledgment – the beginning portion of the work
that identifies individuals who have contributed something
to produce the paper
2. References or Bibliography – a complete list of all reading
materials including books, journals, periodical, etc. from
where the borrowed ideas came from.
3. Citation or In-Text- Citation- references within the main
body of the text, especially in Review of Related Literature.
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Patterns of
Citation

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Summary

 The citation in this case is shortened version of the

original text that is expressed in your own
language. Making the text short, you have to pick
out only the most important ideas or aspect of the
text.

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Paraphrase

 This is the antithesis of the first one because, here,

instead of shortening the form of the text, you
explain what the text means to you using your
own words. In doing so, it is possible that your
explanations may decrease or exceed the
number of words of the original text (Baraceros,
2016).

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Strategies in Paraphrasing:

a. Read the original text or abstract. Understand it

as a whole, then, set aside.
b. Using your own memory, write down the main
points or concepts.
c. In your own words, summarize the text/ abstract
that helps make your point (University of Texas, 2016)

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Short Direct quotation

 Only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole

sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40
words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing
through this citation pattern. Since this makes you
copy the exact words of the writer, it is necessary
that you give the number of the page where the
readers can find the copied words.

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Long Direct Quotation or Block
Quotation or Extract.

 Named in many ways, this citation pattern mane

you copy the author’s exact words numbering
from 40 to 100 words. Under APAA, the limit is eight
(8) lines. Placed at the center of the page with no
indentation, the copied lines look like they
compose a stanza of a poem.

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Citation Style Sample
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APA style Local initiatives on water quality control, usage,
and management are essential as legal
framework to lessen the environmental impact
and poor human health (Walag, Canencia, &
Fiedler, 2018).
MLA style Local initiatives on water quality control, usage,
and management are essential as legal
framework to lessen the environmental impact
and poor human health (Walag, Canencia, and
Fiedler, 2018).
Chicago Local initiatives on water quality control, usage,
style and management are essential as legal
framework to lessen the environmental impact
and poor human health (Walag, Canencia, and
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Fiedler 2018). 9/3/20XX
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Activity

Cite the literature review into APA, MLA, and Chicago

Manual of Style

Majority of the students had late realization of their

prepared strand as to where they wanted to belong in
preparation of their career for work, business, and college
after graduating senior high school (Diane Escabal and
Anita Baco, 2016)

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APA

Cite the literature review into APA, MLA, and Chicago

Manual of Style

Majority of the students had late realization of their

prepared strand as to where they wanted to belong in
preparation of their career for work, business, and college
after graduating senior high school (Diane Escabal &
Anita Baco, 2016)

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MLA

Cite the literature review into APA, MLA, and Chicago

Manual of Style

Majority of the students had late realization of their

prepared strand as to where they wanted to belong in
preparation of their career for work, business, and college
after graduating senior high school (Diane Escabal and
Anita Baco, 2016)

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Chicago

Cite the literature review into APA, MLA, and Chicago

Manual of Style

Majority of the students had late realization of their

prepared strand as to where they wanted to belong in
preparation of their career for work, business, and college
after graduating senior high school (Diane Escabal and
Anita Baco 2016)

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Directions: Identify whether the citation
uses APA, MLA or Chicago Manual of Style.

________1. Majority of the students had late realization of their prepared

strand as to where they wanted to belong in preparation of their career for
work, business, and college after graduating high school (Escabal and Baco
2016).
________2. Peers and friends greatly influenced Grade 10 students in
choosing career strand in senior high school (Rodrigues, Actub, & Elumba,
2016).
________3. Those grade 10 students whose academic performance belongs
to developing and approaching proficiency usually enrolled in Technical-
Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) (Sanchez, Actub, and Bagares, 2019)

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Directions: Identify whether the citation
uses APA, MLA or Chicago Manual of Style.

.________4. As early as Junior High School stage students

must be given an early career enlightenment, so they have
a long way of thinking and preparing the best strand for
them (Escabal, Vedra, & Alavanza, 2018)
________5. Only 10 % of Parents influenced grade 10
students in choosing their career strand in Senior High
School (Amay, Banate, and Wabe, 2018)

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SOURCES OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
ASONCION S. DAUS

3/5/2024
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Related literature can be found in:

1. Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar

references.
2. Articles published in professional journals, magazines,
periodicals, newspapers, and other publications.
3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters and
diaries.
4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.
5. The constitution, and laws and statures of the land.

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6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from government offices

and departments, especially from the office of the Presidents of the
Philippines and the Department of Education (DepEd).
7. Records of schools, public and private, especially reports of their
activities.
8. Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise.
9. Official reports of all kinds, educational, social, economic, scientific,
technological, political, etc. from the government and other entities.

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The said sources can be categorized as:

1. Primary Sources: artifacts, autobiographies, court

records, diaries, Emails, speeches, letters interviews,
letters, official reports, drawings, maps, photographs,
speeches,
2. Secondary Sources: biographies, critical studies of an
author's work, dictionaries, journal articles, handbooks,
magazines, newspapers, reports, textbooks,

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 Related studies, on the other hand, are studies, inquiries,

or investigations already conducted to which the
present proposed study is related or has some bearing
or similarity. They are usually unpublished materials such
as manuscripts, theses and dissertations (Calderon&
Gonzales, 2015).

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They may be classified as:

1. Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines
and
2. Foreign / International, if they are conducted in foreign
lands.

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Locating the Sources of Related Literature
and Studies

Generally, the sources of related literature and studies

according to Calderon & Gonzales (2015) can be
accessed from the following:
1. Libraries, either government or schools (private or public)
2. Government and private offices
3. The National Library and
4. Online websites (Aparejo, 2018)

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