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Unit 1 DATA COMMUNICATION AND PROTOCOL STANDARD

Data communication involves the exchange of data between two devices over a transmission medium. It has five key components: a message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocol. Data can flow between devices in three modes: simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Standards ensure interconnectivity between networking components.

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63 views

Unit 1 DATA COMMUNICATION AND PROTOCOL STANDARD

Data communication involves the exchange of data between two devices over a transmission medium. It has five key components: a message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocol. Data can flow between devices in three modes: simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Standards ensure interconnectivity between networking components.

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leobhengra333
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DATA COMMUNICATION

 Data Communication is a process of exchanging data or information.


 In computer networks the exchange is done between two devices over a transmission medium.
 The communication system is made up of hardware and software.
o Hardware - the devices of the sender, the receiver and the intermediate devices through
which the data passes.
o Software - part involves certain rules which specify what is to be communicated, how it is to
be communicated and when. It is also called as a protocol.

Characteristics of Data Communication


The effectiveness of any data communications system depends upon the following four fundamental
characteristics:
 Delivery: The data should be delivered to the correct destination and correct user.
 Accuracy: The communication system should deliver the data accurately, without introducing any
errors. The data may get corrupted during transmission affecting the accuracy of the delivered
data.
 Timeliness: Audio and Video data has to be delivered in a timely manner without any delay; such
a data delivery is called real time transmission of data.
 Jitter: It is the variation in the packet arrival time. Uneven Jitter may affect the timeliness of data
being transmitted.

Components of Data Communication


A Data Communication system has five components as shown in the diagram below:

 Message - Message is the information to be communicated by the sender to the receiver.


 Sender - The sender is any device that is capable of sending the data (message).
 Receiver - The receiver is a device that the sender wants to communicate the data (message).
 Transmission Medium - It is the path by which the message travels from sender to receiver. It
can be wired or wireless and many subtypes in both.
 Protocol - It is an agreed upon set or rules used by the sender and receiver to communicate data.
A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication. A Protocol is a necessity in data
communications without which the communicating entities are like two persons trying to talk to
each other in a different language without know the other language.

DATA REPRESENTATION
 Data is collection of raw facts which is processed to form information.
 There may be different forms in which data may be represented.
o Text
o Numbers
o Images
o Audio
o Video

DATA FLOW
The data can flow between the two devices in the following ways.
 Simplex
 Half Duplex
 Full Duplex
Simplex

 In Simplex, communication is unidirectional


 Only one of the devices sends the data and the other one only receives the data.
 Ex : radio

Half Duplex

 In half duplex both the stations can transmit as well as receive but not at the same time.
 When one device is sending other can only receive and vice- versa (as shown in figure
above.)
 Example: A walkie-talkie.

Full Duplex

 In Full duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive at the same time.
 Example: mobile phones

Categories of Network
 Local Area Networks (LAN) is usually limited to a few kilometers of area. It may be privately
owned and could be a network inside an office on one of the floor of a building or a LAN could be
a network consisting of the computers in an entire building.
 Wide Area Network (WAN) is made of all the networks in a (geographically) large area. The
network in the entire state of Maharashtra could be a WAN.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is of size between LAN & WAN. It is larger than LAN but
smaller than WAN. It may comprise the entire network in a city like Mumbai.

PROTOCOL
 A Protocol is defined as a set of rules that governs data communications.
 A protocol defines what is to be communicated, how it is to be communicated and when it is to be
communicated.
Elements of a Protocol
There are three key elements of a protocol:
 Syntax
o It means the structure or format of the data.
o It is the arrangement of data in a particular order.
 Semantics
o It tells the meaning of each section of bits and indicates the interpretation of each section.
o It also tells what action/decision is to be taken based on the interpretation.
 Timing
o It tells the sender about the readiness of the receiver to receive the data
o It tells the sender at what rate the data should be sent to the receiver to avoid
overwhelming the receiver.

STANDARDS IN NETWORKING
 Standards are necessary in networking to ensure interconnectivity and interoperability between
various networking hardware and software components.
 Without standards we would have proprietary products creating isolated islands of users which
cannot interconnect.
 Concept of Standard - Standards provide guidelines to product manufacturers and vendors to
ensure national and international interconnectivity.
 Data communications standards are classified into two categories:
o De facto Standard
 These are the standards that have been traditionally used and mean by fact or by
convention
 These standards are not approved by any organized body but are adopted by
widespread use.
o De jure standard
 It means by law or by regulation.
 These standards are legislated and approved by a body that is officially recognized.

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