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23 views17 pagesAm Chapt 5
a math notes
Uploaded by
wmylittleponyCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 17
xoo
qi) 2803)
84(3")
84 oan
3°)
33°)
oe
Hence y=x+1.
Sometimes, we may use a suitable substitution to simplify an equation
before we solve it. For example, we can substitute u =
2 + 3(2)-
solved easily.
into the equation
0 to obtain a quadratic equation in u, which can then be
Example 6
Use the substitution = 2" to solve the equation
4" =2-7(2/.
Solution
4" =2-7(2')
4x4 =2-7(2)
(2y' x 4 =2-7(2')
(QY x4 =2-7(2')
Substituting «= 2° into the equation yields 4u° = 2 - Tu.
42 + Tu-2=0
(u + 2)(4u- 1) =0
us2oru=+
When w = ~2, 2‘ = -2. (rejected as 2" > 0
for all real values of x)
1 2%,
When u =—, 2'
1
4°
Hence x = -2.
Exercise
Try 6
Use the substitution u = 3°
to solve the equation
3°" +63") =3.
Answer
-1
Thine
Deeper al
Substitute different positive
and negative values of x, for
example, -5 2, does
Convert each of the following to
logarithmic form.
Convert each of the following to
index form.
(a) logy y=n+1
(b) Iny=x-3
(©) Ig (e-y) =
(d) log; (4y) =p +1
Express y in terms of x for each of the
following equations.
(a) InQv+1)-x=0
(b) 2Igy=x-2
() +4
(d) In(x+y)-4x=0
Find the range of values of x for
which In (2 = 2x) is defined.
(b) Find the range of values of x for
which log, (x ~ 3) is defined.
(9) (a) Given that log, x = 2 and
log, y = 3, evaluate :.
Exponential and Logarthmie Functions 117
(b) Given that log, a = 1 and
log, b = 2, express xy" in terms of
aand b.
Without using a calculator, evaluate
each of the following.
(a) log,4 - 3 log,2
{b) log, 1 +4 logs5
(o) (3 log, 3
Blog, x+2)
D | 4—2iogs1
(e) log, (6 — 5 log; 7)
(f) log, (4-2 Ig 10)
Express each of the following as a
single logarithm.
(a) 2 log, 2 -3 log, 3
(b) 3 +2 log, 2
(@) log, 50 + log, & + 2 log, 10
=e. 25
@) 5 1 tog, 2 + log, VIB
Show that
(a) 2 log, 2 + log, 10 - 3 log, 3—
=3 log, 5,
log, 27 x log, 25 x log, 16 = 24.
log, 5
(b)
3) (a) Given that log, y = a and
logs (2y) = b, show that
2a = 3-1.
Given that log, p = a, logy q = b
and = 3, express c in terms of
(b)
aand b.
Given that + = 20 x 10°* x 10"
and Ig y - mx = c for x > 0 and y>0,
find the value of m and of c.Solution
@
Gi)
FQ*) = 15')
34) = 15)
Gx 4) =765')
12° = 7(5')
Ce
als wld
(3)
ie ( J “8
relg7+ie 2
=222
Take common logarithms on both sides of the equation.
Find the value of x for each of the
following equations.
(a) log, x= 3
(©) log, 8 =x
(b) log, 9=2
Find the value of x for each of the
following equations.
(a) Igx=0.61 — (b) (Inxy=3
() Inx=Ig2 (4) Ig Gx) =9
Take logarithms to find the value of x
for each of the following equations.
(a) S*=9 (b) 4e* =21
() 4-T=1 — (d) 3""-12=0
Given that y = Se, find the value of x
when y = 12.
You notice your classmates, Alice, Ben
and Charlie, use different approaches
to solve the equation 4"= 9. Alice
writes the first step as Ig 4° = Ig 9.
Ben writes the first step as In 4" = In 9,
Charlie writes the first step as
x = log, 9. Justify why all these
approaches will give the same result.
6 Solve each of the following equations.
(a) log, (x + 1) = log, 3
(b) log; (x - 1) = log, (4x - 7)
(€) logy x + log, (x +2) =1
[BD Solve each of the following equations.
(a) log, 25 + log,5 =
{b) 3 log, 2 + log, 18 = 2
Solve each of the following equations.
(a) Ig [x + 2) - 2)] = Ig (2x - 1)
(b) log; [(x — 2)(8 - x)] — log, (x - 5)
=3
(c) log; (x— 1)’ = 2 + log, (x + 2)
Using the substitution u = log, x or
otherwise, solve each of the following
equations.
(a) log, x = 9 log, 3
(b) log, x + 2=3 log, 3
‘Solve each of the following equations.
(a) log, (2x +1 3
(b) log, @? = 1)
(c) log, (6x - 8)
(d) log, 64 = 5
(e) log, V27 =x+1@ Solve each of the following equations.
(@) In2x In (4x) =3
(b) Ig (x- 2) = (lg 3)*
© In Gx) =1g3 xg 5
(@) Ig (&- 1) =Ig = 1)
Solve the following simultaneous
equations.
(a) log, 16 = 4 and log; y =x
(b) log, x= 2 and xy =
Solve each of the following equations.
{a) log; (log; x) = Ine
(b) log; (log; x) = log, 1 + 1g 10
(©) log, [log; (log, x)] = log, 2
Solve the simultaneous equations
| in@x-y) =1n36—1n 9 and Pee.
Solve the simultaneous equations
4
2? =16(4¥")and
log, 6 — log, (1Sq— 3p) = 1.
Solve each of the following equations.
fa) 2 logs x + logss x=
(b) log, x— log, (x + 6) =0
(€)_ logs (5 — 4x) = logys (2- x)
Solve for y in terms of x.
(a) log, y = log, x + log, 9 — log: 3
(b) logy y + log, y = 2 log, x +3 log, 2
(i) Given that 4° = 9(5"), find the value
dh
of ( 4) :
(i) Hence, or otherwise, solve the
equation 4° = 95°).
By expressing each of the following
equations in the form a‘ = b, where
aand b are real numbers, take
logarithms to solve for x.
fa) 2°. 3
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 123
@ (i) Express the equation 9° - 4 = 3"!
as a quadratic equation in 3°,
(ii) Hence find the value of x, correct
to 2 decimal places.
Use the substitution y = e' to solve
each of the following equations.
(a) e'=7- 12e"
(b) e™ + 2c" = 3e™
() 2e'=7 ye" -3
Express each of the following in the
form In x = ax + b and find the exact
value of a and of b.
on
(a) ¢
Solve each of the following equations.
(a) 5é'x3"= 10
(b) 2" x 5"
() 46%) =
(d) 3° x 10% =4 x 207
[BD solve the simultaneous equations
4"? = 32(2") and 9° + 3” = 10.
[BD Given that 3° x 5" = 3 x 25%,
(i) evaluate 15°,
(it) find the value of x.
[BB Given that 2° x 8" = 16 x 2",
(i) evaluate 4,
(i) find the value of x.
[BD ave was asked to solve the equation
Be" = 9 for x. He wrote down the
solution as shown.
“3c = 9
o=-3
2x= In (-3)
xs + In (3)
(i) Do you agree with what he has
written? Why?
(il) If -3e™ = c, where c is an integer,
what is the largest value of c for
which e* is defined?(i) When @= 80, 80 = 10 + 15(2.48)
F _ 80-10
aS
Ig 2.4° = 1g 2 Take common logarithms on both sides of the equation.
£ alg 2
7 e24="e 2
1g +1g24)
=141
The object takes 14.1 minutes for its temperature to reach 80°C.
So
qi) = =10+ sh. ')
Use the definition of logarithm,
Try 27
Chemistry. A cup of coffee is left to cool on the table. Its temperature, T°C, r minutes later is given
7 + 58(0.92').
@ its temperature 5 minutes later.
(i) Find the time when its temperature is SO°
(Qi) Show that # = logon: (=).
Answers: (i) 65.2°C (ii) 11.1 minutes
ert
On a separate diagram, sketch each of @ ‘On the same diagram, sketch the
the following graphs. graphs of y = 10° and y = Ig x.
(a) y= log, x Compare and contrast the two graphs.
How are they similar? How are they
different? Explain your answers.(s.
9
Chemistry. The pH value is given by
the formula pH = —log,o [H"], where
[H’] is the hydrogen ion concentration
in moles per litre (mol/L). Hydrangeas
are plants that may produce flowers
in different colours. Research has
indicated that their colour depends on
the pH of the soil: blue at pH 5.0-5.5,
purple at pH 5.5~6.0 and pink at pH
6.0-6.5. Compare the research findings
and determine the colour of flower for
each of the following soil acidities.
@) 5.6 x 107 mol/L
(i) 7.8 x 10% mol/L |
Chemistry. A liquid cools from its
temperature to a temperature of T°C in
x minutes. Given that 7 = 85(0.96°), find
(its initial temperature,
(ii) the value of 7 when
(ii) the value of x when T = 30.
Ethology. The experimental population
of fruit flies increases according to the
law of exponential growth such that
the number, N, of fruit flies after 1 days
is given by N = 100(1.65'.
() How many fruit fies are there at
the beginning of the experiment?
(i) What is the population after
4 days?
(lil) Find the value of t when the
population reaches 400.
Radioactivity. One hundred grams of
radium (Ra™*) is stored in a container.
The amount, R, of radium present after
tyears is given by R = 100e°°™ ?"™,
(i) How much of the radium would |
remain after 10 000 years?
(li) How long will it take before the
amount of radium is halved?
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 129
Physics. Each millimetre thickness
of a translucent material reduces
the intensity of a light beam passing
through it by 13% so that the intensity,
1, of the light is given by / = 0.87",
where T mm is the thickness of the
material. Find
(i) the intensity when the thickness is
1.5mm,
(li) the thickness of the material needed
to have an intensity of 0.5.
Seismology. The magnitude, M,
of an earthquake is modelled by
= 3 Ig E- 2.9, where E ergs is
the amount of energy released.
Find
(i) the magnitude when the energy
released is 5 x 10’ ergs,
the amount of energy released if
the magnitude of the earthquake
is 78.
(ii)
(On the same axes, sketch the
graphs of y= Ig.x and y = In x.
Use the graphs to find the range
of values of x for which
(a) Igx>0,
(b) Igx Igx.
i)
Gi)
Solve the equation 2 log, x = 1.
Sketch the graph of y = log, x.
Using the results in parts (i) and
(id), explain why 0 Physics. The volume or ‘loudness’ of a
sound can vary over a huge range of
values — the sound can be very soft or
extremely loud. To measure sound, a
logarithmic unit called the decibel (dB)
is used. The loudness, L dB, of a sound
is given by L= 1g rR , where I'is the
intensity of the sound (in watts per
square metre, abbreviated as watt/m’)
and J, = 10°” watt/m’ is the approximate
intensity of the softest sound that can
be heard by the human ear.
() A laboratory stipulates that the
noise level should not exceed
35 dB. If the intensity of noise at
a moment is 6 x 10 watt/m’,
calculate the noise level. Is this
noise level acceptable? Why?
To avoid hearing impairment
from music through headphones
for both adults and children, the
sound level should not exceed
85 dB. What is the intensity of a
sound with a noise level of 85 dB?
(iii) The sound from a hair dryer in use
is 75 dB. If the noise level near
a certain train station is 87 dB,
how many times the intensity of
the sound of the hair dryer is the
intensity of the sound of the train?
)
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 131
Microbiology. Some bacteria are
grown in a gel medium in a petri dish.
The number, N, of bacteria in the
culture after ¢ hours may be modelled
by N= 100(1.05"
(i) Find the initial number of bacteria
in the petri dish.
(ii) Find the time taken for the number
of bacteria to double, expressing
your answer to the nearest hour.
(iii) After 1 day, the growth of bacteria
starts to slow down due to lack
of food in the gel medium
according to the model
N=N,+(t- 12) in($r-11),
where Ny is the number of bacteria
after 1 day. Show that Ny ~ 323.
(iv) Find the number of bacteria in the
petri dish after 36 hours.
Forensics. At 6.45 a.m., a coroner
was called to the home of a man who.
had died during the night. In order to
estimate the time of death, the coroner
took the man's temperature twice. At
7.00 a.m., the temperature was 28.8°C
and at 7.29 a.m., the temperature was
28.0°C. From these two temperature
readings, the coroner was able to
determine that the time elapsed since
death and the body temperature were
related by t = -2.35 In
where ¢ hours is the time that has
elapsed since the man died and T°C
is the temperature of the man’s body
since death. Assume that the man had
a normal body temperature of 36.9°C
at death and the room temperature
was a constant 24.5°C. Use this
formula to estimate the time of death
of the man.12
Physics. According to the Newton's
law of cooling, the temperature, T°
of a body after 1 hours of cooling is
found to be T= Ty + Ce™, where
Ty is the constant temperature of
the surroundings and k is a positive
assuming f = f, at 7.00 a.m.
Use his second reading to obtain
a similar equation involving C, k
and f,
(ii) By eliminating C and 1, from the
two equations in part (i), show that
constant. The coroner in question 19 -Be _ 3.5
used this law to obtain his formula eosin a aia.* Use, telcestl te find
from his two readings of the the value of k and of C.
‘temperature. (ili) Hence show that the coroner's
(i) The coroner used the first reading formula is given by
(at 7.00 a.m., 28.8°C) to obtain t= -2.35 In (Z = 24,
the equation 28.8 = 24.5 + Ce“ 12.4
Child Development. After reading an article on the growth of children in their first two
years, a proud and happy mother decides to track the relationship between her newborn
baby girl Sharon's age in months and the circumference of her head in centimetres.
Circumference
378
44.1
[ 2 46.4
48.0
48.4 |
(i) Observe the pattern of the data in the table. Do you think the exponential function
y= ae" is suitable to model the data? Give your reasons.
(ii) Use a graphing software to draw a scatter plot for the data.
Observe the shape of the curve. |s a logarithmic function a
possible model for the data? Explain.
(ii) Assuming that the logarithmic function y = a In x + b can be
used to model the data, how would you find the value of a and of b?
Hence estimate
(a) the circumference of Sharon’s head when she was 3 months old,
(b) Sharon's age when the circumference of her head was 47.1 cm.
(iv) Would the logarithmic function in part (iii) be appropriate to model Sharon's age
beyond the first two years? Give your reasons.Laws of indices
For a, b > 0, and rational numbers m and n,
axd'=a
e
feat
(ya
axe
} laws for the same base
(ab)*
laws for the same index
J
Definitions of indices
Fora > 0, and positive integers p and 4.
ast (oro index)
ate 3 (negative index)
a Ya (fractional index)
a =(a)’ —rectional index) |
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Laws of logarithms
a, x, y are positive numbers and a 1, then
log, x” = r log, x for any real number r (power law)
Jog, (xy) = log, x + log, y (product law)
toe, (£) = log, x- log, y (quotient law)
Ha, b, ¢ are positive numbers and a # 1, c + 1, then
log, b = hee (change-of-base law)
i
|
y
ey
oA a) | 2
Solving exponential equitions |
+ By equating indices:
@=d'=x=n,a>0andael
+ By substitution
‘+ By taking logarithms
Exponential graphs
Increasing y: Decreasing y:
a>l Ol y O0
