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/ 11
chapter VIII.
Moments of Inertia
eee
g-1. Definition of Moment of Inertia
Many engineering formulas, such as those relati
columns, deflection of beams, involve the use of n mathemati expression
of the form J's* dA, where p is the perpendicular distance from dA to the
sxisof inertia. This integral appears so frequently that it has been named
recat Moment of inertia applied to areas has no rll meaning
examined by iteelf; it is merely s mathematical expression usually
denoted by the symbol I. How- senor
ever, when used in combination
with other terms, as in the flexure
formule for beam stresses, $ =~
M¢ it begins tohave significance.
The mathematical definition of
moment of inertia, I = f° dA,
indicates that an area is divided
into small parts such as dA, and
each area is multiplied by the
square of its moment arm about
the reference axis. Thus, asshown
in Fig. 8-1, if the coordinates of
the center of the differential area dA are (x, y), the moment of inertia
about the X axis is the eummation of the.product of each area dA by the
square of its moment arm y. ‘This gives
Y
L= Syd (8-1)
Similarly, the moment of inertia about the Y axis is given by
= Seda (6-2)
' The term moment of inertia is derived a8 follows: Force is related to the mase (ie,
= Ma, The eq
inertia) of « body and its acceleration by the equation F = Ma. uation
applied forces to the angular acceleration a of rotating bodies is Ped =(Se'dM]-a.
If the first equation is atated as force equals inertia times acceleration, then by a
the second cluation may be stated as inoment of force equals moment of ineris Ure
acceleration. By comparison of the above statements, the expression So dM ia termed
aoe of inertia. Similarly, for areas, the expression Sead is known as the moment
inertia.
195,Moun op tren.
sometimes called the send momen,
0 ed ye momen a
rental are mule me By its moment arm i
vreond moment of area is preferable
a inertia. The term second moment of .
eryiapens sey ar ene iin en
to an arve having no inertia. ‘The term moment of inertia, however, ig
long established and ia not likly to be superseded by the other
‘Units ond Signs, Examination of the integral Spt dA shows it to be
fourth-dimensional term because it is composed of a distance squared
multiplied by an area. Thus if Z is the unit of distance, the unit of Fig
(Ly. A convenient unt of L is inches or fet; this gives quartic inches
(Gn) or quartic feet (Ft) as the dimensional tit of T.
"The sign of I is obviously independent of the sign of the moment arm »
(ince if pie minus, squaring it makes it plus); it depends entirely on the
sign ofthe area. We shall define a positive area aa one which adds to the
tres of a figure, and a negative area as one which reduces the area of
the figure. For a net ares, the moment of inertia must always be positive,
8-2. Polar Moment of Inertia
‘The moment of inertia for an area relative to a line or axis perpendicular
to the plane of the area is called the polar moment of inertia and is denoted
v
f Pra.
‘by the symbol J. In Fig. 8-2 the moment of inertia area in the XY
plane with repect tothe Z axis is aye crane
U= Sead) Jem Sad = S(t + dd
Seda + Syd
‘Whence from Eqs. (8-1) and (8-2) we finally obtain
es)
os
sl ‘Transfer Formula, for Mi
ps 7 ‘i loment of
eqrsed in words, this equation g — 197
; ates tha
perme an area with respect to an the polar ;
| efit Elm of the moments of inert, out ar tiene
Le y band
Wo mutually perpendicular
tela its plane which intersect on the a
padius of Gyration
Tis the moment of inertia and A the ie
‘The following is @ geometrical interpretation of this lation, Amume
ibe ares of Fig. 8-1 to be squeezed into long narrow srip na dees
Are squeal into
ee x
uo. 8-3. — Concept of radi ofgrton.
Fig, 8-3. Each differential clement of area dA will then be the same
distance k from the axis of inertia. The moment of inertia is given by
T= Sedd = BS dA = AB
‘because each differential element has the same moment arm. The strip.
may be placed on either side of the reference axis, since if k is minus,
squaring it will automatically make it plus. Or part of the strip may be
ta distance & from one side of the reference axis and the remainder of the
stip at an equal distance & from the other side ofthe axis
In view of this discussion, the radius of gyration is frequently considered
tobe the uniform distance from the reference axis at which the entire area
may be assumed to be distributed. For an area whose dimensions per-
bendicular to a reference axis are negligibly small compared with ts distance
{rom that axis, radius of gyration is practically equivalent to the centroidal
leeation of the area,
4. Transfer Formula for Moment of Inertia : =
Tis often necessary to transfer.the moment of inertia from one axis te
ther parallel axia, ‘The transfer formula affords a method of doing thisMouser oF INERTIA (Chap. ving
example, in Fig. $4, the moment
%_ of inertia with respect to a .
Tal X sxis (X) is iven by the ey.
2 pression I= Sv dA. The moment
4X of inertia for the same area with jg.
spect to a parallel axis (X) loca
t a distance d from the eentroidal ag.
paecrninh is given by the equation
= se day Sy + aaa
=Svdd +2dfyda + eS aa ©
‘The d is written outside the integral sign because it is a constant thas
representa the distance separating the axes. ‘The second ofthe right-haeg
terms in Ba. (a) becemes zero because fy dA = A -9, where J represents
the distance from the reference axis X, to the centroid. In this instance g
hhas the value of zero because X. passes through the centroid. We obtain
finally,
baht ae ey
Put into words, this equation states that for any area the moment of
inertia with respect to any axis in the plane of the area is equal to the
moment of inertia with respect to a parallel centroidat axis plus a transfer
‘erm composed of the product of the area multiplied by the square of the
distanee between the axes. Evidently the least moment of inertia for any
given direction of an axis is the centroidal moment of inertia. Note care
fully that the centroidal axis involved in the transfer formula is always the
centroidal axis of the area used in the transfer term Ad’.
A similar relation exists between the radii of gyration with respect to
Parallel axes, one of which is a centroidal axis, Replacing I, by Ak} and
I. by Ab} in Bq, (8-5), we obtain
Ak} = AE? + Ad
‘whence
ee a (4)
In like fashion, for
‘we obtain the followi
centroidal axis:
* polar moments of inertia and polar radii of gyration
‘ing analogous relations between any axis and a parallel
Babee
JnS+ae
\ on
8-5) Me
ments of Inert by 1
ps. Moments of Inertia by Integration 199
0 dete di fear ee 1 inertia by integra
iflerentil area so that oe ag
Man parts of the dicetat ee ‘esi ty
ference 8xi8 OF At the same
2. The moment of ies o he dean
sence 888 Ka0¥. The mana i
mation of the moments of ine 9,
fhe evaluation of T for a part
(Art. 8-4) is used to refer the
gure to & common reference axig
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
tot. Determine the momen osname ae
Band depth h with
ct to (8) a centroidal axis parallel tot .
rere » the base an¢ (bj an axa coinciding with
ei
L
t
;
L
Solution: Centroidal Axis. Selec the differential element as shown in Fig. 85.
All parts of the element are at the same distance from the centroidal X, axis. Ap-
plying Eq. (8-1), we find the centroidal moment of inertia to be
[fra] ne LrweliT i a
Axis Coinciding with the Base. ‘The preceding result can be transferred through
the distance h/2 to the parallel base axis by applying the transfer formula as follow
wap
We T+ say ; nes an() dn,
"When all parts of an eernat are at the same distance from an asi thi distance
'S really the radius of gyrati a for the clement. See Fig. 6-2.the same values as}
raanotnetnorieprteetenis ES Ct hae map
the elemental aris OPT Tectangle of corresponding dimen,
f ee the corresponding axes of inertig
Le any spertia foro tangle of base D and altitude
moment of ‘and (b) 8 centroidal axis paralle
Determine the ing with its base
vg (a) an ace coiniding with
Select the differential element, a8 shown
| eas Asie Coiniig wih e Bat
7 length 2 = (A —
| nig. 6-7. From similar triangle tho a
eta with pect to the X xin obtained fom
ne [vee- [Lr pane
- fra] iL
y). The moment of in.
| terran
Fra, #8
Cenrodal Azis. To obtain the centroidal moment of inert [,, we transfer the
known value of rom the base axis X to the parallel centroidal wxis X,- Since the
transfer distance is h/3 a8 shown in Fig. 8-8, we obtain
5 n/a)? ‘BaP
tet ae a) ae
We= Le 4a} = 1.+ (3) =z
tein the moment of neta a cieuarare of ai vith expe
ondanani tae
Sotution: Using polar coordinates, select the differential element, ss shown in
Fig. 69. From the gure, y= pin ®, The moment of inertia with respeet tothe
oe
Ue = Syaa)
Lf eros [oat = Be
cA
Fan.
Uehthl
ol Moments of Inertia by Ineration
Ja $4. Fro. 8:10.
‘kv alternate and simpler solution sto ue Fig. 810 in which the dierent le
pont taken a the shaded ng of aren dd = p(s) The polar momento
iain io
ye seas) Ja foot
‘he roctangulr moments of nr I, and reco eual bcs of
poy 0 that applying Ea. (9) ylie ne
ea -
Prhth o =F Check
PROBLEMS
04. Determine the moment of inertia of a triangle of base 5 and altitude A
srth respect to an axis through the apex parallel to the base. Use the transfer
ted thre of h-P. de ro
28. Deterine th monn oie tte ure ce sors Fe POs
with eps othe gen ae
YY
Fro, P-805.202 Mouse oF INERTIA {Cap ving
"me Devan th momatfinerinof be venice shown in Fig, gy
Am. Tym Ty a ar
respect tothe given axes, 7 hem
?
7. Show tat the moment offen of «sia of radio 70.12 1 yi,
reaect oa centroial xa prll tothe diameter. ;
{28D monet nein othe gnteciesown aia
vith pect omental X m8. Te = 005
8 Dili met fit eet othe X or ee
eat Tr
ciel ye tip wow eon += Abo mite te ay
of gyration. me Ton at
‘0. Determine the moment of inert andthe radius of gyrtion, with espene
to the ¥ axis, ofthe area eut from the fret quadrant by the curve y = 4.2"
where z and y are in inches, *;
r tae ye Hk = Vi
| anit BL, Deterino the moment of ine,
wih rape she or
| le eareanre ss
| a 4a
x vob
(12 Deleting 1 fr th shaded pe,
ol tear Pal
ie PSI wd Pal Ane Ip 44
86 Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas
When a composite are can be divided into geomtic ements (es
tanga, triangle ete) for which the moments of inrtis sve Kenn Ne
moment of inertia for the eoriposte aren ts the sum af the mene
ine forthe separnte elements Before the moments of ice a
slemens ean be added, however, they must all be foun wl
the same x
In the problems which flow, the values
ssomere elements ean
pect to
of the moments of inertia for
be taken from the results of the problems in Art
8-5; these are summarized in Table VIII-1,
the cross section of a structural element sud
‘values in Table VIIL-2 ean be used,
‘When the geometric shape is
+h as an angle or channel, the
area is the sum of the momentaof
ments of inertia being referred toro the same axis of inertia before the addition is
made. : ;
‘Wid reepect tothe Xs ais, te simplest subi
vision of te given areain to resolve it into large
TEtangle 8 % 12 in from which two smaller re-
Tanglin each 35 in. 10‘n, are subtracted. The
entroidl axis foreach of these parts coincides
ith the X, ais of the Sure; hence the transfer
Tormula ned not be wed.” Using the result sted
in Table VIIA, we therfore obtain
we ‘rectany
[$F] 9x reruns
Ea ZZ
a 8x
ay ,
1, = 2 sin’
ct
35x oy" ‘
