CH 06
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tjkyle14CH 06
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tjkyle14CHAPTER 6
First- and Second-Order
Transient Circuits
Section 6.2 Solutions
6.2.1 Use the differential equation approach to find i(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.1.
t=0
4Ω
8V + i(t)
–
2H 4Ω
FIGURE P6.2.1
Solution:
t = 0–
R1 4
VS
8 + V
– i L(0 −) = _
S = 2 A
R1
iL(0−) R2 4
t>0
iL(t) i(t)
KVL:
di (t)
L 2
R2 4 L⋅_
L + R2 ⋅ iL (t) = 0
dt
diL (t) _
_ R
+ 2 ⋅ iL (t) = 0
dt L
r+2=0
r = −2
i L(t) = K2 e rt A
iL (0 −) = iL (0 +) = 2 A = K1 + K2
K1 = 0, K2 = 2
iL (t) = 2e −2t A, t > 0
iL (t) = i(t)
i(t) = 2e −2t A, t > 0 303
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 303 01-Feb-22 8:19:04 PM
304 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.2 Use the differential equation approach to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.2 and plot the
response, including the time interval just prior to opening the switch.
100 μF
t=0
6 kΩ +
12 V + 6 kΩ 6 kΩ υo(t)
–
−
FIGURE P6.2.2
Solution:
t = 0–
+ υc(0−) −
R2
V ⋅ R
υC (0 −) = _
S 2
6k
R2 + R3
VS υC (0 −) = 6 V
12 + R1 6k 6k R3
–
t>0
iL(t) C
100 μ
i2(t) R2
6k + KCL:
iC (t) + i 2 (t) + io (t) = 0
R1 6k R3 6k υc(t)
io(t)
−
dυ (t) υC (t) _ υ (t)
C ⋅_
C + _ + C = 0
dt R2 R1 + R3
dυ (t)
( R2 R1 + R3 ) C
C ⋅_
C + _ 1 ⋅ υ (t) = 0
1 + _
dt
( R2 ⋅ ( R1 + R3 ) ⋅ C ) C
dυC (t) R2 + R1 + R3
_ + ______________
⋅ υ (t) = 0
dt
r + 2.5 = 0
r = −2.5
2 e rt V
υC (t) = K
υC (0 −) = υC (0 +) = 6 V = K1 + K2
K1 = 0, K 2 = 6
υC (t) = 6e −2.5t V, t > 0
υ (t)
io (t) = _
C
R1 + R3
io (t) = 0.5e −2.5t mA, t > 0
υ o(t) = −io (t) ⋅ R3
υ o(t) = −3e −2.5t V, t > 0
υ o(0 −) = VS − υC (0 −) = 6 V
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 304 01-Feb-22 8:19:05 PM
Solutions to Problems 305
υ o(0 +) = −3 V
υ o(∞) = 0 V
1r = 0.4 s
τ=_
υo(t) (V)
2
0.8
… t (s)
0
0.4 1.2 1.6 2.0
–1
–2
–3
6.2.3 Use the differential equation approach to find io(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.3.
6 kΩ 6 kΩ
io(t)
12 V + 100 μF 12 kΩ
–
t=0
FIGURE P6.2.3
Solution:
t = 0–
R1 R2
6k 6k Vs ⋅ R3
+ υC (0 −) = ___________
VS R1 + R2 + R3
+ υc(0−) R3 12k
12 – υC (0 −) = 6 V
−
t>0
Vc(t)
io(t)
+
R2 6k C 100 μ R3 12k
−
KCL:
υC (t) dυ (t) υC (t)
_ + C ⋅ _
C + _ = 0
R2 dt R3
C + ( 2 3 ) ⋅ υC (t) = 0
dυ (t) R ⋅ R
C ⋅_ _
dt R2 + R3
( ( R2 + R3 ) ⋅ C ) C
dυC (t) R2 ⋅ R3
_ + ______________ ⋅ υ (t) = 0
dt
r + 2.5 = 0
r = −2.5
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 305 01-Feb-22 8:19:07 PM
306 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
2 e rt V
υC (t) = K
υC (0 −) = VC (0 +) = 6 V = K1 + K2
K1 = 0, K 2 = 6
υC (t) = 6e −2.5t V, t > 0
−υ (t)
io (t) = _
C
R2
io (t) = −1e −2.5t mA, t > 0
6.2.4 Use the step-by-step method to find io(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.4.
2 kΩ
6 kΩ 2H + 12 V
−
io(t)
t=0
FIGURE P6.2.4
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
i o(t) = K
t = 0–
R2
2k V
iL (0 −) = _
S
VS R2
R1 6k iL(0−) + 12 iL (0 −) = 6 mA = iL (0 +)
−
t = 0+
iL(0+)
i o(0 +) = −iL (0 +)
R1 6k 6m
io (0 +) = −6 mA
io(0+)
t=∞
R1 6k io (∞) = 0 A
io(∞)
Req
= R1 = 6 kΩ
R1 Req L = 0.33 ms
τ = _
Req
i o(0 +) = −6 mA = K
1 + K2
io (∞) = 0 A = K1
K 2 = −6 mA
–3
io (t) = −6e −t/0.33×10 mA, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 306 01-Feb-22 8:19:09 PM
Solutions to Problems 307
6.2.5 Find υC (t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.5 using the step-by-step method.
4 kΩ 4 kΩ
t=0
+
4 kΩ υC(t) 20 μF
−
+ 12 V
–
FIGURE P6.2.5
Solution:
υ C(t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0–
R2 R3
4k 4k
+
VS + υC (0−) υ C(0 −) = 12 V
R1 4k
12 – −
t = 0+
υ C(0 −) = υ C(0 +) = 12 V
t=∞
R2 R3
4k 4k
+ υ C(∞) = 0 V
R1 4k υC(∞)
−
R2 R3
Req
= R1 + R2 + R3 = 12 kΩ
R1 Req τ = Req
⋅ C = 0.24 s
υ C (0 +) = 12 V = K1 + K2
υ C (∞) = 0 V = K1
K2 = 12 V
υ C ( t) = 12e −t/0.24 V, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 307 01-Feb-22 8:19:10 PM
308 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.6 Use the step-by-step method to find io(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.6.
2 kΩ io(t) 6 kΩ 12 kΩ
+ 10 V 100 μF + 20 V
− t=0 −
FIGURE P6.2.6
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
io (t) = K
t = 0–
R1 io(0−) R2 R3
− 2k + 6k 12k
+ VS2
VS1 + υC(0−) +
− − 20
10 −
V − VS2
i o(0 −) = ___________
S1 = −0.5 mA
R1 + R2 + R3
− ( io (0 −)) ⋅ R1
υ C(0 −) = VS1
υ C(0 −) = 11 V = υ C(0 +)
t = 0+
R1
2k υ (0 +)
io (0 +) = _
C
VS1 υC(0+) R2
+ + R2 6k
10 − 11 − io (0 +) = 1.83 mA
io(0+)
t=∞
R1
2k VS 1
io (∞) = _
R1 + R2
VS1 + R2 6k
10 − io (∞) = 1.25 mA
io(∞)
Req
= R1 ∥ R 2 = 1.5 kΩ
R1 Req R2
τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.15 s
i o(0 +) = K1 + K2 = 1.83 mA
io (∞) = K1 = 1.25 mA
K2 = 0.58 mA
io (t) = 1.25 + 0.58e −t/0.15 mA, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 308 01-Feb-22 8:19:12 PM
Solutions to Problems 309
6.2.7 Use the step-by-step method to find io(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.7.
4 kΩ
4 kΩ 2 kΩ
8 kΩ 50 μF t=0 + 10 V
−
io(t)
FIGURE P6.2.7
Solution:
io (t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0–
R2 R3 R4
4k 4k 2k
+ VS1
R1 8k υC(0−) +
− 10
−
VS1 ⋅ ( R1 + R2 )
υ C(0 −) = _______________
R1 + R2 + R3 + R4
υ C(0 −) = 6.67 V = υ C(0 +)
t = 0+
R2
υ (0 +)
4k io (0 +) = _
C
R1 + R2
υC(0+) +
R1 8k R3 4k
6.67 − io (0 +) = 0.55 mA
io(0+)
t=∞
R2
4k
R1 io (∞) = 0
8k R3 4k
io(∞)
R2
Req
= ( R1 + R2 ) ∥ R 3 = 3 kΩ
R1 Req R3
τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.15 s
i o(0 +) = K1 + K2 = 0.55 mA
io (∞) = K1 = 0 A
K2 = 0.55 mA
io (t) = 0.55 e−t/0.15 mA, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 309 01-Feb-22 8:19:14 PM
310 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.8 Use the step-by-step method to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.8.
t=0
+
12 mA 6 kΩ 6 kΩ υo(t)
100 μF −
FIGURE P6.2.8
Solution:
Vo (t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0–
+
IS R1 6k υC(0−) R2 6k
12m −
υ C(0 −) = ( S 1 ) ⋅ R2
I ⋅ R
_
R1 + R2
υ C (0 −) = 36 V = υ C(0 +)
t = 0+
+
υC (0−)
+ R2 6k υC (0+) υ o(0 +) = 36 V
36 −
−
t=∞
R2 6k υc(∞) υ C(∞) = 0 V
Re q = R2 = 6 kΩ
Req R2
τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.6 s
υ o(0 +) = 36 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 0 V = K1
K2 = 36 V
υ o(t) = 36e−t/0.6 V, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 310 01-Feb-22 8:19:17 PM
Solutions to Problems 311
6.2.9 Find io(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.9.
t=0
io(t)
8Ω 4Ω 6Ω
10 V + 10 Ω 0.1 H
– 8V
– +
FIGURE P6.2.9
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
io (t) = K
t = 0–
R1 R3 R4
VS 1
8 4 6 I′ = _ = 1.25 A
VS1 R1
VS2
10 + R2 10
– 8
R′ = R1 ∥ R2 = 4.44 Ω
– +
V′ = I′ ⋅ R′ = 5.55
iL(0−)
R’ R3 R4
4.44 4 6
V’ VS2
5.55 + – 8
– +
iL(0−)
V
V′ − _
i L(0 −) = ___________ S2 = −0.676 A
( R′ + R3 ) R4
t = 0+
R1 R3
8 4 io(+)
VS1 iL(o+) io (t) = −0.676 A
10 + R2 10 0.676
–
t=∞
R1 I R3 R″ = R2 ∥ R3 = 2.86
1
VS 1
8 4 I1 = _
= 0.921 A
R1 + R″
VS1
10 + R2 10 io(∞)
io (∞) = _
I ⋅ R
1 2
– R2 + R3
io (∞) = 0.658 A
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 311 01-Feb-22 8:19:19 PM
312 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
R1 R3
Re q = ( R1 ∥ R 2) + R3 = 8.44 Ω
R2 Req τ=_ L = 0.0118 s
Req
i o(0 +) = −0.676 A = K1 + K2
io (∞) = 0.658 A = K1
K2 = −1.334 A
io (t) = 0.658 − 1.334e−t/0.0118 A, t > 0
6.2.10 Use the step-by-step method to find io(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.10.
4 kΩ 4 kΩ 200 μF
24 V + 4 kΩ 2 kΩ
– t=0
io(t)
FIGURE P6.2.10
Solution:
i o(t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0–
υc(0−)
R1 R2 + −
VS ⋅ R3
4k 4k υ C(0 −) = ___________
VS R1 + R2 + R3
24 + R3 4k R4 2k υ C(0 −) = 8 V = υC (0 +)
–
t = 0+
R′ = R2 ∥ R3 = 2k
Vc(0+)
R1 R2 8 υ (0 +)
+– iS (0 +) = _
C
R′ + R4
4k 4k is(0+)
VS iS (0 +) = 2 mA
24 + R3 4k R4 2k i (0 +) ⋅ R2
– io (0 +) = _____________
S
R2 + R3
io(0+)
io (0 +) = 1 mA
t=∞
R2
4k
io (∞) = 0 A
R3 4k R4 2k
io(∞)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 312 01-Feb-22 8:19:21 PM
Solutions to Problems 313
Req
= ( R2 ∥ R3 ) + R4 = 4 kΩ
Req
R2 R3 R4 τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.8 s
i o(0 +) = 1 mA = K1 + K2
io (∞) = 0 A = K1
K2 = 1 mA
io (t) = 1e−t/0.8 mA, t > 0
6.2.11 Find υo(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.11 using the step-by-step technique.
6 kΩ 6 kΩ 100 μF
+
36 V + 6 kΩ 3 kΩ υo(t)
– t=0
FIGURE P6.2.11
Solution:
υ o(t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0–
υc(0−)
R1 R2 + −
VS ⋅ R3
6k 6k υC (0 −) = ___________
R1 + R2 + R3
VS
36 + R3 6k R4 3k υC (0 −) = 12 V = υC (0 +)
–
t = 0+
υc(0+)
R1 R2
12
+– R′ = R2 ∥ R3 = 3k
6k 6k +
VS −υ (0 +) ⋅ R4
υ o(0 +) = ___________
C
+ R3 R4 R′ + R4
36 6k 3k υc(0+)
–
υ o(0 +) = −6 V
−
t=∞
R2
6k +
R3 υ o(∞) = 0 V
6k R4 3k υo(∞)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 313 01-Feb-22 8:19:23 PM
314 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
Req
= ( R2 ∥ R3 ) + R4 = 6 kΩ
Req
R2 R3 R4
τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.6 s
υ o(0 +) = −6 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 0 V = K1
K2 = −6 V
υ o(t) = −6e−t/0.6 V, t > 0
Solutions
Solutions to
to Assessment
Assessment Bank
Bank P
P
6.2.12 Use the differential equation approach to find i(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.12 and plot the
ABP 7.2.40
ABP 7.2.40 Use
Use the
the differential
differential equation
equation approach
approach toto find
find i(t)
i(t) for
for tt >
> 00 in
in the
the circuit
circuit in
in Fig.
Fig. ABP7.2.40
ABP7.2.40
response, including the time interval just prior to opening the switch.
and plot
and plot the
the response,
response, including
including the
the time
time interval
interval just
just prior
prior to
to opening
opening the the switch.
switch.
5
5 kΩ
kΩ tt =
=00 2
2 kΩ
kΩ 11 kΩ
kΩ
i(t)
i(t)
5 mA
5 mA 11 kΩ
kΩ 2 kΩ
2 kΩ 11 kΩ
kΩ
11 mH
mH
FIGURE ABP7.2.40
FIGUREABP7.2.40
FIGURE P6.2.12
Solution:
Solution:
= 00–––
tt =
R1
R R3
R R5
R
1 3 5
5k
5k 2k
2k 1k
1k
IIS
S R
R22 1k
1k R
R44 2k
2k R
R66 1k
1k
5m
5m (0−
iiLL(0 −))
R′′ =
R = R
= R R
∥(((R
∥
R4 44 ∥ +
+ RR
R5 55 + =
R6 66))) = 1k
= 1k
1k
R″″ =
R = R
= R3 3 +
R 3
+ RR
+ R′ ′′= = 3k
= 3k
3k
R″″ ∥∥∥00 =
R = 000
=
−
ii2 2( (( 00 −−))) =
2
=
= 555 mA
mA
mA
(all current
(all
(all current flows
current flows through
flows through the
through the short)
the short)
short)
ttt >
> 000
>
R R V
R33 R55 VLL(t)
(t)
iiL(t)
L(t) 2k
2k 1k
1k ii11(t)
(t) iiLL(t)
(t) ii22(t)
(t)
R 1k L
L R 2k R 1k R 1k L R′′′′
R22 1k R44 2k R66 1k R22 1k L 1m
1m R 3k
3k
1m
1m
KCL:
KCL:
ii1((tt)) +
1 + ii2((tt)) +
+ ii2((tt)) =
2 = 00 2
υυLL((tt))
____ υυLL((tt))
____
____ + i ( t) + ____ =0
R2 + iLL(t) + R
R 2
R″″ = 0
d
diiLL((tt))
υυLL((tt)) =
=L L ⋅⋅ _____
_____
dt
dt
( L ⋅ _____) ( dt )
diiLL((tt)) diiLL((tt))
(L ⋅ dt dt ) + i ( t) + __________
(L ⋅ dt ) =0
_____
d L ⋅ _____
d
_____
__________
__________ __________
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 314 R2 + iLL(t) + R″″ =0 01-Feb-22 8:19:25 PM
R R
Solutions to Problems 315
KCL:
i1 (t) + i2 (t) + i2 (t) = 0
υ ( t)
____ υ (t)
L + iL (t) + ____
L = 0
R2 R″
di ( t)
υ L( t) = L ⋅ _____
L
dt
( ) ( )
di ( t) di ( t)
L ⋅ _____
L L ⋅ _____
L
__________ dt __________
+ iL (t) + dt = 0
R2 R″
(___________
″ ) dt
L ⋅ ( R2 + R″ ) _____di (t)
⋅ L + iL ( t) = 0
R2 ⋅ R
( (R2 + R″ ) ⋅ L ) L
di ( t)
_____ R2 ⋅ R″
L + ___________
⋅ i (t) = 0
dt
TER 7 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits r + 7.5 × 10 5 = 0
r = − 7.5 × 10 5
iL (iLt)( t=
)=K2 K e2 rte rtmA
mA
i Li( L0( −0)− =
)=iL ( i0L( +0) + =) = 5 mA
5 mA ==K1 K
+1 +
K2 K
2
K1 K =
1=0,
0,K2 K =2 =
5 5mm
iL (iLt)( t=
)=i(ti)(t)
5
10 t t
i(ti)( t= 5 e5 −7.5×
e −7.5×10 mA, mA, t >t >
00
5
)=
i(0i( −0)− =
)=5 5mA
mA
i(∞ i(∞ ) = )=00
τ=
τ= 1r __
__ 1= =
1.33 μs
r 1.33 μs
i(t) (mA)
5
1
t (µs)
0 1.33 2.67 4 5.33 6.67
6.2.13
ABP Use theUse
7.2.41 differential equation
the differential approach
equation to find to
approach iL(t) forυto(t)
find > 0for
in tthe
> 0circuit
in the in Fig. P6.2.13
circuit and plot
in Fig. ABP7.2.41
the response, including the time interval just prior to opening the switch.
and plot the response, including the time interval just prior to opening the switch.
100 μF 2H
–+
t=0 iL(t)
6V 6V
12 kΩ
12 Ω 6−Ω+ 6Ω 3Ω
+
+ 12 V
−
FIGURE P6.2.13
8 kΩ υo(t)
t=0
4 kΩ
FIGURE ABP7.2.41
Solution:
t = 0–
υc(0−) −
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 315
+ 01-Feb-22 8:19:26 PM
316 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
Solution:
t = 0–
VS
iL(0−)
–+
6
R′ = R1 ∥ R2 = 4
R1 12 R2 6 R3 6 R4 3
iL(0−)
3 R″ = R′ ∥ R3 = 2.4
R’ 4 R3 6 R4 3
2
3 ⋅ R″
__
2
i L(0 −) = _______
R″ + R4
iL (0 −) = 0.667 A
t>0
L iL(t) KVL:
diL (t)
R
2 (t) + L _
3 ⋅ iL + R4 ⋅ iL (t) = 0
dt
+(
L ) L
R3 6 R4 3 diL (t)
_ R + R4
_
3 ⋅ i (t) = 0
dt
r + 4.5 = 0
r = −4.5
2 e rt A
iL (t) = K
iL (0 −) = iL (0 +) = 0.667 A = K1 + K2
K1 = 0, K 2 = 0.667
iL (t) = 0.667e −4.5t A, t > 0
2 A
i L(0 −) = _
3
iL (∞) = 0 A
τ=_ 1r = 0.22 s
iL(t) (A)
2/3
0 0.22 0.44 0.66 0.88 1.1 .... t (s)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 316 01-Feb-22 8:19:27 PM
Solutions to Problems 317
6.2.14 Use the differential equation approach to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.14.
4H +
t=0
2Ω 4Ω 4Ω υo(t)
4A
−
FIGURE P6.2.14
Solution:
t = 0–
2A 2A iL(0−) = 1A
iL (0 −) = 1 A
R1 2 Is 4 R2 4 R3 4
CHAPTER 7
t>0
L iL(t) KVL:
diL (t)
4 + R2 ⋅ iL (t) + L _
+ R3 ⋅ iL (t) = 0
dt
+(
L ) L
R2 4 R3 4 υo(t) diL (t) R + R3
_ _
First- and Second-Order
2 ⋅ i (t) = 0
dt
−
r+2=0
r = −2
Transient Circuits
iL (t) = K2 e A rt
iL (0 −) = iL (0 +) = 1 A = K1 + K2
K1 = 0, K 2 = 1
iL (t) = 1e −2t A, t > 0
υ o(t) = R3 ⋅ iL (t)
Section 7.2 Solutions
υ o(t) = 4e −2t A, t > 0
6.2.15 Use the
ABP 7.2.1 Usedifferential equation
the differential approach
equation to find
approach to υfind
C (t)υfor t>
C (t) for0 tin>the
0 incircuit in Fig.
the circuit in P6.2.15.
Fig. ABP7.2.1.
9 kΩ
4 kΩ
+
3 kΩ 6V + υC(t) 100 μF
–
−
t=0
FIGURE
FIGURE ABP7.2.1
P6.2.15
Solution:
t = 0–
R2
9k +
R3 4k
υS ⋅ (R1 + R2)
υC(0 −) = ___________
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 317 R1 + R2 + R3 01-Feb-22 8:19:29 PM
−
−
tt =
=00
318 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits FIGURE
FIGURE ABP7.2.1
ABP7.2.1
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
–
tt t=
==00–0–
RR22
9k
9k +
+
RR33 4k
4k
υ S⋅⋅ ⋅((R
υ___________
υ___________ (RR1 1 + +RR)2 ))
υ − 1 +R
υυCC(C(00(0−− )) )=
=___________
=
SS 22
RR111 +
R + +R RR222 + +R
+ RR333
RR11 3k υ ( −) = 4.5 V
υυ (C(00 0−− )) =
3k υυcc(0
(0−−)) = 4.5
CC4.5 V V
VVSS +
+
66 ––
−
−
tt t>
>>000
i(t)
i(t) RR22 KVL:
KVL:
KVL:
9k
9k +
+ RR
R 11 1 ⋅⋅ ⋅ii((i
tt())t)+
+R
+ RR222 ⋅⋅ ⋅ii((itt())t)+
+υυυCC C((t( t))t)=
+ =000
=
d dυ (t)
(t)
ii((itt())t)= =C
= CC⋅⋅ ⋅______ υυCCC(t)
d______
______
dtdt
dt
dυυCC C(t)
dd______ (t)
((RR(R +
11 1+
+R
RR22))2 )⋅⋅ ⋅C CC⋅⋅ ⋅______ υ______ (t) +++υυυCC C((t(t))t)=
=000
=
RR11 3k
3k υυcc(t)
(t) dtdt
dt
C
C (t) ___________
dυ (t) υ (t)
d______
d υυCCC(t)
______ υυCCC((tt))
100m
100m ______
dt
+++___________
___________ =
= =000
dt
dt ((R11 + RRR22)2 ))⋅⋅ ⋅C
R
( R
1
+ + CC
−
−
r + 0.833 = 0
r = − 0.833
υ C(t) = K2 e rt V
υ C( 0 −) = υ C( 0 +) = 4.5 V = K1 + K2
K1 = 0, K 2 = 4.5
υ C(t) = 4.5e −0.833t V, t > 0
6.2.16 Use the step-by-step method to find io(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.16.
t=0
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
+ 12 V 100 μF 1 kΩ – 8V
– +
io(t)
FIGURE P6.2.16
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 318 01-Feb-22 8:19:30 PM
Solutions to Problems 319
Solution:
t = 0–
+ 1 kΩ
VS2 −V ⋅ ( 1k)
– υ C (0 −) = _____________
S2 = −4 V
υc(0+) 1 kΩ 8V ( 1k) + ( 1k)
+
υ C (0 −) = υ C (0 +) = −4 V
–
+
t=0
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
VS1 υc(0+) VS2 −υ (0 +)
– – io (0 +) = _
C
+ 4V 1 kΩ 8V 1 kΩ
12 V – + +
io(0+) io (0 +) = −4 mA
t=∞
vo(∞)
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
VS1 VS2
+ 1 kΩ – 8V
12 V – +
io(∞)
υ (∞) − 12 _ υ (∞) ____________
υ (∞) + 8
KCL: _____________
o + o + o = 0
1k 1k 1k
υ o(∞)[_
1k 1k 1k ] 1k 1k
1 + _
1 + _ 1 = _ 8
12 − _
υ o(∞) = 1.33 V
υ (∞)
io (∞) = _
o = 1.33 mA
1k
1k Req 1k 1k
R eq = 1k ∥ 1k ∥ 1k = 333.33 Ω
τ = Re q ⋅ C = ( 333.33)(100 μ) = 0.033 s
K1 = io (∞) = 1.33 mA
K1 + K2 = io (0 +) → K2 = io (0 +) − K1
K2 = −5.33 mA
io (t) = 1.33 − 5.33e −30t mA, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 319 01-Feb-22 8:19:32 PM
320 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.17 Use the step-by-step method to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.17.
+ υo(t) −
3 kΩ 6 kΩ 3 kΩ
+ 200 µF t=0 +
18 V 6V
– –
FIGURE P6.2.17
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
υ o(t) = K
t = 0–
I R1 R2 R3
+ 3k – 6k 3k VS 1 − VS2
VS1 + VS2 I = ___________
R1 + R2 + R3
18 + VC(0−) + 6
– – I = 1 mA
−
KVL:
υ C(0 −) = VS1
− R1 ⋅ I
υ C(0 −) = 15 V = υ C(0 +)
t = 0+
+ Vc(0+) –
R1 R2
3k 6k υ o(0 +) = υ C (0 +)
VS1 Vc(0+)
+ + υ o(0 +) = 15 V
18 15
– –
t=∞
+ Vo(∞) –
R1 R2
V ⋅ R
υ o(∞) = _
S1 2
3k 6k R1 + R2
VS1
+ υ o(∞) = 12 V
18
–
R1 R2
Req
= R1 ∥ R2 = 2 kΩ
Req τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.4 s
υ o(0 +) = 15 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 12 V = K1
K 2 = 3 V
υ o(t) = 12 + 3e −t/0.4 V, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 320 01-Feb-22 8:19:34 PM
Solutions to Problems 321
6.2.18 Find υo(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.18 using the step-by-step technique.
+
2Ω 2Ω
2H
3Ω
υo(t)
+ 6Ω
12 V –
t=0 −
FIGURE P6.2.18
Solution:
υ o(t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0–
+ + iL(0−)
R′ = R1 ∥ R2 = 1 Ω
R1 2 R2 2 Vo Vs R″ = R3 ∥ R4 = 2 Ω
R3 3 + R4 6
−
12
− −
iL( −)
V
Vs iL (0 −) = ___
S
+ R′
R'' R'
− iL (0 −) = 12 A = iL (0 +)
12
t = 0+
iL(0+)
12
+ υ o(0 +) = iL (0 +) ⋅ R′
R'' 2 R' 1 Vo(0+) υ o( 0 +) = 12 V
t=∞
iL(∞) υ o(∞) = 0 V
R'' 2 R' 1 Vo(∞)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 321 01-Feb-22 8:19:36 PM
322 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
Req
Req
= R′ + R″ = 3 Ω
L = 0.6675
τ = ___
Re q
R'' R'
υ o( 0 +) = 12 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 0 V = K1
K2 = 12 V
υ o(t) = 12 e −t/0.667 V, t > 0
6.2.19 Use the step-by-step method to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.19.
4 kΩ 4 kΩ +
t=0 4 μF
4 kΩ υo(t)
12 V + 2 μF 2 μF
–
−
FIGURE P6.2.19
Solution:
R1 R2
4k 4k +
t=0
Ceq 2μ R3 4k υo(t)
Vs
12
+
–
−
(2 μ + 2 μ) · 4 μ
Ceq = _____________
= 2 μF
2μ+2μ+4μ
1 + K2 e −t/τ
υ o(t) = K
t = 0–
R1 R2 I
4k 4k
VS
I = ___________
= 1 A
+ R1 + R2 + R3
Vs + υC (0−) υC (0 −) = VS − I ⋅ R1
12 – R3 4k
− υC (0 −) = 8 V = υC (0 +)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 322 01-Feb-22 8:19:38 PM
Solutions to Problems 323
t = 0+
R2
4k +
V (0 +) ⋅ R3
υc(0+) υ o(0 +) = ___________
C
R2 + R3
+ υo(0+)
8 – R3 4k
υ o(0 +) = 4 V
t=∞
R2
4k +
υ o(∞) = 0 V
R3 4k υo(∞)
R2
Re q = R2 + R3 = 8 kΩ
Req R3 τ = Re q ⋅ Ce q = 16 ms
υ o(0 +) = 4 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 0 V = K1
K 2 = 4 V
υ o(t) = 4e −t/0.016 V, t > 0
6.2.20 Use the step-by-step method to find io(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.20.
4 mH
12 mH
10 mA 10 kΩ 10 kΩ t=0
io(t)
FIGURE P6.2.20
Solution:
Leq
L eq = L1 ∥ L2 = 3 mH
Is R1 10k R2 10k t=0 1 + K2 e −t/τ
io (t) = K
10m
io(t)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 323 01-Feb-22 8:19:40 PM
324 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
t = 0–
Is iL(0–) iL (0 −) = 10 mA = iL ( 0 +)
10m
t = 0+
iL(0+) 10m
io (0 +) = iL (0 +) = 10 mA
Is R1 10k R2 10k
10m
io(0+)
t=∞
I ⋅ R
io (∞) = _
S 1
Is R1 10k R2 10k R1 + R2
10m io (∞) = 5 mA
io(∞)
Req
Req
= R1 + R2 = 20 kΩ
Leq
R1 10k R2 τ=_
= 0.15 μs
Re q
io (0 +) = 10 mA = K1 + K2
io (∞) = 5 mA = K1
K2 = 5 mA
−6
io (t) = 5 + 5e −t/0.15×10 mA, t > 0
6.2.21 Find io(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.21 using the step-by-step method.
12 V
–+
4 kΩ
100 μF
t=0
4 kΩ 4 kΩ 4 kΩ
8 kΩ
io(t)
FIGURE P6.2.21
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 324 01-Feb-22 8:19:42 PM
Solutions to Problems 325
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
i o(t) = K
t = 0–
R2 VS 12 + υc(0–) –
–+ VS ⋅ R4
4k υ C (0 −) = ___________
R1 + R2 + R4
R1 4k R4 4k R5 4k υ C (0 −) = 4 V = υ C (0 +)
t = 0+
R2 VS 12 υc(0+) 4
–+ +–
4k R′ = R1 + R2 = 8k
R1 4k R3 8k R4 4k R5 4k R″ = R′ ∥ R3 = 4k
io(0+)
R" 4k 3m R4 4k 1m R5 4k
io(0+)
R = R″ ∥ R5 = 2k
( 3m + 1m) ⋅ R
io (0 +) = ____________
R + R4
io (0 +) = 1.333 mA
t=∞
VS 12
–+
VS
io (∞) = _
R″ + R4
R" 4k R4 4k R5 4k
io (∞) = 1.5 mA
io(∞)
Req
= ( R″ ∥ R4 ) + R5 = 6 kΩ
Req
R" R4 R5
τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.6 s
io (0 +) = 1.333 mA = K
1 + K2
io (∞) = 1.5 mA = K
1
K2 = −0.167 mA
io (t) = 1.5 − 0.167e −t/0.6 mA, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 325 01-Feb-22 8:19:44 PM
326 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.22 Use the step-by-step method to find io(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.22.
t=0 150 μF
4 kΩ 3 kΩ 2 kΩ
+ 36 V 3 kΩ 3 kΩ 12 V +
– –
io(t)
FIGURE P6.2.22
Solution:
t = 0–
3 kΩ + υc(0–) – 2 kΩ
3 kΩ 3 kΩ 12 V +
–
υ C (0 −) = −12 V
t = 0+
Vc
4 kΩ 3 kΩ 2 kΩ
–+
VS1 12 V VS2
+ 36 V 3 kΩ 3 kΩ 12 V +
– –
io(0+)
3 kΩ
Is′ +
36 V 4 kΩ 3 kΩ Vo(0+) 3 kΩ 2 kΩ
=
4 kΩ 9 mA –
VS 1′ = IS ′ ⋅ R′ io(0+)
= 15.43 V
12 kΩ
R′ = 4k ∥ 3k = _
7
6 kΩ
R″ = 3k ∥ 2k = _
5
V′ S1 ⋅ R″
υ o(0 +) = _________________
= 3.13 V
R′ + 3k + R″
υ (0 +)
io (0 +) = _
o = 1.043 mA
3k
≈ 1 mA
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 326 01-Feb-22 8:19:46 PM
Solutions to Problems 327
t=∞
4 kΩ 3 kΩ
+
VS1
+ 36 V 3 kΩ Vi (∞) 3 kΩ
–
– io (∞)
⋅ ( 3k ∥ (3k + 3k))
VS1
V 1(∞) = ___________________
= 12 V
4k + ( 3k ∥ (3k + 3k))
V (∞)
io (∞) = ____________
1 = 2 mA
( 3k + 3k)
3k Req
4k 3k 3k 2k
R eq = [ [(3k ∥ 4k) + 3k] ∥ 3k] + 2k
Re q = 3.833 kΩ
τ = Re q ⋅ C = ( 3.833k)(150 μ)
τ = 0.575 s
K1 = io (∞) = 2 mA
K1 + K2 = io (0 +) → K2 = io (0 +) − K1
K2 = 1 mA
io (t) = 2 − e −t/0.575 mA, t > 0
6.2.23 Use the step-by-step method to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.23.
6Ω
t=0
4H
2A 4Ω + 20 V
+
–
4Ω υo(t)
−
FIGURE P6.2.23
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
υ o(t) = K
t = 0–
R3
iL(0–) 6
VS
iL (0 −) = _
VS R2 + R3
R2 4 + 20
– iL (0 −) = 2 A = iL (0 +)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 327 01-Feb-22 8:19:47 PM
328 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
t = 0+
6
R3
iL(0+)
IS 2 VS
2 R1 4 + 20
+
–
R2 4 Vo(0+)
−
υ o(0 +) = iL (0 +) ⋅ R2
υ o(0 +) = 8 V
t=∞
R3
IS + VS
2 R1 4 R2 4 Vo(∞) + 20
–
−
V
I′ = _
S = 3.333 A
R3
R′ = R1 ∥ R3 = 2.4 Ω
io (∞)
IS +
2 R2 I′
R′ 2.4 4 Vo(∞)
3.333
−
( I + I′ ) ⋅ R′
i o(∞) = ________________
S
R′ + R2
io (∞) = 2 A
υ o(∞) = io (∞) ⋅ R2
υ o(∞) = 8 V
Req
Req
= R′ + R2 = 6.4 Ω
R1 R2 L = 0.625 s
τ=_
Req
υ o(0 +) = 8 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 8 V = K1
K2 = 0 V
υ o(t) = 8 V, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 328 01-Feb-22 8:19:49 PM
Solutions to Problems 329
6.2.24 Find io(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.24.
2H
6V
6Ω
–+
t=0
4Ω 2Ω
io(t)
FIGURE P6.2.24
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
i o(t) = K
t = 0–
iL(0−)
6
R1 V
iL (0 −) = _
S
–+ R1
6
Vs iL (0 −) = 1A = iL (0 +)
R2 4 2 R3
t = 0+
iL(0+) 1
6 −i (0 +) ⋅ R1
R1
io (0 +) = ___________
L
–+ R1 + R3
6
Vs io (0 +) = −0.75 A
R2 4 2 R3
io(0+)
t=∞
Vs −V
– io (∞) = _
S
R2 4 R1 6 2 R3 R3
+ 6
io (∞) = −3 A
io(∞)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 329 01-Feb-22 8:19:51 PM
330 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
Req
Req
= R1 ∥ R3 = 1.5 Ω
τ = _ L = 1.333 s
Req
R2 R1 R2
i o(0 +) = −0.75 A = K1 + K2
io (∞) = −3 A = K1
K2 = 2.25 A
io (t) = −3 + 2.25e −t/1.333 A, t > 0
6.2.25 Use the step-by-step method to find io(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.25.
io(t)
2 kΩ 4 kΩ
2 kΩ 50 μF + 10 V
10 mA –
t=0
FIGURE P6.2.25
Solution:
i o(t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0−
R2 R3
2k 4k
IS + Vs V′ = R1 ⋅ IS
–
10m R1 2k υc (0−)
+ 10 V′ = 20 V
−
I R1 R2 R3
2k 2k + 4k − V′ − VS
V′ + I = ___________
– – Vs R1 + R2 + R3
+ υc (0−)
+ 10
I = 1.25 mA
20
−
υ C(0 −) = R3 ⋅ I + VS
υ C (0 −) = 15 V = υ C (0 +)
t = 0+
− R2 + R3
io (0+) 2k 4k −V (0 +)
υc (0+) io (0 +) = _
C
Vs R2
+ + 10
15 – – io (0 +) = −7.5 mA
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 330 01-Feb-22 8:19:53 PM
Solutions to Problems 331
t=∞
− R2 + − R3 +
io (∞) 2k 4k −VS
io (∞) = _
Vs R2 + R3
+ 10
– io (∞) = −1.67 mA
R2 R3
Req
= R2 ∥ R3 = 1.33 kΩ
Req τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.067 s
i o(0 +) = −7.5 mA = K
1 + K2
io (∞) = −1.67 mA = K1
K2 = −5.83 mA
io (t) = −[1.67 + 5.83e −t/0.067] mA, t > 0
6.2.26 Use the step-by-step method to find io(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.26.
2 kΩ 2 kΩ
t=0
+ 12 V 100 μF 1 kΩ – 6V
– +
io(t)
FIGURE P6.2.26
Solution:
i o(t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0–
R1 R3
2k 2k
VS1 + VS2
+ –
– υc(0–) R2 1k +
12 6
–
KCL:
υ C (0 −) − VS1 υ (0 −) − VS2
υ C(0 −) ____________
____________ + _ + C = 0
R1 R2 R3
V VS2
( R1 R2 R3 ) C
_ 1 + _
1 + _ 1 ⋅ υ (0 −) = _
S1 + _
R1 R3
υ C (0 −) = 1.5 V = υ C (0 +)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 331 01-Feb-22 8:19:55 PM
332 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
t = 0+
R3
2k
υ C (0 +)
io (0 +) = _
Vc(0+) + – VS2 R2
– R2 1k +
1.5 6 io (0 +) = 1.5 mA
io(0+)
t=∞
R3
2k
−VS 2
io (∞) = _
VS2 R2 + R3
R2 –
1k + 6 io (∞) = −2 mA
io (∞)
R3
Req
= R2 ∥ R3 = 667 Ω
Req R2 τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.067 s
i o(0 +) = K1 + K2 = 1.5 mA
io (∞) = −2 mA = K1
K2 = 3.5 mA
io (t) = −2 + 3.5e−t/0.067 mA, t > 0
6.2.27 Find io(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.27.
6 kΩ 4 kΩ
100 μF
2 kΩ t=0
+ 10 V 2 kΩ
–
io(t)
FIGURE P6.2.27
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 332 01-Feb-22 8:19:56 PM
Solutions to Problems 333
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
i o(t) = K
t = 0–
R′ = R1 ∥ (R3 + R4 ) = 1.5k
IT I1
VS
R2 6k R3 4k IT = _
= 1.33 mA
R′ + R2
+ υC (0–) – IT ⋅ R1
I1 = ___________
= 0.33 mA
R1 + R3 + R4
+ KVL:
R1 2k
Vs + R4 2k
10 – υ C(0 −) = VS − I1 ⋅ R4
–
υ C(0 −) = 9.34 V = υ C(0 +)
t = 0+
R2 6k R3 4k
V − υ C(0 +)
io (0 +) = ___________
S
υC (0+) 9.34 R4
+– io (0 +) = 0.33 mA
Vs + R4 2k
10 –
io(0+)
t=∞
R2 6k R3 4k
io (∞) = 0 A
Vs + R4 2k
10 –
io (∞)
Re q = R3 ∥ R4 = 1.33 kΩ
R3 τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.13 s
Req R4
i o(0 +) = 0.33 mA = K1 + K2
io (∞) = 0 A = K
1
K2 = 0.33 mA
io (t) = 0.33e −t/0.13 mA, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 333 01-Feb-22 8:19:58 PM
334 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.28 Use the step-by-step method to find io(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.28.
io(t)
2 kΩ 1 kΩ
+ 24 V
t=0 3 kΩ
– 100 μF 4 mA
FIGURE P6.2.28
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
io (t) = K
t = 0–
R1 R2
2k 1k
VS + Is
24 + υC(0 –) R3 3k 4m
–
– V ′ = R3 ⋅ IS
V ′ = 12 V
R1 R2 R3 VS − V ′
I I = ___________
R1 + R2 + R3
2k 1k + 3k – I = 2 mA
VS + V′
24 + υC(0 –) + 12
– –
–
υ C (0 −) = R3 ⋅ I + V ′
υ C (0 −) = 18 V = υ C (0 +)
t = 0+
– R2 +
−υ C (0 +)
io (0+) 1k io (0 +) = _
R2
υC(0 +) Is
+ R3 3k 4m
io (0 +) = −18 mA
18 –
t=∞
R2
−I ⋅ R
io (∞) 1k io (∞) = _
S 3
R2 + R3
Is
R3 3k 4m
io (∞) = −3 mA
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 334 01-Feb-22 8:20:00 PM
Solutions to Problems 335
R2
Req
= R2 ∥ R3 = 0.75 kΩ
Req R3 τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.075 s
i o(0 +) = −18 mA = K1 + K2
io (∞) = −3 mA = K
1
K2 = −15 mA
io (t) = −[3 + 15e −t/0.075] mA, t > 0
6.2.29 Find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.29 using the step-by-step method.
2Ω t=0 2Ω
+ −
υo(t)
6H
20 V + 6Ω 12 V + 2Ω
– –
1Ω
FIGURE P6.2.29
Solution:
υ o(t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
–
t=0
R1 R3 I3
2 2
Vs1 Vs2 iL (0−)
+ R2 6 + R5 2
20 – 12 –
R4 1
R′ = R4 ∥ R5 = 0.667
V
I3 = _
S2 = 4.5 A
R3 + R′
I ⋅ R
iL (0 −) = _
3 5
R4 + R5
iL (0 −) = 3 A = iL (0 +)
t = 0+
Vo(0+)
+ –
R3
KVL:
2 υ o(0 +) = VS 2 − iL (0 +) ⋅ R4
iL (0+)
Vs2 υ o(0 +) = 9 V
+ 3 R5 2
12 –
R4 1
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 335 01-Feb-22 8:20:02 PM
336 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
t=∞
Vo(∞)
+ –
R3
V ⋅ R
2 υ o(∞) = _
S2 3
R3 + R′
Vs2
+ R4 1 R5 2 υ o(∞) = 9 V
12 –
R3
Re q = ( R3 ∥ R5 ) + R4 = 2 Ω
Req
R5 τ = _ L = 3 s
Req
R4
υ o(0 +) = 9 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 9 V = K1
K2 = 0 V
υ o(t) = 9 V, t > 0
6.2.30 Use the step-by-step method to find io(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.30.
3Ω 2Ω 1H
+ 12 V 6Ω 4A 4Ω
–
t=0
io(t)
FIGURE P6.2.30
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
io (t) = K
t = 0–
R1 R3 iL (0−)
V
3 2 I′ = _
S = 4 A
R1
VS IS
12 + R2 6 4 R4 4 R′ = R1 ∥ R2 = 2 Ω
–
V′ = I′ ⋅ R′ = 8 V
R′ R3 iL (0−) V2
2 2 KCL:
IS _ V − V′ V
V′ 2 − IS + _
2 = 0
8 + 4 R4 4 R′ + R3 R4
–
V2 = 12 V
−V2 + V ′
i L(0 −) = ___________
R′ + R3
iL (0 −) = −1 A = iL (0 +)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 336 01-Feb-22 8:20:04 PM
Solutions to Problems 337
t = 0+
iL (0+) 1
IS io (0 +) = IS − iL (0 +)
4 R4 4 io (0 +) = 3 A
io (0+)
t=∞
IS
4 R4 4 io (∞) = 0 A
io (∞)
Req
Req
= R4 = 4 Ω
R4
L = 0.25 s
τ=_
Re q
i o(0 +) = 3 A = K1 + K2
io (∞) = 0 A = K
1
K2 = 3 A
t
_
io (t) = 3e − 0.25 A, t > 0
6.2.31 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.31 is opened at t = 0. Find i(t) for t > 0.
0.5 H
t=0
4Ω
i(t)
4Ω
5V + 4Ω
–
– 10 V
+
FIGURE P6.2.31
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 337 01-Feb-22 8:20:06 PM
338 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
i(t) = K
t = 0–
iL (0−)
R1 4
V
VS1 + iL (0 −) = _
S1
R3
+ R3 4
5 – iL (0 −) = 1.25 A = iL (0 +)
−
VS2 –
10 +
t = 0+
iL(0+) 1.25
V ′ = iL (0 +) ⋅ R2 = 5 V
R2
( V ′ − VS2 )
4 i(0 +) = ___________
R1 + R2 + R3
R1 4 R3 4
i(0 +) = −0.4167 A
Vs2
10
– iL(0+)
+
t=∞
4 R1 −VS 2
i(∞) = _
R1 + R3
Vs2 R3 4
+ io (∞) = −1.25 A
10
–
i (∞)
Req
Req
= R2 ∥ (R1 + R3 ) = 2.67 Ω
R2 τ=_ L = 0.1875 s
Re q
R1 R3
i(0 +) = −0.4167 A = K1 + K2
i(∞) = −1.25 A = K1
K2 = 0.833 A
i(t) = −1.25 + 0.833e −t/0.1875 A, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 338 01-Feb-22 8:20:08 PM
Solutions to Problems 339
6.2.32 Find υo(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.32.
9 kΩ t=0
–+
8 kΩ +
4V
6 kΩ 200 μF 4 kΩ υo(t)
FIGURE P6.2.32
Solution:
υ o(t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0–
R1 9k
VS ⋅ ( R3 + R4 )
VS υ C (0 −) = ___________
4 R3 R2 + R3 + R4
–+ υ C (0 −) = 2.667 V = υ C(0 +)
8k
+
R2 6k Vc(0−) R4 4k
−
t = 0+
VS 4
–+
+ υ o(0 +) = υ C (0 +)
υC(0+)
R2 6k + R4 4k υo(0+) υ C (0 +) = 2.667 V
2.667 –
−
t=∞
VS 4
–+ V ⋅ R
+ υ o(∞) = _
S 4
R2 + R4
R2 6k R4 4k υo(∞) υ o(∞) = 1.6 V
Re q = R2 ∥ R4 = 2.4 kΩ
R2 Req R4
τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.48 s
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 339 01-Feb-22 8:20:10 PM
350
350 C
C HA
HA PTER
PTER 7
7 First-
First- and
and Second-Order
Second-Order Transient
Transient Circuits
Circuits
350 C HA PTER 7 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
340 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits r + 0.833 = 0
r + 0.833 = 0
rrr+==0.833
− 0.833
− 0.833 =0
υ (0K +) e=rt 2.667 V = K1 + K2
rυυ=C((− t)) 0.833o=
2 rt V
C t = K2 e V
υυυCC(((t)00υ−=
− o)(∞) =2 υe= rt(1.6
0 )V==4.5
+ K1 V
= K + K
C )K = υCC(0V+) = 4.5 V = K11 + K22
υK =−K0, 2 = = υ1.067 V= 4.5 V = K + K
KC(20=+)4.5
KC11(0= )0, K2 = 4.5 1 2
−0.833t
υ
Kυ1CC= ( t
(t)0,
υ) =
o= 4.5 (
4.5
t) = e
1.6
K2e = V, et −t/0.48
4.51.067
+
−0.833t > 0 V, t > 0
V, t > 0
υC(t) = 4.5e −0.833t V, t > 0
ABP 7.2.2
6.2.33 Usedifferential
Use the the differential equation
equation approach approach to ifind
to find io(t)t >
o(t) for for0tin
> the
0 innetwork
the network in P6.2.33.
in Fig. Fig. ABP7.2.2.
ABP 7.2.2 Use the differential equation approach to find io(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. ABP7.2.2.
ABP 7.2.2 Use the differential equation approach to find io(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. ABP7.2.2.
t=0
4 kΩ 1 kΩ t=0
4 kΩ 1 kΩ
t=0
4 kΩ 1 kΩ
2 kΩ 4 mA 2 kΩ 300 μF
2 kΩ 4 mA 2 kΩ 300 μF
2 kΩ 4 mA 2 kΩ io(t) 300 μF
io(t)
io(t)
FIGURE
FIGURE ABP7.2.2
P6.2.33
FIGURE ABP7.2.2
FIGURE ABP7.2.2
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
= 00–––
ttt =
=0
t = 0– 4 mA 8 mA
R2 4 mA 8 mA R3
R2 3 3 R3
43 mA 83 mA
R4k
2 R1k
3
3 3
4k 1k
+
4k 1k +
R1 2k 4m R4 2k υc(0− )
R1 2k 4m R4 2k υc(0+)
−
−
υc(0 )−
−
R1 2k 4m R4 2k
−
−) = R4 ⋅ (__
0 −3))
υ (0 − 8 × 10 −3 = 5.33 V
__
( 8__
= RR4 4 ⋅⋅ ( 38 ×× 110 ) ==5.33
−3
υ υ CCC((00 −)) = 3
5.33 V
V
3
υC(0 ) = R4 ⋅ ( × 10 ) = 5.33 V
− 8
__ −3
3
t>0
tt >
> 00
t>0 i(t)
i(t) KVL:
KVL:
i(t) KVL:
KVL: R4 ⋅ i((t)) + υC((t)) = 0
+ R4 ⋅ i t + υC t = 0
+
C RRi(44 t ⋅)⋅ i=i((tt)) + + υdυ
C ⋅ ______
υC C(( Ctt(())t =
dυ C t)
)= 0 0
R4 2k C + υυcc(t) i(t) = C ⋅ dυ ______
R4 2k 300 μ − (t) ______
dυ
dt(t)
dt t)
C μ −υc(t)
300
ii((tt)) = =C C ⋅⋅______ C( C
iRo4(t) 2k dυCdt dt (t)
io(t) 300 μ − R4 ⋅ C ⋅ ______ dυ ( t ) + υC((t)) = 0
R4 ⋅ C ⋅ ______ dυ dt
C
+ υC t = 0
C((tt))
io(t) RR4 ⋅⋅ C C ⋅⋅______ Cdt
______
dυ + υ C( t) = 0
dυ4 C(t)
______ dtdt υC((t)) υC(t) = 0
_______
+
dυ
______ ( t ) + υ t =0
dυ dt
C
+ _______
C(tt)) _______ ((υR
C
C4((⋅⋅tt))C )) = 0
______
dυ
______ dt
C( + υ R
_______ = 00 C 4 C =
dtr ++1.67
dt r + 1.67 ((RR44 = ⋅ C
=⋅ C
0 ))
0
rr + 1.67 = 0
rr+= − 1.67
1.67
= − 1.67 = 0
r = − 1.67
r = − 1.67
υC((t)) = K2 e rtrt V
υC t = K2 e V
υυCC((0(t− −))= =Kυ2Ce((rt0rt+ ) = 5.33 V = K1 + K2
υ
υ C C0(t)) = =Kυ2 C e 0 + V
V) = 5.33 V = K1 + K2
−K)1 = 0,( K+2)= 5.33
υ ( 0
υ CC( 0 −K)1 = = υ
=υ0,
C(K
C 0 =
0 +2 )= 5.33
5.33 V
=5.33 V= =K K11 + K 2
+ K
−1.67t 2
υCK((1t))==0,5.33 K e V, t > 0
K22 e == 5.33
−1.67t
υCKt1 = =0,
5.33 5.33V, t > 0
υCi(((tt)t)) = −1.67t dυt C>((t0))
υ =5.33
= − i(tee) −1.67t
5.33 = −C V,
V,⋅ ______
dυtC>t 0
Cioo(t) = − i(t) = − C ⋅ ______ dt
i ( t ) = − i ( t ) = − C ⋅ dυ CCdt(( tt))
dυ
______
______
ioio o( (tt)) = =−−i((300 t) = × −C 10⋅ ) ⋅ ((
−6
− 8.88 e −1.67t)
io(t) = − (300 × 10 −6)dt ⋅ − 8.88 e −1.67t)
dt
iioiio oo(( ((tt)tt))) =
=−2.67((300 e −1.67t mA,)) ⋅⋅ (( − t > 0e −1.67t
> 0e −1.67t))
−6
=−
= 2.67 300e −1.67t ×× 10
10 −6
mA, −t8.88
8.88
−1.67t
iioo (tt) =
( ) = 2.67
2.67 ee −1.67t
mA, t > > 00
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 340 01-Feb-22 8:20:12 PM
Solutions to Problems 341
6.2.34 Use the differential equation approach to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.34.
6 kΩ
t=0 200 μF +
12 V + 3 kΩ 2 kΩ υo(t)
–
−
FIGURE P6.2.34
Solution:
t = 0–
+ υC(0−) −
υ C (0 −) = 0 V
R2 3k R3 2k
t >0
υc(t)
R1 + –
6k C +
200μ
VS 12 + R2 3k R3 2k υo(t)
–
−
2m R1 R ′ = R
1 ∥ R2 = 2k
υc(t)
R΄ i(t) + –
2k C +
VS΄ 200 μ
4 + R3 2k υo(t)
–
−
KVL:
−VS ʹ + R′ ⋅ i(t) + υ C(t) + R
3 ⋅ i(t) = 0
(R′ + R3 ) ⋅ i(t) + υ C(t) = VS ʹ
dυ C(t)
i(t) = C ⋅ _
dt
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 341 01-Feb-22 8:20:14 PM
342 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
dυ (t)
C ⋅ ( R′ + R3 ) ⋅ _
C + υ C(t) = VS ʹ
dt
dυ C (t) _________________
υ C (t) VS ʹ
_ + = __________
dt C ⋅ ( R′ + R3 ) C ⋅ ( R′ + R3 )
r + 1.25 = 0
r = −1.25
(t) = K2 e rt V
VCn
VCf
(t) = K
1
dVC f (t)
_ = 0
dt
VS ʹ
0 + 1.25K1 = __________
C ⋅ ( R′ + R3 )
K1 = 4 = VCf
(t)
υ C (t) = V
Cf
(t) + VCn
(t)
υ C (0 −) = υ C (0 +) = 0 V = K1 + K2
0 = 4 + K2
K2 = −4
υ C (t) = 4 − 4e −1.25t V, t > 0
KVL:
V Sʹ = R′ ⋅ i(t) + υ C (t) + R
3 ⋅ i(t)
V ʹ − υ C(t)
i(t) = _________
S
R′ + R3
i(t) = 1e −1.25t mA, t>0
υ o(t) = R
3 ⋅ i(t)
υ o(t) = 2e −1.25t V, t > 0
6.2.35 Use the differential equation approach to find υC (t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.35 and plot
the response including the time interval just prior to closing the switch.
FIGURE P6.2.35
Solution:
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 342 01-Feb-22 8:20:14 PM
Solutions to Problems 343
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 343 01-Feb-22 8:20:14 PM
344 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.36 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.36 is moved at t = 0. Find i L(t) for t > 0 using the step-by-step
technique.
t=0
2 kΩ 2 kΩ 4 kΩ
iL(t)
–
30 V + 12 kΩ 12 mH
+ 12 V
–
FIGURE P6.2.36
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
iL (t) = K
t = 0–
R4
4k −V 2
iL (0 −) = _
S
– VS2 R4
iL(0–) + 12 iL (0 −) = −3 mA
t = 0+
iL (0 +) = iL (0 −) = −3 mA
t=∞
R1 R2 R4 VS 1
I1 I2 I1 = _
= 7.5 mA
R1 + R2
2k 2k 4k −V
I2 = _
S 2 = −3 mA
VS1 – VS2 R4
30 + +
– iL(∞)
12 iL (∞) = I1 + I2
iL (∞) = 4.5 mA
R1 R2
12
= ( R1 + R2 ) ∥ R3 ∥ R4 = = _
Req kΩ
7
R3 Req R4 τ = _ L = 7 μs
Req
i L(0 +) = −3 mA = K1 + K2
iL (∞) = 4.5 mA = K1
K2 = −7.5 mA
−6
iL (t) = 4.5 − 7.5e−t/7×10 mA, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 344 01-Feb-22 8:20:16 PM
Solutions to Problems 345
6.2.37 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.37 has been closed for a long time and is moved at t = 0. Find
io(t) for t > 0.
t=0
6 kΩ io(t)
– 12 V
+
6 mA 6 kΩ 2 kΩ 2/3 H
6 kΩ
FIGURE P6.2.37
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
io (t) = K
–
t=0
R3
VS 6k
– V
12 + I′ = _
S = 2 mA
R2
IS R1 6k iL(0–) R′ = R1 ∥ R2 = 3 kΩ
6m
R2 5k
( I − I′ )R′
IS iL (0 −) = ___________
S
I' R′ + R3
6m 2m R' 3k R3 6k
iL (0 −) = 1.333 mA = iL (0 +)
iL(0–)
t = 0+
R3 io(0+)
V′ = iL (0 +) ⋅ R4 = 2.667 V
VS 6k
–
12 + −VS + V′
io (0 +) = ___________
R2 + R3 + R4
iL(0+)
R4 2k
io (0 +) = −0.667 mA
1.333m
R2 6k
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 345 01-Feb-22 8:20:18 PM
346 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
t=∞
R3 io(∞)
VS 6k
12 + −VS
– io (∞) = _
R2 + R3
io (∞) = −1 mA
R2 6k
R3
Req
= ( R2 + R3 ) ∥ R4 = 1.714 kΩ
R2 R4 Req L = 0.39 ms
τ = _
Re q
i o(0 +) = −0.667 mA = K1 + K2
io (∞) = −1 mA = K1
K2 = 0.333 mA
−3
io (t) = −1 + 0.333e −t/0.39×10 mA, t > 0
6.2.38 Use the step-by-step method to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.38.
1Ω 2Ω +
t=0
12 V + 2F υo(t)
– 2Ω 2Ω
+ 8V
–
−
FIGURE P6.2.38
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
υ o(t) = K
t = 0–
R1 R2
1 2 V
V′ = _
S 2 = 4 V
2
VS1
+ R3 2
(Since R3 = R4 )
12 + υC(0 –) R4 2
– VS2 R′ = R3 ∥ R4 = 1 Ω
– + 8
–
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 346 01-Feb-22 8:20:19 PM
Solutions to Problems 347
I R1 R2
1 2
VS 1 − V′
+ R′ 1 I = _________________
VS1 R ′ + R1 + R2
12 + υC(0 –)
– I = 2 A
V′
– + 4
–
KVL:
υ C(0 −) = VS1
− R1 ⋅ I
υ C(0 −) = 10 V = υ C(0 +)
t = 0+
R1 R2
1 2 +
υ (0 +) ⋅ R4
υ o(0 +) = ___________
C
υC(0 +) υo(0 +) R2 + R4
VS1 + R4 2
12 – 10 υ o(0 +) = 5 V
t=∞
R1 R2
1 2 +
VS 1 ⋅ R4
υ o(∞) = ___________
R1 + R2 + R4
VS1 Vo(0 +)
+ R4 2
12 – υ o(∞) = 4.8 V
R1 R2
Re q = R1 ∥ (R2 + R3 ) = 0.8 Ω
Req
τ = Re q ⋅ C = 1.6 s
R4
υ o(0 +) = 5 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 4.8 V = K1
K2 = 0.2 V
υ o(t) = 4.8 + 0.2e −t/1.6 V, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 347 01-Feb-22 8:20:21 PM
348 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.39 Use the step-by-step method to find io(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.39.
150 μF
4 kΩ 3 kΩ 2 kΩ
t=0
+ 36 V 3 kΩ 3 kΩ + 12 V
– –
io(t)
FIGURE P6.2.39
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
io (t) = K
t = 0–
υC(0 –)
R1 R3 + – R5
4k 3k 2k
+ + VS2
VS1 + 36 R2 3k R4 3k + 12
– –
– –
V ⋅ R V ⋅ R
V R2 = _ VR 4 = _
S1 2 = 12 V, R2 4 = 6 V
R1 + R2 R3 + R4
υ C (0 −) = −VS 2 + VR 4
υ C (0 −) = −6 V = υ C (0 +)
t = 0+
υC (0 +)
R3 R5
–+ VS 2 − υ C (0 +)
3k 2k io (0 +) = ____________
VS2 R5 + R′
R2 3k R4 3k + 12 io (0 +) = 1.5 mA
–
io(0+)
R′ = ( R2 + R3 ) ∥ R4
R′ = 2k
t=∞
R3 R5
3k 2k
VS2
io (∞) = 0 A
R2 3k R4 3k + 12
–
io(∞)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 348 01-Feb-22 8:20:23 PM
Solutions to Problems 349
Req
R5
Req
= R5 + R′ = 4 kΩ
R' τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.6 s
i o(0 +) = 1.5 mA = K1 + K2
io (∞) = 0 A = K
1
K2 = 1.5 mA
io (t) = 1.5e −t/0.6 mA, t > 0
6.2.40 Use the step-by-step method to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.40.
t=0
4Ω 4H
4A 4Ω
+
4V + 4Ω υo(t)
–
−
FIGURE P6.2.40
Solution:
υ o(t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0–
io(0–)
I ⋅ R
IS iL (0 −) = _
S 3
R2 + R3
R2 4 4 R3 4
iL (0 −) = 2 A = iL (0 +)
t = 0+
iL(0+)
R1 4 2
IS
υ o(0 +) = iL (0 +) ⋅ R2
4 R3 4
υ o(0 +) = 8 V
VS +
4 + R2 4 υo(0 +)
–
−
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 349 01-Feb-22 8:20:25 PM
350 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
t=∞
R1 4
IS V
+ I′ = _
S = 1 A
R3 R1
R2 4 υo(∞) 4 4
VS R′ = R1 ∥ R3 = 2 Ω
−
4 +
–
io(∞)
( I′ + IS ) ⋅ R′
IS io (∞) = ________________
I′ + R′ + R2
1 R′ 2 R2 4 υo(∞) 4 io (∞) = 1.667 A
− υ o(∞) = io (∞) ⋅ R2
υ o(∞) = 6.67 V
Req
R1 Re q = ( R1 ∥ R3 ) + R2 = 6 Ω
R3
R2 L = 0.666 s
τ=_
Re q
υ o(0 +) = 8 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 6.67 V = K1
K2 = 1.33 V
υ o(t) = 6.67 + 1.33e −t/0.666 V, t > 0
6.2.41 Use the step-by-step method to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.41.
4A
6Ω 3Ω
+
t=0
2H 3Ω υo(t)
+ 12 V
– −
FIGURE P6.2.41
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 350 01-Feb-22 8:20:27 PM
Solutions to Problems 351
Solution:
υ o(t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0–
IS
4 V
R1 I1 2 A R2 I1 = _
S = 2 A
R1
6 3 2A iL (0 −) = I1 + 2 A
VS + 12 3 R3 iL (0 −) = 4 A = iL (0 +)
–
iL(0 –)
t = 0+
IS
4
R1 R2
υ o(0 +) = −iL (0 +) ⋅ R3
6 3 +
υ o(0 +) = −12 V
3 R3 υo(0 +)
iL(0 –)
−
t=∞
IS
4 I ⋅ R
R1 R2 io (∞) = _
S 2 = 2 A
R2 + R3
6 3 io(∞) + υ o(∞) = io (∞) ⋅ R3
υ o(∞) = 6 V
3 R3 υo(∞)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 351 01-Feb-22 8:20:28 PM
352 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
R2
Req
= R2 + R3 = 6 Ω
L = 0.333 s
τ=_
Req R3 Req
υ o(0 +) = −12 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 6 V = K1
K2 = −18 V
υ o(t) = 6 − 18e −t/0.333 V, t > 0
6.2.42 Use the step-by-step method to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.42.
1 kΩ
100 μF
+
t=0
+ 6V 1 kΩ 1 kΩ υo(t)
–
−
FIGURE P6.2.42
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
υo (t) = K
t = 0–
+ R1 −
1k
+ υC(0−) −
VS
6 + R2 1k R3 1k
–
V ⋅ R
V R1 = _
S 1 = 3 V
R1 + R3
= υC (0 −) = 3 V = υC (0 +)
VR1
t = 0+
R1 KCL:
+ + + +
1k υ (0 ) − VS ________________
___________ υ (0 ) + υC (0 ) _
υ (0 )
υC(0+) o + o + o = 0
R1 R2 R3
+– V υC (0 +)
( R1 R2 R3 )
+ _ 1 + _
1 + _ 1 ⋅ υ o(0 +) = _
S − _
3 R1 R2
VS
+ R2 1k R3 1k υo(0+) υ o(0 +) = 1 V
6 –
−
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 352 01-Feb-22 8:20:30 PM
Solutions to Problems 353
t=∞
R1
1k +
V ⋅ R
VS υ o(∞) = _
S 3
+ R3 1k υo(∞) R1 + R3
6 –
υ o(∞) = 3 V
−
R1
Req
R eq = ( R1 ∥ R3 ) + R2 = 1.5 kΩ
τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.15 s
R2 R3
υ o(0 +) = 1 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 3 V = K1
K2 = −2 V
υ o(t) = 3 − 2e −t/0.15 V, t > 0
6.2.43 Find υo(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.43 using the step-by-step method.
2 kΩ t=0
50 μF + 24 V 2 kΩ
–
2 kΩ υo(t) 2 kΩ + 12 V
–
−
FIGURE P6.2.43
Solution:
υ o(t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0–
R2
2k VS1
+ + 24
–
υC(0−) υ C(0 −) = 24 V = υ C(0 +)
−
R1 2k R3 2k
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 353 01-Feb-22 8:20:32 PM
354 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
t = 0+
R2 KVL:
I1 ⋅ (R1 ) − 24 + I1 ⋅ (R2 ) + 24 + ( I1 − I2 ) ⋅ (R3 ) = 0
υC(0+) 2k VS1
( R1 + R2 + R3 ) ⋅ I1 − ( R3 ) ⋅ I2 = 0
24
+ + 24 R4 2k
– I1 – 6k ⋅ I1 − 2k ⋅ I2 = 0
I2
KVL:
+ VS2 (I2 − I1 ) ⋅ ( R3 ) − 24 + I2 (R4 ) + 12 = 0
R1 2k υo(0+) R3 2k + 12 −(R3 ) ⋅ I1 + ( R3 + R4 ) ⋅ I2 = 12
–
−2k ⋅ I1 + 4k ⋅ I2 = 12
−
I1 = 0.857 mA
I2 = 2.57 mA
υ o(0 +) = −R1 ⋅ I1
υ o(0 +) = −1.71 V
t=∞
R2
2k VS1
+ 24 R4 2k
–
υ o(∞) = 0 V
+ VS2
R1 2k υo(∞) R3 2k + 12
–
−
R2
= R1 + R2 + ( R3 ∥ R4 )
Req
Req
Req
= 5 kΩ
R3 R4
τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.25 s
R1
υ o(0 +) = −1.71 V = K1 + K2
υo (∞) = 0 V = K1
K2 = −1.71 V
υ o(t) = −1.71e −t/0.25 V, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 354 01-Feb-22 8:20:33 PM
Solutions to Problems 355
6.2.44 Find i(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.44 using the step-by-step method.
12 Ω
10 Ω 15 Ω
t=0
1H
105 V +
– i(t)
6Ω 6Ω
FIGURE P6.2.44
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
i(t) = K
t = 0–
R1 R′ = R2 ∥ R3 = 6
I3
12 R″ = R4 ∥ R5 = 3
+
VS ⋅ R′
R2 10 R3 15 VR ′ = _________________
= 30 V
R1 + R′ + R″
−
Vs iL(0−) VS ⋅ R″
+ I5 VR ″ = _________________
= 15 V
105 – R1 + R′ + R″
+ V
I3 = _
R′ = 2 A
R4 6 R5 6 R3
− V
I5 = _
R″ = 2.5 A
R5
KCL:
I 3 = iL (0 −) + I5
iL (0 −) = −0.5 A = i L (0 +)
t = 0+
i(0 +) = iL (0 +) = −0.5 A
t=∞
R1
I1
12 VS
iL(∞) = iL(∞) I1 = _
= 7 A
R1 + R″
Vs +
– I ⋅ R
105 i(∞) = _
1 5 = 3.5 A
R4 6 R5 6 R4 + R5
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 355 01-Feb-22 8:20:34 PM
356 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
R1
R2 Req
= [ (R1 ∥ R5 ) + R4 ] ∥ R2 = 5 Ω
Req
L = 0.2 s
τ=_
Req
R4 R5
i(0 +) = −0.5 A = K1 + K2
i(∞) = 3.5 A = K1
K2 = −4 A
i(t) = 3.5 − 4e −t/0.2 A, t > 0
6.2.45 Use the step-by-step method to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.45.
12 kΩ t=0 6 kΩ
6 kΩ 3 kΩ
12 V + 6 kΩ υo(t)
– 100 μF
−
FIGURE P6.2.45
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
υ o(t) = K
–
t=0
R1 12k R4 6k
R′ = ( R1 + R4 ) ∥ (R2 + R3 )
R2 R3
R′ = 6k
6k 3k
+
Vs
+ υC(0−) R5 6k
12 –
−
R'
V ⋅ R′
VR ′ = _
S = 6 V
+ 6k − R′ + R5
Vs +
υ C(0 −) = VS − ( R′ 2 )
V ⋅ R
12 + R5 6k _
– R2 + R3
−
υ C(0 −) = 8 V = υ C(0 +)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 356 01-Feb-22 8:20:36 PM
Solutions to Problems 357
t = 0+
R4 R′ = R1 ∥ R2 = 4k
R1 12k 6k
R″ = R3 ∥ R4 = 2k
R2 R3
υ (0 +) ⋅ R5
6k 3k + υ o(0 +) = ___________
C
R″ + R5
Vs υC (0+)
+ 8 + R5 6k υo(0+) υ o(0 +) = 6 V
12 – –
−
t=∞
R' R''
4k 2k + VS ⋅ R5
υ o(∞) = _________________
Vs R′ + R″ + R5
+ R5 6k Vo(∞)
12 – υ o(∞) = 6 V
−
υ o(0 +) = 6 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 6 V = K1
K2 = 0 V
υ o(t) = 6 V, t > 0
6.2.46 Use the step-by-step method to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.46.
6 kΩ t=0
2 kΩ 2 kΩ
12 V + 3 kΩ υo(t)
– 100 μF
−
FIGURE P6.2.46
Solution:
υ o(t) = K1 + K2 e −t/τ
t = 0–
R1 6k
R2 R3 R′ = R1 ∥ (R2 + R3 )
2k 2k R′ = 2.4k
Vs +
12 + υC (0−) R4 3k
–
−
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 357 01-Feb-22 8:20:38 PM
358 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
V ⋅ R′
R' VR ′ = _
S = 5.33 V
R′ + R4
+ 2.4k − V ⋅ R
Vs + VR 4 = _
S 4 = 6.67 V
R′ + R4
12 V + R4 3k
–
υC (0 −) = VS − ( R′ 2 )
V ⋅ R
− _
R2 + R3
υC (0 −) = 9.33 V = VC (0 −)
t = 0+
R1 6k
Note: R3 ∥ 0 = 0 Ω
R2 R3
υ o(0 +) = υ C(0 +)
2k 2k +
υ o(0 +) = 9.33 V
Vs
+ υC(0+) + R4 3k υo (0+)
12 – –
9.33
−
t=∞
R″
R″ = R1 ∥ R2 = 1.5k
1.5k +
V ⋅ R
Vs
+ R4 υ o(∞) = _
s 4
3k υo(∞) R″ + R4
12 –
− υ o(∞) = 8 V
R″
Re q = R″ ∥ R4 = 1 kΩ
Req R4
τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.1 s
υ o(0 +) = 9.33 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 8 V = K1
K2 = 1.33 V
υ o(t) = 8 + 1.33e −t/0.1 V, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 358 01-Feb-22 8:20:40 PM
Solutions to Problems 359
6.2.47 Use the step-by-step method to find υo (t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.47.
FIGURE P6.2.47
Solution:
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 359 01-Feb-22 8:20:40 PM
360 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.48 Use the step-by-step technique to find io(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.48.
12 V
+–
t=0 2 kΩ
600 μF
4 kΩ 1 mA 2 kΩ 200 μF
300 μF
io(t)
FIGURE P6.2.48
Solution:
VS 12
+–
(600 μ) ⋅ ( 300 μ)
= ______________
Ceq + ( 200 μ)
R3 ( 600 μ) + ( 300 μ)
t=0
Ceq
= 400 μF
2k
IS
R1 4k R2 2k Ceq
1m
io(t)
1 + K2 e −t/τ
i o(t) = K
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 360 01-Feb-22 8:20:41 PM
Solutions to Problems 361
t = 0–
VS 12
+–
V ′ = R1 ⋅ IS = 4 V
R1 4k
R3 ( V ′ + VS ) ⋅ ( R2 + R3 )
υ C (0 −) = ________________
R′ + R2 + R3
2k +
V' υ C (0 −) = 8 V = υ C (0 +)
4 + R2 2k υC (0−)
–
−
t = 0+
VS 12
+–
VR3
= VS = 12 V
+ υ C(0 +) = −4 V
VR 2 = −VR3
− R3 +
V
io (0 +) = _
R4
2k υC(0+) R2
+
IS
R1 4k R2 2k + 8 io (0 +) = −2 mA
1m –
− io(0+)
t=∞
VS
+– 1
V1 − V2 = 12 V
12 V KCL:
2 − R3 + V V2
IS = _
2 + _
R1 R2
2k
R1 4k IS R2 2k
V2 = 1.333 V
1m
V
io(∞) io (∞) = _
2
R2
io (∞) = 0.667 mA
Req Re q = R1 ∥ R2 = 1.33 kΩ
R1 R2
τ = Re q ⋅ Ce q = 0.533 s
i o(0 +) = −2 mA = K1 + K2
io (∞) = 0.667 mA = K
1
K2 = −2.667 mA
io (t) = −[0.667 + 2.667e −t/0.533] mA,
t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 361 01-Feb-22 8:20:43 PM
362 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.49 Use the step-by-step technique to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.49.
–+
6V
3Ω
6Ω
t=0
+
1H 2Ω υo(t)
1Ω −
FIGURE P6.2.49
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
υ o(t) = K
t = 0–
VS 6
I1
–+
R′ = R2 ∥ R3 = 2
R2 3 R3 6
R″ = R′ ∥ R4 = 1
VS
R4 I1 = _
= 3 A
2 R1 + R″
I ⋅ R
iL (0 −) = _
1 4
R′ + R4
iL(0−) iL (0 −) = 1.5 A = iL (0 +)
R1
t = 0+
R' 2
υ o(0 +) = −iL (0 +) ⋅ R4
+ υ o(0 +) = −3 V
iL(0+) 2 υo(0+)
R4
1.5
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 362 01-Feb-22 8:20:44 PM
Solutions to Problems 363
t=∞
R' 2 R4 2 υo(∞) υ o(∞) = 0 V
Req
= R′ + R4 = 4 Ω
R' R4
τ=_ L = 0.25 s
Re q
Req
υ o(0 +) = −3 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 0 V = K1
K2 = −3 V
υ o(t) = −3e −t/0.25 V, t > 0
6.2.50 Given that υC1(0–) = –10 V and υC2(0–) = 20 V in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.50, find i(0+).
t=0
2Ω
+ i(t) +
υC1(t) 1F 2F υC2(t)
− −
FIGURE P6.2.50
Solution:
t = 0+
2 i(0+)
υC1(0+) – + υC2(0+)
10
+ –
20
υ C1(0 +) = υ C1(0 −) = −10 V
υ C2(0 +) = υ C2(0 −) = 20 V
20
−10 −
i(0 +) = ___________
2
i(0 +) = −15 A
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 363 01-Feb-22 8:20:46 PM
364 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.51 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.51 is closed at t = 0. If i (0−) = 2 A, determine i2(0+), υR(0+),
and i1(t = ∞).
t=0
i1(t)
+ i2(t)
1H υR(t) 2Ω 2H
FIGURE P6.2.51
Solution:
t = 0–
i 1(0 −) = 2 A
i2 (0 −) = 0 A
t = 0+
i 1(0 +) = i1 (0 −) = 2 A
i2 (0 +) = i2 (0 −) = 0 A
υ R(0 +) = −i1 (0 +) ⋅ R
υR (0 +) = −4 V
t=∞
i1(∞) i2(∞)
R 2 (∞)==00AA
i1i1 (∞)
6.2.52 For the network in Fig. P6.2.52, choose C so the time constant will be 120 μs for t > 0.
t=0
4 kΩ 4 kΩ
υS + 20 kΩ 36 kΩ 14 kΩ υo(t)
– C
−
FIGURE P6.2.52
Solution:
t=∞
R4
4k
Req
= ( R4 + R5 ) ∥ R3 = 12 kΩ
R3 36k R5 14k
Req
τ = Req
⋅ C
(120 × 10 −6) = ( 12 k) ⋅ C
⇒ C = 10 nF
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 364 01-Feb-22 8:20:47 PM
Solutions to Problems 365
6.2.53 In the network in Fig. P6.2.53, find i(t) for t > 0. If υC1(0–) = –10 V, calculate υC2(0–).
υC1(t)
i(t) + −
0.3 F +
+ 10e−5tu(t) V 0.6 F υC2(t)
–
−
FIGURE P6.2.53
Solution:
t = 0–
υC1(0−)
− +
+
10
0V + υC2(0−) = 10 V
–
−
t>0
i(t) C ⋅ C
Ce q = _
1 2 = 0.2 F
C1 + C2
+
dυ(t)
−5t i(t) = C ⋅ _
+ dt
10e V Ceq
–
dυ(t)
−
_
dt
= 10 (t) − 50e −5t, t>0
i(t) = (0.2) ⋅ [10 ⋅ (t) − 50e −5t]
i(t) = 2[ (t) − 5e
−5t
] A, t > 0
6.2.54 Given that i(t) = 9 + 2e−2t A for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.54, find R1, R 2, and L.
t=0
i(t)
R1 R2
+ L
–
FIGURE P6.2.54
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 365 01-Feb-22 8:20:49 PM
366 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
Solution:
6.2.55 Find the output voltage υo(t) in the network in Fig. P6.2.55 if the input voltage is
υi(t) = 5(u(t) – u(t – 0.05)) V.
1 μF +
υi(t) + 100 kΩ υo(t)
–
−
FIGURE P6.2.55
Solution:
υi(v)
t (ms)
50
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 50 ms: υ o(t) = K + K2 e −t/τ
For t > 50 ms: υ o(t) = K3 + K4 e −t/τ
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 366 01-Feb-22 8:20:50 PM
Solutions to Problems 367
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 50 ms :
t = 0–
υ i(0 −) = 0 V
υ o(0 −) = 0 V
υ c(0 −) = 0 V
t = 0+
υ c(0 +) = υ c(0 −) = 0 V
υ o(0 +) = υ i(0 +) = 5 V
t=∞
υ o(∞) = 0 V
Req
Req
= 100 kΩ
R1 τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.1 s
υ o(0 +) = 5 V = K1 + K2
υ o(∞) = 0 V = K1
K2 = 5 V
υ o ⋅ (t) = 5e −t/0.1 V, 0 ≤ t ≤ 50 ms
υ o( 50 ms) = 5e −0.05/0.1 V = 3.03 V
For t > 50 ms
t = 50 ms+
υ c(50 ms −) = υ i(50 ms) − V ⋅ ( 50 ms) = 5 V − 3.03 V
υ c( 50 ms −) = 1.97 V = υ c(50 ms +)
υ i(50 ms +) = 0 V
υ o( 50 ms +) = υ i( 50 ms +) − υ c( 50 ms +)
υ o(50 ms +) = −1.97 V
t=∞
υ o(∞) = 0 V
υ o( 50 ms +) = −1.97 V = K3 + K4
υ o(∞) = 0 V = K3
K4 = −1.97 V
υ o(t) = −1.97e −(t−0.05)/0.1 V, t > 50 ms
5e −t/0.1 V, 0 ≤ t ≤ 50 ms
{−1.97e −(t−0.05)/0.1 V, t > 50 ms
∴ υ o(t) =
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 367 01-Feb-22 8:20:51 PM
368 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.56 Find iL(i) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.2.56 using the step-by-step method.
t=0
12 Ω iL(t)
+
10 V + 4A υ1(t) 2Ω 2H
−
−
+−
5υ1(t)
FIGURE P6.2.56
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
iL (t) = K
t = 0–
R2
12 V1 (0 −) = 10 V
VS +
IS KVL :
10 + υ1(0–) R1 2 iL(0–)
− 4
− V1 (0 −) + 5V1 (0 −) = R2 ⋅ iL (0 −)
+− i2 (0 −) = 5 A
5 υ1(0–)
t = 0+
iL (0 +) = iL (0 +) = 5 A
t=∞
R2
IS + 12
4 υ1(∞) R1 2 iL(∞)
V′ = Is ⋅ R1 = 8 V
−
+−
5 υ1(∞)
R1 R2
2 + 12 KVL:
V′ + υ1(∞) iL(∞) 5V1 (∞) + V1 (∞) = R2 ⋅ iL (∞)
8 −
− R ⋅ i (∞)
V1 (∞) = ___________
2 L
+− 6
5 υ1(∞)
KVL:
5V1 (∞) + V′ = ( R1 + R2 ) ⋅ iL (∞)
( ) + V′ = ( R1 + R2 ) ⋅ iL (∞)
R2 ⋅ iL (∞)
___________
5
6
iL (∞) = __________
V′
(R1 + __
1 R2 )
6
iL (∞) = 2 A
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 368 01-Feb-22 8:20:52 PM
Solutions to Problems 369
RTh
i(t) υ(t)
R2 V1 = R1 ⋅ i(t), R = _
Th
i(t)
+ 12 KVL :
V1 R1 2 + υ(t) υ(t) = ( R1 + R2 ) ⋅ i(t) + 5V1
−
−
υ(t) = ( R1 + R2 ) ⋅ i(t) + 5(R1 ⋅ i(t))
+−
υ(t)
5υ1 _ = 6R1 + R2 = 24 Ω
i(t)
RT h = 24 Ω
L = 83.3 ms
τ=_
RTh
iL (0 +) = 5 A = K
1 + K2
iL (∞) = 2 A = K
1
K2 = 3 A
iL (t) = 2 + 3e −t/0.833 A, t > 0
6.2.57 Find io(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.57 using the step-by-step method.
t=0
2 kΩ 2 kΩ iA
io(t)
10 mA 2 kΩ 2 mH 2 kΩ 2iA
FIGURE P6.2.57
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
io (t) = K
–
t=0
R1 R3
I ⋅ R
2k 2k iL (0 −) = _
s 2
R2 + R3
IS R2
10m
2k iL(0–) iL (0 −) = 5 mA = iL (0 +)
t = 0+
io (0 +) = i2 (0 +) = 5 mA
t=∞
R1 R3 I3 iA(∞)
2k 2k
IS
10m R2 2k io(∞) R4 2k 2iA(∞)
=iL(∞)
I ⋅ R
I 3 = _
s 2 = 5 mA
R2 + R3
io (∞) = 5 mA, since all current will flow through the short circuit.
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 369 01-Feb-22 8:20:54 PM
370 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
RTh
R1 R3 iA
VOC
= Is ⋅ R1 = 20 V
2k 2k +
IS IS C = io (∞) = 5 mA
10m R2 2k Voc R4 2k 2iA
Isc V
– = _
RTh OC = 4 kΩ
ISC
L = 0.5 μs
τ = _
Req
i o(0 +) = 5 mA = K1 + K2
io (∞) = 5 mA = K1
K2 = 0 A
io (t) = 5 mA, t > 0
6.2.58 Use the step-by-step technique to find υo(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.2.58.
24 V 200 μF
6 kΩ +– 6 kΩ 2 kΩ
+
–
12 V
+ υo(t) 2000iA +
6 kΩ –
t=0
− iA
FIGURE P6.2.58
Solution:
1 + K2 e −t/τ
υ o(t) = K
t = 0–
R1 Vs2 24 R2
+– + υc(0−) − R4
6k 6k + 2k
–
Vs1 + R3 6k υ (0−) + 2000·iA(0−)
12 o –
iA(0−) −
KVL:
= ( R1 + R2 + R3 ) ⋅ iA (0 −)
VS 2 − VS1
VS 2 − VS1
iA (0 −) = ____________
= 0.667 mA
( R1 + R2 + R3 )
υ o(0 −) = R3 ⋅ iA (0 −) = 4 V
υ C (0 −) = υ o(0 −) − 2k ⋅ iA (0 −)
υ C(0 −) = 2.666 V = υ C(0 +)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 370 01-Feb-22 8:20:56 PM
Solutions to Problems 371
t = 0+
Vs2 υc(0+)
R2 R4
+– +–
6k + 2k
24 iA (0 +) = I1 − I2
I1
R3 6k υ (0+) I2
+ 2000·iA(0+)
o –
iA(0+) −
KVL:
1. VS 2 = ( R2 + R3 ) ⋅ I 1 − R3 ⋅ I2
2. −VC (0 +) − 2000 ⋅ i A (0 +) = −R3 ⋅ I1 + ( R3 + R4 ) ⋅ I2
→ −VC (0 +) = ( 2000 − R
3 )I1 + ( −2000 + R3 + R4 ) ⋅ I2
I 1 = 2.67 mA
I2 = 1.33 mA
iA (0 +) = 1.34 mA
υ o(0 +) = iA (0 +) ⋅ R
3
υ o(0 +) = 8 V
t=∞
Vs2
R2
+–
V ⋅ R
υ o(∞) = _
S2 3
6k + R2 + R3
24
R3 6k υ (∞) υ o(∞) = 12 V
o
RTh
Vs2 V
iA = _
1
+– R2 V1 + υoc − R4 R3
Isc VOC _ V ⋅ R
6k 2k _ = S2 3 = 12 V
24 + V1 R2 + R3
R3 6k + 2000iA VOC
= V1 − 2000 ⋅ iA
–
iA − VOC
= 2.91 V
ISC
_ :
KCL
V1 − VS2 V1 ______________
V − 2000 IA
___________ + _ + 1 = 0
R2 R3 R4
( R )
2k
→ V1 (
_
) =
1
_ _ 1 _ 1 _ _ VS 2
+ + − 3
R2 R3 R4 R4 R2
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 371 01-Feb-22 8:20:57 PM
372 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
V1 = 5.6 V
V1 − (
R3 )
2k ⋅ V1
_
IS C = _____________
= 1.87 mA
R4
V
= _
RTh OC = 1.56 kΩ
ISC
τ = RTh
⋅ C = 0.312 s
υ o(0 +) = 8 V = K1 + K2
υo (∞) = 12 V = K1
K2 = −4 V
υo (t) = 12 − 4e −t/0.312 V, t > 0
6.2.59 Determine the equation for the voltage υo(t) for t > 0 in Fig. P6.2.59a when subjected to the input
pulse shown in Fig. P6.2.59b.
3 kΩ 2 kΩ
+
υ(t) + 6 kΩ 200 μF υo(t)
–
−
(a)
υ(t) (V)
12
0 1 t (s)
(b)
FIGURE P6.2.59
Solution:
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 s
t = 0–
υ C(0 −) = υo (0 −) = 0 V
t = 0+
R1 R3
3k 2k V = 4 mA
I′ = _
V R1
12 + R2 6k
– R′ = R1 ∥ R2 = 2k
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 372 01-Feb-22 8:20:58 PM
Solutions to Problems 373
R3 R′′
2k 4k
I′ V′ +
R′ 2k 8 + υ (0+)
4m – – o
V′ = I′ ⋅ R
′ = υ o(0 +) = υ o(0 −) = 0 V
R″ = R′ + R5 = 4k
t=∞
R′′
4k
V′ + υo (∞) = V′ = 8 V
8 + υo(∞)
– –
R′′
Req
= R″ = 4 kΩ
Req τ = Re q ⋅ C = 0.8 s
υ o(0 +) = 0 V = K1 + K2
υo (∞) = 8 V = K1
K2 = −8 V
υo (t) = 8 − 8e t/−0.8 V, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 s
υo ( 1) = 8 − 8e −(1)/0.8 V = 5.71 V
For t ≥ 1 s (V = 0 V)
t′ = t − 1 s
t = 1+
υo (1 −) = υo ( 1 +) = 5.71 V
t=∞
υ C(∞) = υo (∞) = 0 V
R′′
R′ eq = R″ = 4 kΩ
Req′ τ′ = 0.8 s
V o(1 +) = 5.71 V = K3 + K4
Vo (∞) = 0 V = K3
K4 = 5.71 V
V′ (t) = 5.71e −t/0.8 V, t > 1 s
8 − 8e −t/0.8 V, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 s
{5.71e −(t−1)/0.8 V, t > 1 s
∴ V(t) =
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 373 01-Feb-22 8:21:00 PM
374 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.2.60 The current source in the network in Fig. P6.2.60a is defined in Fig. P6.2.60b. The initial voltage
across the capacitor must be zero. (Why?) Determine the current io(t) for t > 0.
2Ω 2F
i(t) 2Ω 2Ω
io(t)
(a)
i(t) (A)
0 4.5 t (s)
(b)
FIGURE P6.2.60
Solution:
Since i(t) = 0 A for t < 0, there will be no voltage across the capacitor.
∴ υC (0–) = 0 V.
↳ υC (0–) = VC (0+) = 0 V
For 0 s ≤ t ≤ 4.5 s:
R1
2 υC (0 −) = υC (0 +) = 0 V
i R2 2 R3 2 i ⋅ R3
io (0 +) = _
= 3 A
6 R2 + R3
io(0+)
t=∞
R1
2
i o(∞) = i = 6 A
+
i R2 2 υ (∞) υC (∞) = io (∞) ⋅ R2 = 12 V
c
6
–
io (∞)
Req
Re q = R2 + R3 = 4 Ω
R2 R3 τ = Re q ⋅ C = 8 s
i o(0 +) = 3 A = K1 + K2
io (∞) = 6 A = K1
K2 = −3 A
i(t) = 6 − 3e −t/8 A, 0 ≤ t ≤ 4.5 s
+
υC (0 ) = 0 V = K3 + K4
υC (∞) = 12 V = K3
K4 = −12 V
υC (t) = 12 − 12e −t/8 V, 0 ≤ t ≤ 4.5 s
t = 4.5 s
V C( 4.5) = 12 − 12e −4.5/8 V = 5.16 V
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 374 01-Feb-22 8:21:02 PM
Solutions to Problems 375
For t > 4.5 s: (i = 0 A)
t′ = t − 4.5 s
Vc (4.5+)
+
V (4.5 +)
5.16 io (4.5 +) = _
C = 1.29 A
R2 2 R3 2 R2 + R3
io (4.5+)
t=∞
R2 2 R3 2 io (∞) = 0 A
io (∞)
Req
R′eq
= R2 + R3 = 4 Ω
R2 R3 ⋅ C = 8 s
τ′ = R′eq
i o( 4.5 +) = 1.29 A = K5 + K6
io (∞) = 0 A = K
5
K6 = 1.29 A
i′ (t) = 1.29e −t′ /8 A, t > 4.5 s
6 − 3e −t/8 A, 0 ≤ t ≤ 4.5 s
{ 1.29e − 8
∴ io ( t) =
( t−4.5)
________
A, t > 4.5 s
Section 6.3 Solutions
6.3.1 The voltage υ(t) in a network is defined by the equation
+ 2[ _
dt ]
d 2υ 1(t) dυ 1(t)
_ + 5υ 1(t) = 0
dt 2
Find
a. the characteristic equation of the network.
b. the circuit’s natural frequencies.
c. the expression for υ1(t).
Solution:
a. Characteristic equation: S 2 + 2S + 5 = 0
____________
−(2) ± √ 2) 2 − 4(1)( 5)
(
b. Natural frequencies: S = ____________________
2(1)
S = −1 ± j2
S1 = −1 + j2
S2 = −1 − j2
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 375 01-Feb-22 8:21:04 PM
376 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
c. S1 and S2 are complex numbers, therefore the system is underdamped.
υ 1( t) = e −1t[ A cos ( 2)t + B sin (2)t]
6.3.2 The terminal current in a network is described by the equation
d 2io (t) dio (t)
_ + 8 _ + 16io (t) = 0
dt 2 dt
Find (a) the characteristic equation of the network, (b) the network’s natural frequencies, and (c) the
equation for io(t).
Solution:
2 + 8S + 16 = 0
a. Characteristic equation: S
_____________
−(8) ± √ 8) 2 − 4(1)( 16)
(
b. Natural frequencies: S = ____________________
2(1)
S = −4 ± 0
S1 = −4
S2 = −4
c. S1 = S2 , therefore the system is critically damped.
i o(t) = K1 e s 1t + K2 ⋅ t ⋅ e s 2t
io (t) = K1 e −4t + K2 te −4t
6.3.3 The output voltage of a circuit is described by the differential equation
d 2υ o(t) dυ o(t)
_ + 8 _ + 10υ o(t) = 0
dt 2 dt
Find (a) the characteristic equation of the circuit, (b) the network’s natural frequencies, and (c) the
equation for υo(t).
Solution:
a. Characteristic equation: S 2 + 8S + 10 = 0
_____________
−(8) ± √ 8) 2 − 4(1)( 10)
(
b. Natural frequencies: S = ____________________
2(1)
S = −4 ± 2.45
S1 = −1.55
S2 = −6.45
c. S1 and S2 are real and unequal, therefore the system is overdamped.
υ o(t) = K1 e −1.55t + K2 e −6.45t
6.3.4 The differential equation that describes the current io (t) in a network is
d 2io (t) dio (t)
_ + 6 _ + 4io ( t) = 0
dt 2 dt
Find
a. the characteristic equation of the network.
b. the network’s natural frequencies.
c. the expression for io(t).
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 376 01-Feb-22 8:29:58 PM
Solutions to Problems 377
Solution:
2 + 6S + 4 = 0
a. Characteristic equation: S
____________
−(6) ± √ 6) 2 − 4(1)(4)
(
b. Natural frequencies: S = ____________________
2(1)
S = −3 ± 2.24
S1 = −0.76
S2 = −5.24
c. S1 and S2 are real and unequal, therefore the system is overdamped.
i o(t) = K1 e s 1t + K2 e s 2t
io (t) = K1 e −0.76t + K2 e −5.24t
6.3.5 In the circuit shown in Fig. P6.3.5, find υ(t) > 0.
12
—
5
H
t=0
+
+ 4V 2Ω —1
F υ(t)
− 12
FIGURE P6.3.5
Solution:
t = 0–
iL(0−)
VS +
4 + R 2
– υC (0−) = υ(0−)
−
i L(0 −) = 0 A, υ(0 −) = 0 V
t>0
L
12
–
5
VS +
+ R 2 C 1
– υ(t)
4 – 12
−
S + _
S 2 + _ 1 = 0
RC LC
S 2 + 6S + 5 = 0
____________
−(6) ± √ 6) 2 − 4(1)( 5)
(
S = ____________________
2(1)
S = −3 ± 2, S 1 = −1,
S2 = −5
V(t) = K1 e + K2 e −5t + K3
−t
V(0 +) = V(0 −) = 0 V = K1 + K2 + K3
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 377 01-Feb-22 8:21:05 PM
378 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
t=∞
iL(∞)
VS +
4 + R 2
– υ(∞) = 4V = k3
−
t = 0+:
KCL:
( +)
dυ t | t=0 +
V 0 + C ⋅ _
()
i L(0 +) = _
R dt
dυ t + = 0 ()
dt | t=0
_
−K1 − 5K2 = 0
K1 + K2 = −K3 , K 3 = 4
K1 = −5,
K2 = 1
υ(t) = −5e −t + e −5t + 4 V, t > 0
6.3.6 In the critically damped circuit shown in Fig. P6.3.6, the initial conditions on the storage elements
are iL(0) = 2 A and υC(0) = 5 V. Determine the voltage υ(t).
+ + iL(0)
υC(0) 0.01 F υ(t) 10 Ω 4H
− −
FIGURE P6.3.6
Solution:
S + _
2 + _
Characteristic equation: S 1 = 0
RC LC
S 2 + 10S + 25 = 0
(S + 5)( S + 5) = 0, S1 = −5, S2 = −5
→ Critically damped
∴ υ(t) = Ae −5t + Bte−5t
υ C(0) = 5 V, A=5V
(υ t ) + ( 0.01)_
dυ t = 0
() ()
iL ( t) + _
10 dt
dυ t | t=0 = 0
(0)
−V
()
iL ( 0) = 2 A = _
− ( 0.01) ⋅ _
( 10) dt
dυ t = −5Ae −5t− 5Bte −5t+ Be −5t
_
()
dt
dυ(t) = −5A + B
dt | t=0
_
1 − 0.01(−5A + B), A = 5
2 = − _
2
B = −225
V(t) = 5e −5t − 225e −5t V
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 378 01-Feb-22 8:21:06 PM
Solutions to Problems 379
6.3.7 For the underdamped circuit shown in Fig. P6.3.7, determine the voltage υ(t) if the initial condi-
tions on the storage elements are iL(0) = 1 A and υC(0) = 10 V.
FIGURE P6.3.7
Solution:
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 379 01-Feb-22 8:21:06 PM
380 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.3.8 Find υC(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.3.8.
t=0
+ iL(t)
1A 16 Ω 0.02 F υC(t) 2H
FIGURE P6.3.8
Solution:
t = 0–
+
IS R 16 υC (0–)
iL(0–)
1 −
υ C(0 −) = IS ⋅ R = 16 V
iL (0 −) = 0 A
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 380 01-Feb-22 8:21:07 PM
Solutions to Problems 381
t>0
+ iL(t)
IS
R 16 C 0.02 υ (t) L 2
1 C
υ ( t) dυ ( t) 1
1 = _
C + C ⋅ _
R
C + _
dt
⋅ υ C(t)dt
L
2
1 ⋅ _ dυ ( t) d υ C(t) _
_ C + C ⋅ _ + 1 υ C( t) = 0
R dt dt 2 L
d 2υ C(t) _ dυ (t)
_ + 1 ⋅ _
C + _ 1 υ C(t) = 0
dt 2 RC dt LC
S 2 + _
1 = 0
1 ⋅ S + _
RC LC
S 2 + 3.125S + 25 = 0
________________
−(3.125) ± √ 3.125) 2 − 4(1)( 25)
(
S = ___________________________
2(1)
S = −1.563 ± j 4.75
υ C(t) = e −1.563t[A cos 4.75t + B sin 4.75t]
υ C(0 −) = 16 V = A
υ (0 −)
iL (0 −) = 0 A = _
C
R
+C⋅_
|
dυ (t)
C
dt t=0
dυ C(t)
_ = e −1.563t(−4.75 A sin 4.75t) + A cos 4.75t(−1.563e −1.563t)
dt
+ e −1.563t( 4.75 B cos 4.75t) + B sin 4.75t ( −1.563e −1.563t)
_
|
dυ C(t)
dt t=0
= −1.563A + 4.75B
0 = 16
_ + 0.02(−1.563A + 4.75B), A = 16
16
B = −5.26
υ C(t) = e −1.563t[16 cos 4.75t − 5.26 sin 4.75t] V, t > 0
6.3.9 Find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.3.9.
FIGURE P6.3.9
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 381 01-Feb-22 8:21:08 PM
382 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
Solution:
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 382 01-Feb-22 8:21:08 PM
Solutions to Problems 383
6.3.10 A series RLC circuit contains a resistor R = 3 Ω and a capacitor C = 4 F. Select the value of the
inductor so that the circuit is critically damped.
Solution:
6.3.11 A parallel RLC circuit contains a resistor R = 7 Ω and an inductor L = 98 H. Select the value of the
capacitor so that the circuit is critically damped.
Solution:
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 383 01-Feb-22 8:21:08 PM
384 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.3.12 The parameters for a parallel RLC circuit are R = 1 Ω, L = 1/4 H, and C = 1/4 F. Determine the
type of damping exhibited by the circuit.
Solution:
V(t)
R 1Ω L 1H C 1 F
4 4
S 2 + _ S + _ 1 = 0
RC LC
ω 2o = _ 1 , ω o = _____
1___
LC LC
√
ω o = 4 rad/s
2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ ω o = 4, since _ 1 = 4
RC
1
_
ξ = , the system is underdamped.
2
(ξ < 1).
6.3.13 Find υo(t) for t > 0 in the network in Fig. P6.3.13 and plot the response, including the time interval
just prior to moving the switch.
10 kΩ 5 kΩ t=0
100 V + 10 kΩ + 2 kΩ
– υo(t)
10 μF
−
100 mH
FIGURE P6.3.13
Solution:
t = 0–
R1 R3
υ o(0 −) = υc (0 −)
10k 10k V ⋅ R
υo (0 −) = _
S 2
VS + R1 + R2
100 + R2 10k υo (0−)
– υo (0 −) = 50 V
−
iL (0 −) = 0 A
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 384 01-Feb-22 8:21:10 PM
Solutions to Problems 385
t>0
i(t)
C +
10 μ υo(t) R1 2k
−
L
100 m
di t = 0
1 i( t)dt + R ⋅ i(t) + L ⋅ _ ()
_
C 4 dt
2
di ( t) _ R di(t) _
_ + 4 ⋅ _ + 1 ⋅ i(t) = 0
dt 2 L dt LC
S 2 + 20 × 10 3S + 1 × 10 6 = 0
S = −10 × 10 3 ± 9.95 × 10 3
S2 = −19.95 × 10 3
S1 = −50,
3
i(t) = K1 e −50t + K2 e −19.95×10 t + K3
i(0 +) = i(0 −) = 0 = K1 + K2
di(0)
−50 V = L ⋅ _
dt
di(0) = −500 A
_
dt
di(0) = −50K e −50(0)− 19.95 × 10 3 ⋅ K ⋅ e −19.95×10 3( 0)
_ i 2
dt
K1 = −K2 ∴ − 500 = 50 K2 − 19.95 × 10 3K2
K1 = −25.13 × 10 −3, K2 = 25.13 × 10 3
1 ⋅ i( t)
υC ( t) = υo ( t) = _
C
3
i(t) = −25.13e −50t + 25.13e −19.95×10 t mA,
t>0
3
υo ( t) = 50.3e −50t − 0.13e −19.95×10 t V,
t > 0
50V
25V
0V
−100ms 0s 100ms 200ms 300ms 400ms
V (C1 : 2)
Time
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 385 01-Feb-22 8:21:11 PM
386 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.3.14 Find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.3.14 and plot the response, including the time interval
just prior to moving the switch.
2 kΩ 1 mH
t=0 +
12 V + 1 kΩ υo(t)
– 6.25 μF
−
FIGURE P6.3.14
Solution:
t = 0–
R1 iL(0−) = i (0−)
2k + υ C(0 −) = 12 V
VS + iL (0 −) = 0 A = i(0 −)
+ υc (0−) R2 1k υo(0−)
12 – Vo (0 −) = 0 V
−
−
t>0
R2 _
d 2i( t ) + _ ⋅ di t + _1 ⋅ i(t) = 0
()
_
dt 2 L dt LC
S 2 + ( 1 × 10 6)S + ( 1.6 × 10 11) = 0
________________________
−(1 × 10 ) ± √
(
1 × 10 ) − 4(1)( 1.6 × 10 )
6 6 2 11
S = ____________________________________
2(1)
S = −5 × 10 5 ± 3 × 10 5, S 1 = −2 × 10 5, S 2 = −8 × 10 5
5 5
i( t) = K1 e −2×10 t + K2 e −8×10 t
i(0 −) = i(0 +) = 0 A = K1 + K2
di 0
12 = L _
( )
dt
di 0 = 12k
_
( )
dt
di = −2 × 10 5K e −2×10 t − 8 × 10 5K e −8×10 t
_
5 5
1 2
dt
12,000 = −2 × 10 5K1 − 8 × 10 5K2
K1 = 0.02, K2 = −0.02
5 5
i(t) = 0.02e −2×10 t − 0.02e −8×10 t A, t>0
υ o( t) = R2 ⋅ i(t)
5 5
υ o( t) = 20e −2×10 t − 20e −8×10 t V,
t > 0
υo(t)
10.0
8.0
Voltage (V)
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0 25µ 50µ 75µ 100µ 125µ 150µ
V(vo) Time (s)
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 386 01-Feb-22 8:21:12 PM
Solutions to Problems 387
6.3.15 Find υC(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.3.15 if υC(0) = 0.
t=0 1 kΩ 100 mH
+ 12 V 1 μF υC(t)
–
−
FIGURE P6.3.15
Solution:
t = 0–
R iL(0−)
1k
i L(0 −) = 0 A
VS +
12 + υC (0 −) = 0 V
– υC (0−)
−
t>0
R L iL(t)
1k 100m
VS +
12 + C υo(t)
–
−
d 2iL ( t) _ di (t) 1
_ + R ⋅ _
L + _ ⋅ iL (t) = 0
dt 2 L dt LC
S 2 + ( 10 × 10 3)S + ( 10 × 10 6) = 0
_________________________
−(10 × 10 3) ± √ 10 × 10 3) 2 − ( 4)(1)(10 × 10 6)
(
S = ______________________________________
2(1)
S = −5000 ± 3873, S1 = −1127,
S2 = −8873
i L(t) = K1 e −1127t + K2 e −8873t
iL ( 0) = 0 A = K1 + K2
diL ( t)
Vs = R ⋅ i(0 +) + L _
|
+ υ C(0 +)
dt t=0 +
12 = R ⋅ [K1 + K2 ] − L ⋅ 1127K1 − L ⋅ 8873K2
K1 = 15.5 m, K 2 = −15.5 m
1 iL (t)dt + K3
υ C(t) = _
C
υ C( 0 +) = υ C( 0 −) = 0 V
−K1 K2
0 = ____________ − ____________
+ K3
C ⋅ ( 1127) C ⋅ ( 8873)
K3 = 12
iL ( t) = 15.5e −1127t − 15.5e −8873t mA
υ C( t) = −13.75e −1127t + 1.75e −8873t + 12 V,
t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 387 01-Feb-22 8:21:13 PM
388 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
6.3.16 Find υo(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. P6.3.16 and plot the response, including the time interval
just prior to closing the switch.
2Ω t=0
12 V + 1H 10 Ω υo(t)
– 1
—F
400
−
FIGURE P6.3.16
Solution:
t = 0–
R1
2
VS +
12 + υC(0−) iL(0−) R2 10
–
−
υ C(0 −) = 12 V i L(0 −) = 0 A
t >0
+
1
C L 1 R2 10 υo(t)
400
−
dυ o( t) _ υ ( t)
C ⋅ _
+ 1 ⋅ υ o( t)dt + _
o = 0
dt L R2
d 2υ o( t) _ dυ (t)
C ⋅ _ 1 ⋅ _
+ 1 υ o(t) + _ o = 0
dt 2 L R2 dt
d 2υ o( t) _ dυ (t) 1
_ + 1 ⋅ _ o + _ ⋅ υ o( t) = 0
dt R2 C dt LC
S 2 + _
1 = 0
1 S + _
R2 C LC
S 2 + 40S + 400 = 0
_______________
−(40) ± √ 40) 2 − 4(1)( 400)
(
S = _______________________
2(1)
S = −20
υ o(t) = Ae −20t + Bte −20t
υo ( 0 −) = υc ( 0 +) = 12 V = A
−iL ( 0 +) = _
υ (0 +)
o + C ⋅ _
R2 |
dυ (t)
o
dt t=0 +
( 12) + ( 1 ) ⋅ [ −20A + B],
( )
iL (0 +) = iL (0 −) = 0 A = _
_ A = 12
10 400
B = −240
υo ( t) = 12e −20t − 240te −20t V,
t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 388 01-Feb-22 8:21:15 PM
ER 7 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
iiLL((tt)) =
=KK22 ee rtrt mA
mA
( −)
ii L(00 ) =
− (
= iiL(00 ) =+)
+ = 55 mA
mA =
=KK1 +
+KK2
L L 1 2
K = 0,
K11 = 0, K
K22 =
= 55 m
m Solutions to Problems 389
iiLL((tt)) =
= ii((tt))
5
−7.5×10
105tt
ii((tt)) =
= 55 ee −7.5× mA, tt >
mA, > 00
−
ii((00−)) =
= 55 mA
mA
10V
ii((∞
∞)) == 00
ττ = 11 =
__
= __ = 1.33 μs
rr 1.33 μs
i(t)
i(t) (mA)
(mA)
5V
55
4
4
0V 3
3
22
–100ms 0s 11 100ms 200ms 300ms 400ms 500ms
V (R2 : 2) Time tt (µs)
(µs)
0 1.33
0 1.33 2.67
2.67 4
4 5.33
5.33 6.67
6.67
6.3.17
ABP Use the
ABP 7.2.41
7.2.41 Use
Usedifferential
the equation
the differential
differential approach
equation
equation to findto
approach
approach toυofind
(t) for
find t >for
υυoo(t)
(t) 0 in
for >the
tt > circuit
00 in
in in Fig.in
the circuit
the circuit inP6.3.17 and plot
Fig. ABP7.2.41
Fig. ABP7.2.41
the
andresponse,
and plot the
plot includingincluding
the response,
response, the time interval
including timejust
the time
the priorjust
interval
interval to opening
just prior to
prior tothe switch.
opening
opening the switch.
the switch.
μF
100 μF
100
6V
6 V
12 kΩ
12 kΩ
−+
− +
+
+
+
+ 12 V
12 V
−
−
8 kΩ
8 kΩ υυoo(t)
(t)
tt =
=00
4 kΩ
4 kΩ
−
−
FIGURE ABP7.2.41
FIGUREABP7.2.41
FIGURE P6.3.17
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
= 000–––
ttt =
=
υ (0−−)
+ υcc(0 ) −
+ −
R2
R2
12k VV R1
VR1 R1 =
=−
= −666 VV
− V
12k
VS2 666⋅⋅⋅RR R2 22
VS2 +
+ υυυ CC(((000 −−−))) = =_______
=
_______
_______
RR
12 − C R2 22 ++
+RR R3 33
12 −
VS1
V υυυ CC( ((000 −−−))) =
=3.6
= 3.6 V
3.6 V
V
S1 +
+ R3
C
6
6 −
− + R3 8kk
8
+
R1
R 44kk
1
−
−
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 389 01-Feb-22 8:21:16 PM
Solutions to Assessment Bank P
Solutions to Assessment Bank Problems 3
390 C HA PTER 6 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits
t>0
t>0
t>0
C 100 μ
C 100 μ
+ −
+ − υc(t)
υc(t) R2
R2
i(t) 12k +
i(t) 12k +
VS2 +
VS2 + R2 + C υc(t)
+ 12 − 1m R′ R
12 − R3 8k υo(t) 1 m R′ 2 C υc(t) −
100 μ
R3 8k υo(t) 100 μ −
R1 4k
R1 4k
−
−
R′ = R1 + R3 = 12k R″ = R′ ∥ R2 = 6k
R′ =RR 1+
′ = R R +
3=R 12k
= 12k R R″ =″ R=′ ∥RR′ ∥2 R
= 6k
= 6k
1 3 2
R′′ i ′(t)
R′′ i ′(t)
6k
6k
V′ +
V′ + + C υ c(t)
+ 6 − C υ c(t)
100 μ
6 − 100 μ −
−
KVL:
KVL:
KVL:
− − VV′ ′+ + RR″″ ⋅⋅ ii′ ′((tt)) ++υυ CC( (tt)) ==00
− V′ + R″ ⋅ i′(t) + υC(t) = 0
d
dυυ CC((tt))
dυ Cii(′′ (t(t)t)) =
______ = CC ⋅⋅ ______ ______
dt
i′ t = C ⋅
( ) dt
dt
d
dυυ CC( (
______ tt))
dυ C(t)RR″″ ⋅⋅ C
______ C ⋅⋅ ______
dt
++ υυ CC( (tt)) ==VV′ ′
R″ ⋅ C ⋅ + υC(t) = V′ dt
dt
d
dυυ CC( (tt)) + _____
______ υυ CC( (tt)) _____ VV′ ′
______ _____ = _____
υ (t ) dt
dυ C(t) _____ V+′ RR″″ ⋅⋅ CC = RR″″ ⋅⋅CC
______ + C dt = _____
dt R″ ⋅ C R″ ⋅ C
rr + + 1.667
1.667 = = 00
r + 1.667 = 0
rr = =− −1.667
1.667
r = − 1.667 ( ) rt
υυc n (tt) = = K2 2 ee rt V
K
V
rt cn
υcn(t) = K2 e υV (t) = K
υcf(t) = K1
c f 1
υcf(t) = K1 dυ ( t)
______
dυccff
______ (t) = 0
dυ cf(t)
______ dt = 0
=0 dt
dt
0 + 1.667 K1 = _____ VV′ ′
0 _____
+V1.667 ′ K1 = R_____ ″ ⋅ C
0 + 1.667 K1 = R″ ⋅ C
R ″ ⋅ C
K1 = 6 = υC f(t)
K1 = 6 = υCf(t)
K1 = 6 = υCf(tυ) C( t) = υ Cf( t) + υ cn( t)
υC(t) = υCf(t) + υcn(t)
υC(t) = υCf(t) υ+ C( υ0cn −()t )= υ C(0 +) = 3.6 V = K1 + K2
υ+C(0 −) = υC(0 +) = 3.6 V = K1 + K2
υC(0 −) = υC(03.6 ) = 3.6 6 +V K2 = K1 + K2
3.6 = 6 + K2
3.6 = 6 + K2 K2 = − 2.4
K2 = − 2.4
K2 = − 2.4 υ C( t) = 6 − 2.4 e −1.667t V, t > 0
υC(t) = 6 − 2.4 e −1.667t V, t > 0
υC(t) = 6 − 2.4 e −1.667t V, t > 0
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 390 01-Feb-22 8:21:18 PM
ER 7 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits Solutions to Problems 391
KVL:
KVL:
−V
− + υυ C((tt)) +
V S2 + + ((R
R 1 +
+ RR 3)) ⋅⋅ ii((tt)) =
= 00
S2 C 1 3
_________
V − υυ C((tt))
V S2 −
ii((tt)) =
= _________
(SR2 + RC )
(R1 1 + R3 3)
−1.667t
i((tt)) =
i 0.5 +
= 0.5 + 0.2
0.2 ee −1.667t mA,
mA, tt >
> 00
υυ oo((tt)) =
= R
R3 3 ⋅⋅ ii((tt))
−1.667t
=4+
υυ oo((t)) = + 1.6
1.6 e −1.667t V, tt >
V, > 00
− −
=6 −
υ o(0 −) = − υυ CC((00 −)) =
= 2.4
2.4 V
V
υ o(0 +) = 5.6 V
υ 0(∞) = 4 V
1 = 0.6 s
τ = __
r
Vo(t) (V)
5.6
4
2.4
t (s)
0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3
ABP 7.2.42 Find υo(t) for t > 0 in the Network in Fig. ABP7.2.42.
24 kΩ 32 kΩ 20 kΩ +
+ 36 V 12 kΩ t=0 υo(t)
– 50 μF
−
FIGURE ABP7.2.42
Solution:
@ t = 0±
36 ⋅ 12 = 12 V
υC = υo = ______
36
@t=∞
υo = 0
τ = RTh C
24k 32k 20k
RTh
12k
RThrights
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. or the author, All = 20reserved.
kΩ Instructors who are authorized users of this
course are permitted to download these materials
τ = 20 and
kΩ ⋅use
50 them
μF in connection with the course. Except
as permitted herein or by law, no part of these materials should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any=means,
1s electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise. υo(t) = 12 e −t V
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 391 01-Feb-22 8:21:20 PM
c06SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 392 01-Feb-22 8:21:20 PM
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