Chapter 5: Integration -

Part 1
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Substitution Rule
5.3 Integration by Part
5.4 Tabular Integration
5.5 Definite Integral
5.6 Area Under Curve
5.7 Volume of Solids of Revolution
1
5.1 Introduction

 Anti-differentiation (integration) is the

reverse process of differentiation.

dF ( x)
= f ( x)
dx
F(x) is an anti-derivative of f(x) on an
interval.
For example:

f (x) = x3  f’(x) = 3x2

on the interval (-∞, ∞) because for each
x in this interval
[ ]
d 3
f ' ( x) = x = 3x
dx
2

 Anti-derivatives: x3 + 5, x3 – 7

 Generally x3 + C is an anti-derivative of
3x2 for any constant C.
The most general anti-derivative of f(x) is
denoted
∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C, where
f(x) is called the integrand
F(x) is the anti-derivative of f(x)
C is an arbitrary constant

 The expression of ∫ f(x)dx is called an

indefinite integral.
Integration Formula
Differentiation Formula Integration Formula
d
[x] = 1 ∫ dx = x + C
dx
d  x n +1  x n +1
∫ x dx = n + 1 + C , n ≠ 1
n n
  = x , n ≠ −1
dx  n + 1
d
[sin x] = cos x ∫ cos xdx = sin x + C
dx
d
[− cos x] = sin x ∫ sin xdx = − cos x + C
dx
d
∫ sec
2
[tan x] = sec 2 x xdx = tan x + C
dx
d
∫ csc
2
[− cot x] = − csc 2 x xdx = − cot x + C
dx
d
[sec x] = sec x tan x ∫ sec x tan xdx = sec x + C
dx
d
[− csc x] = csc x cot x ∫ csc x cot xdx = − csc x + C
dx
d x
[ ] ∫e
x
e = ex dx = e x + C
dx
d
[ln x] = 1 1
∫ x dx = ln x + C
dx x
Properties of the Indefinite Integral
 Suppose:

F(x) and G(x) are anti-derivative of f(x)

and g(x), and c is a constant

∫c f(x) dx = cF(x) + C
Properties of the Indefinite Integral (cont)

 An anti-derivative of a sum is the sum

of the anti-derivatives; that is
∫ [f(x) + g(x)] dx = F(x) + G(x) + C

 An anti-derivative of a difference of
the anti-derivatives; that is
∫ [f(x) - g(x)] dx = F(x) - G(x) + C
5.2 Integration by Substitution: u-substitution
Finding ∫ f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx by substituting u = g (x)
To evaluate ∫ f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx
substitutes u = g (x) and du = g ' ( x)

to give ∫ f (u )du
Integration is carried out in respect to u before
reverting to original variable x
Example 1
Integral
u u6
+c
∫ ∫
5 5
( x + 4 ) dx = u du 6

u = x+4
6
u
du ∴ ∫ u 5 du = +c
=1 6
dx
( x + 4) 6
∴ dx
. = du = +c
6
Example 2
u
∫ cos(3x + 4)dx
u = 3x + 4 1
∴ dx = du
du 3
=3 Integral:
dx
sin u
1 1
∴ ∫ cos(3 x + 4)dx = ∫ cos u ⋅ du = ∫ cos udu
3 3
1 1
= sin u + c = sin(3 x + 4) + c
3 3
Exercise:

u u = 1+ x 2

∫ 2x
2
1 + x dx
du
=
dx

3
2 2 2
Answer : (1 + x ) + c
3
Integration by Substitution: u-substitution

 ∫ f(g(x))g’(x) dx = ∫ f(u) du = F(u) + C

Exercises: (Try These!!)
∫ x2 sin(x3) dx 1 3
= − cos x + c
3

∫ cos 3x dx 1
= sin 3 x + c
3
∫ e5x+2 dx 1 5 x +2
= e +c
5
( f ( x) )
n +1

∫ ( f ( x) ) f ' ( x)dx =
n
+C
n +1

Exercises:(Try These!)

1
∫ (3x + 2)4dx 5
= (3 x + 2) + c
15

1
∫ 2x /(x2 + 1)2 dx =− 2 +c
x +1
1
Example 1: ∫ u du = ln u + c 4
u = x +1
du
3 dx = 3
2x 4x
∫ x 4 +1dx
Let u = x4+1, then du = 4x3 dx and
3 3
2x 2x du 1 1
∫ x 4 + 1dx = ∫ x 4 + 1 × 4 x3 = 2 ∫ u du
1
= ln u + c
2
1 4
= ln x + 1 + c
2
Exercise:
4x
∫ dx
2 x 2 +1
u = 2x2 +1
du
=
dx

Answer : 2 2 x 2 +1 + c
f ' ( x)
∫ f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x ) + C

Exercise (Try These!)

6x2 3
∫ 3
dx = 2 ln x − 4 + c
x −4

2x + 3 = ln x 2 + 3 x − 5 + c
∫ 2
x + 3x − 5
dx

∫ tan xdx = − ln cos x + c

Other type of substitution

 Evaluate 1) ∫ x −1dx
x 2

t
 Evaluate 2) ∫ dt
2t + 1
ANSWER
2( x − 1) 7 / 2 4( x − 1)5 / 2 2( x − 1)3 / 2
1) + + +C
7 5 3
3
(2t + 1) 2
2t + 1
2) − +C
6 2
5.3 Integration By Parts

 It is a technique for simplifying integrals of

the form
∫ f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

 in which f can be differentiated repeatedly

and g can be integrated repeatedly without
difficulty.
 Examples:
∫ ∫
x
x
xe dx e sin xdx
Integration By Parts (cont)

The product rule says

d
[ f ( x ) g ( x )] = f ' ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ' ( x )
dx
In terms of indefinite integrals, the eqn
becomes:
d
∫ dx [ f ( x ) g ( x )]dx = ∫ [ f ' ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ' ( x )]dx
d
∫ dx [ f ( x ) g ( x )]dx = ∫ [ f ' ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ' ( x )]dx
d
Rearrange: ∫ f ( x ) g ' ( x )dx = ∫ [ f ( x ) g ( x )]dx − ∫ f ' ( x ) g ( x )dx
dx

Leading to the integration by parts formula:

∫ f ( x ) g ' ( x )dx = f ( x ) g ( x ) − ∫ f ' ( x ) g ( x )dx

Example 1:
u dv
∫ x cosx dx
u=x dv = cos x dx
du = dx v= sin x

∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu
Therefore,

∫ x cos xdx = x sin x − ∫ sin xdx

= x sin x + cos x + c
Example 2:
u dv
∫ lnx dx ∫ ln x ⋅ 1dx
u = lnx dv = dx
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu du = 1/x dx v=x
Hence,
1
∫ ln xdx = x ln x − ∫ x ⋅ x dx
= x ln x − x + C
Integration By Parts (cont)
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu
Repeated Use of Integration by Parts:
u dv u = x2 dv = exdx
∫ x2 ex dx
du = 2x dx v = ex
u dv
∫ x e dx = x e − 2 ∫ xe dx
2 x 2 x x
∫ x ex dx
u=x dv = exdx
du = dx v = ex

∫ x ∫ dx + C
x
xe dx = xe x − e

∫
2 x 2 x x x
Hence, x e dx = x e − 2 xe + 2 e +C
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu
u = ex
Exercise:
dv = cos xdx
du
⇒ = ⇒v=
dx

∫e
x
cos xdx =
u= dv / dx =
du ⇒v=
⇒ =
dx

e x sin x + e x cos x
Answer : +C
2
5.4 Tabular Integrations
∫ f ( x) g ( x)dx = fg ( −1) − f (1) g ( −2 ) + f ( 2 ) g ( −3) − ...
n
= ∑ ( −1) k f ( k ) g ( − k −1) + ( −1) n +1 ∫ f ( n +1) ( x ) g ( − n −1) ( x )dx
k =0

Column 1 Column 2
+f g
- f (1) g (-1)
+ f (2) g(-2)
- f (3) g(-3)

(-1)n f (n) g(-n)

(-1)n+1 f (n+1)….. g(-n-1)
Example:

Evaluate ∫ x2 ex dx
f(x) and its derivatives g(x) and its integrals
x2
(+) ex
2x
(-) ex
2
(+) ex
0
ex

Combine the products of the functions connected by the arrows

to obtain the answer
2 x x x
x e − 2 xe + 2e + C
Example:
∫ e dx.
3 x
x
Evaluate
f(x) and Sign of g(x) and
Repeated Product Repeated
Derivatives Integrals
x3 ex
3x2 (+) ex
6x (-) ex
6 (+) ex
0 (-) ex

Combine the products of the functions connected by the arrow to obtain the answer

∫
3 x 3 x 2 x x x
x e dx = x e − 3x e + 6xe − 6e +C
Exercise:

∫x
2
Evaluate sin xdx by tabular integration.

2
(Answer: − x cos x + 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + C
5.5 Definite Integration
Introduction:
The definite integral of function f(x) with
respect to x from a to b is denoted by
Function is
Upper limit the integrand

b
x is the
Integral Sign ∫
a
f ( x ) dx variable of
integration

Lower limit
Definite Integration
b b

∫a
f ( x)dx = F ( x) = [ F (b) + C ] − [ F (a ) + C ]
a

= F (b) − F (a )
2
∫
3
Example: Calculate integral x dx
1
4 2
2 x 4
(2) (1) 4
15
∫
3
x dx = = − =
1 4 1
4 4 4
area of the region bounded by the graph
of f(x), the x-axis and the vertical lines
x = a and x = b.
3 1
1 x
∫0 1 − x dx = x − 3
2

(1) 3
= 1− −0
3

2
=
3
Example: Total Area
Compute the definite integral of f(x) over [0, 2π] and the
area between the graph.
2π
sin xdx = − cos x ]
2π

y = sinx
∫0 0
= −[cos 2π − cos 0]
. =0
2π
. ∫π
2π
sin xdx = − cos x ]
π
π
sin xdx = − cos x ]
π
∫0 0
= −[cos 2π − cos π ]
= −[cos π − cos 0] = −2
=2 ∴Total Area = |2|+|-2| = 4
Applications of Definite Integrals

5.6 Area between the curves

5.7 Volumes of solids of revolution
5.6 Area between the curves

If f(x) is greater than g(x) for all x between

a and b, then the area between the curves is

∫ ( f ( x ) − g ( x ) )dx
a
5.6 Area between the curves

A= ∫ ( f ( x) − g ( x) )dx
a
Example
Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of
f(x) = (x – 1)2 and g(x) = -x + 3.
7

intersect at x = 2, -1
6

g(x) = -x + 3
4

f(x) = (x – 1)2 2

0
2
2 -2
2 -1 0
x1
( x − 1) 
2 2 3 3

∫ ∫
2
g ( x) − f ( x)dx = (− x + 3) − ( x − 1) dx = − + 3x − 
−1 −1 2 3  −1
2 3 2
(2 ) (2 − 1) (−1) (−1 − 1) 3
= [− + 3(2) − ] − [− + 3(−1) − ]
9 2 3 2 3
=
2
Example (Try This!)

Find the area of the region in the first

quadrant that is bounded above by y = x
and below by the x-axis and the line y = x - 2.

2 4
10
ANS: ∫ 0
x dx + ∫ ( x − ( x − 2)dx =
2
3
5.7 Volume of Solid of Revolution
Many solid objects, especially those made on
a lathe, have a circular cross-section and
curved sides. We can apply integration to find
the volume of such objects.
Volume- Disk method The region bounded
by f(x), x = a, x= b,
and the x-axis is
f(x) rotated around
x-axis to form a solid.
What is the volume
of the solid?

r = f(x)

Circular cross section

x
a b
The region bounded
y by f(x), x = a, x= b,
b and the y-axis is
rotated around
y-axis to form a solid.
What is the volume
r = f(y) of the solid?

f(y)
Circular cross section

a
x
5.7 Volumes of solids of revolution
Disk Method
The region bounded by the graph of y = f(x) and the x-
axis between x = a and x = b is rotated about x-axis.
b b b
V = π ∫ [radius ] dx = π ∫ [ f ( x )]2 dx = ∫ π [R( x )] dx
2 2

a a a
b
V = π ∫ [radius ] dx
2
Example 1
a

1
a b

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving

the region bounded by y = x and the lines x = 1,
x = 4 about line y = 1.
Example 1 (cont’)
2
V = ∫1 π [R( x)] dx
4

[ x − 1] dx
4 2
=∫ π
1

= π ∫ [x − 2 x + 1]dx
4

1
4
x 2
2  3
= π  − 2 ⋅ x + x 2

2 3 1
7π
=
6
Volumes of solids of revolution (cont)

The region bounded by the graph of x = f(y) and

the y-axis between y = c and y = d is rotated
about y-axis.

b
d d
V = π ∫ [radius ] dy = π ∫ [ f ( y )]2 dy
2

c c
x =3

a
Example 2

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the

region between the parabola x = y2 + 1 and the line x = 3
about the line x = 3.
Example 2 (cont’)

π [R( y )] dy
2
V =∫
2
− 2

π [3 − ( y 2 + 1)]dy
2
=∫
− 2

π [2 − y ] dy
2
2 2
=∫
− 2

=π∫
− 2
2
[4 − 4 y 2
+ y 4 dy]
2
 4 3 y  5
64π 2
= π 4 y − y +  =
 3 5 − 2
15
Washer Method
Washer Method
Example 3
 The region bounded by the parabola y = x2 and the
line y = 2x in the first quadrant is revolved about
the y-axis to generate a solid. Find the volume of
the solid.
 Solution:
 Points of intersection.
b

a
Solution:

[ ] 
4 2
2  y
V = ∫π  y −  dy
 2 
0  
4 2
 y 
= ∫ π  y − dy
0  4 
2 3 4
y y 
=π − 
 2 12  0
8
= π
3
More illustrations of examples:

Disk Method
More illustrations of examples:

Washer Method
More illustrations of examples:

Washer Method

~End of Integration Part 1~