CHAPTER 1 : INTEGRATION

1.1 Integration of Functions

Learning Outcomes: 1. Relate integration and differentiation.

2. Use the basic rules of integration.

 Integration is a reverse process of differentiation. (before that, you should really know about derivates!)

Example : What is an integral of 𝟐𝒙?

We know that derivative of 𝑥 2 is 2𝑥…

Differentiate 2𝑥
𝑥2
Integrate

…so the integral of 2𝑥 is 𝑥 2 .

 Notation : the symbol for “integral” is the stylish “S”

And here is how we write the answer :

 WHY PLUS C ...???

It is the “constant of integration”. It is there because all of the function whose derivative of 2x is :

The derivative of 𝑥 2 + 4 is 2𝑥, the derivative of 𝑥 2 + 99 is 2𝑥, and so on! Why? Because the derivative of a
constant is zero!
So when we reverse the operation (to find the integral) we only know 2𝑥, but there could have been any
constant value.
So, we wrap up the idea by just writing +𝑪 at the end.

1
Basic Rules of Integration

i)  k dx  kx  c
xn  1
 x dx   C , n  -1
n
ii)
n 1
iii) k f(x) dx  k  f(x) dx
iv)  [ f(x)  g(x) ] dx   f(x) dx   g(x) dx
(ax  b)n 1
 (ax  b) dx   c, n  1
n
v)
d
(n  1) (ax  b)
dx

Example 1

1
 3 dx x 
6
a) b) dx c) dx
x

4x 1
e) 32 y  13 dy
2
d)   2 x dx  f)  2 x3
dx

 x   2 x  13x  2 dx
2
g) 2
 5 dx h)

2
Integration of 𝒆𝒙 and 𝒂𝒙

 e dx  e c
x x
i)

e f ( x)
 e dx  c
f ( x)
ii)
f '( x)
ax
 a dx  c
x
iii)
ln a
a f ( x)
  c
f ( x)
iv) a dx
(ln a) ( f '( x))

Example 2
e 2 x 3
 e  e dx  4 dx  3 dx
x x 3 x 1
a) b) c)

𝟏 𝒇′ (𝒙)
Integration of 𝒙, 𝒇(𝒙)
, 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒆𝒇(𝒙) d
ln f ( x)  f ( x) and d ln  f ( x)   f ( x)
dx f ( x) dx f ( x)

1
i)  x dx  ln x  c f x 
 dx  ln f x   c
f '( x) f x 
ii)  f ( x)
dx  ln f ( x)  c

 f '( x)e  e c
f ( x) f ( x)
iii)

d f ( x)

 f ' ( x )e f ( x )   f ' ( x )e dx  e f ( x )  c
 f ' ( x) f ( x) dx
f ( x)
n e
iv) dx

Example 3

2 1 3  2x
a)  x dx b)  5  3x dx c)  3x  x 2
dx

 4e
4 x 3
d) dx

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1.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

sin ax
d
sin x  cos x   cos x dx  sin x  c  cos axdx  a
c
dx
 cos ax
d
cos x   sin x   sin x dx   cos x  c  sin axdx  a  c
dx
tan ax
d
 sec axdx  a  c
2
tan x  sec 2 x   sec x dx  tan x  c
2

dx

Example 4

 4  1  cos3 (2 x   )
 (3x  sin x)dx   x2  3cos 4x dx  cos2 (2 x   ) dx
3
a) b)  c)

Integration of ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 and ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 where n is even integer

Double angle formulae can be used.

1 1
Since cos 2ax  1  2sin ax  sin ax 
2 2
(1  cos 2ax) , thus  sin 2 axdx   (1  cos 2ax)dx
2 2

1 1
Since cos 2ax  2cos ax  1  cos ax 
2 2
(1  cos 2ax) , thus  cos2 axdx   (1  cos 2ax)dx
2 2

Example 5

 cos 
2
a) 2xdx b) sin 2 3xdx

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1.3 Techniques of Integration

Integration by Substitution

Integration by substitution is used to compute indefinite integrals of the form

 f g xg xdx ……… (1)

To compute (1) we make a change of variable, or substitution.

We let u = g(x) …………..(2)

du
then  g ' ( x) or du  g ' ( x)dx ………….(3)
dx

Making these substitutions (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain the integral

 f ( g ( x))g' ( x)dx =  f (u)du

This method is illustrated in the following examples.

Example 6

 3x
2
sin x 3 dx
Find
du
Find  cot xdx
Solution: Let u = x , then 3
 dx  cos x
dx Solution:  cot xdx   dx
Using this substitution, we obtain sin x

du
 3x   dx 
2
sin x3 dx = Let u = sin x , then
dx

Using this substitution, we obtain

 cot x dx =

(ln 2 x) 3
a)  (2 x  3) x  1dx b)  x dx

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Integration by Parts

If the integrand 𝑓(𝑥) is a product of Logarithmic, Polynomials, Exponential and Trigonometric functions, then
integration by parts may work.

Key concept:
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

Remember : LPET L = Logarithmic

P = Polynomials Choose 𝑢 for the first term of
E = Exponentials LPET and 𝑑𝑣 for the second
T = Trigonometric term.

Example 7

 xe dx  ln xdx 
x
a) b) c) e x sin xdx

Integration of Partial Fractions

Example 8
5 2x 1
a)  x(1  x) dx b) x 2
 2x  3
dx

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1.4 Definite integrals b

Properties of definite integrals :  cdx  c(b  a) ,where c is any constant

a
b b b

  f ( x)  g ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx

a a a
b b

 cf ( x)dx  c  f ( x)dx ,where c is any constant

a a
a

 f ( x)dx 0
a
c b c


a
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx ,where a  b  c
a b
b
If f ( x)  0 for a  x  b , then  f ( x)dx  0
a

Example 9

3 8
Given 
1
f ( x)dx  5 and 
3
f (x)  10 . Find

3
(a)  3
f ( x)dx
1
(b) 
3
f ( x)dx
3
(c)  4 f ( x)dx
1

Evaluate the value of definite integral

Example 10

2 2x3

1
a)
0
e 4 x2 dx b) 
0
1  x4
dx

7
Evaluate area of a region

Area between curve and x-axis

If f is continuous throughout [a, b] , then the area of the region between the
curve y = f( x ) and the x – axis from x = a to x = b is given by

b
area = a f ( x) dx

f(x)

b
Area = a f ( x)dx

x
a b

f(x)

a b
x

b
Area =  f ( x)dx
a

note : area is always positive!

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Area between a curve and y-axis

If g is continuous throughout [c , d ] , then the area of the region between the

curves x = g( y ) and the y – axis from y = c to y = d is given by

c
area = g ( y ) dy

f(x)

d
d
Area = c g ( y)dy

f(x)

d
d
Area =  g ( y)dy
c

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Example 11

a) Find the area of region bounded by f ( x)  x 2  2 x , x-axis, the lines x axis, the lines x  0 and x  3 .

1
b) Find the area of region bounded by y  , 2  y  4 ,  4  y  2 and y axis. Find the area of shaded
x
region.

  
c) Find the area enclosed by the curve y  sec 2 x , y  2 in  ,  .
 3 3

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Area between two curves

If f and g are continuous with f(x) ≥ g(x) throughout [ a , b ] , then the area of
the region between the curves y = f( x ) and y = g ( x ) from x = a to x = b is
the integral of [f – g] from a to b.

b
area a
= [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx

f(x)
f(x)

g(x)

a b
x

Example 12

a) Calculate the area of the region bounded by the curve y 2  x and y  x  2 .

11
b) Calculate the area of the region bounded by the curve y  x 2  3 , 3 y  2 x  14 and x-axis.

4
c) Show that the area enclosed by the line y  4  2 x and curve y  4  x 2 is unit 2
3

12
Volume of a solid revolution

a) Revolve about 𝒙-axis

b
y = f (x) Volume, V   y 2 dx
a

b
V  a   f ( x) 2 dx

x=a x=b

b) Revolve about 𝒚-axis

b
Volume, V  a  ( x ) 2 dy
𝑦=𝑑

𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) b
V    g ( y) 
2
dy
𝑦=𝑐 a

Example 13

Let R be the region bounded by curve y  e x , and 2  x  5 . Calculate the volume of the solid formed when R
is rotated about the 𝑥-axis.

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Example 14
1
Find the volume of the solid formed when the area bounded by the curves y  , y  axis , y  2 and y  5 is
x
rotated about y-axis.

Example 15
Let R be the region bounded by the curve y   x 2  1 . Calculate the volume of the solid formed when it is rotated
about x  axis .

Example 16
The area R bounded by the curves y  x  2 , and between 0  y  2 is revolved completely about the line
y  axis . Calculate the volume of the solid formed.

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Volume of solids generated by revolving the region between two curves

a) Revolve about 𝒙-axis

y
y1=f(x)

b
V    ( y 1  y 2 ) dx
2 2

R a

y2=g(x) Or

    f ( x)   g ( x) dx
b
2 2
V
a

a x
b
a b
b) Revolve about 𝒚-axis
y

c   x1 
d
x1=f(y)
d V  2
 x 2 2 dy
x2=g(y) R

Or

c    f  y  dy
d

c V  2
 g  y  2

c
x

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Example 17
𝑥
Determine the volume of a solid obtained by the region bounded by 𝑦 = √𝑥 and 𝑦 = 4, rotating about the 𝑦-axis.

Example 18
Determine the volume of a solid obtained by the region bounded by 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 and 𝑦 = 1, rotating about the 𝑥-
axis.

Example 19
Determine the volume of a solid obtained by the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 8, rotating about the x-
axis.

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