Computer, Internet &

Internet
Technologies
By
Tariq Saleem Ghayyur
Lecturer
Department of Education
Sargodha University
Computer
• Computer is an electronic device that takes data
as input, processes it and gives information as
output that can be stored and shared. Computer
is comprised of hardware and software.

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Hardware & Software
• Physical components of computer are called
hardware. E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor,
Scanner, Printer
• Software is a set a of instructions that are given
to perform different task on computer.

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Different types of hardware
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Processing Devices
• Storage Devices
• Networking Devices

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Input devices
• Input devices are those devices that are used to
give input to computer (enter data into
computer). E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Mic, Scanner
etc.

Output devices
• Output devices are those devices that are used
to display (give) result of processing to the user.
E.g. Monitor, Printer, Speaker 5
Processing devices
• Processing devices are those devices that are
used to process (transform) data into
information. These devices perform arithmetic
and logical operations on data and controls
follow of data. E.g. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Storage Devices
• Storage devices are those devices that are used
to store data (permanently or temporary). E.g.
Hard disk, USB, CD, DVD, RAM, ROM etc. 6
Networking devices
• Networking devices are those devices that are
used to share data from one computer to an
other computer. E.g. Network Interface Card
(NIC), Router, Gateway, Modem etc.

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Application Software
• Application Software is a set of instructions to
perform specific tasks on computer. E.g.
Microsoft Word, Calculation, VLC Player, Internet
Explorer etc.

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System software
• System software basically runs and controls all
applications as well as hardware components of
computer.

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Components of system
software
• Operating system
• Utility Programs
• Drivers

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Operating system
• A part of system software that provides user
interface to run and control all hardware and
software activities on computer. It also includes
features like multitasking, multiprocessing, time
scheduling etc. E.g. Microsoft Window, UNIX,
LINUX, DOS

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Utility program
• Utility program used for maintenance of
computer hardware and software. E.g.
Disk Defragment, Disk scan, Antivirus

Hardware Driver
• Hardware drivers are used to identify and run
hardware computer on computer.
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Internet
• Internet is network of networks (a global
computer network) that connects
computer worldwide (globally).
• Internet is a global computer network
providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of
interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols.
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How can we use internet?
• Searching contents (pdf (Portable Document
File), doc (Document), ppt (PowerPoint), xls
(Excel), Access (accs), html, webpages
• Job searching/online job (Job Hunting Websites,
• Communicate data to any one (E-mails,
Websites, blogs, Wikis)
• Online shopping (E-Commerce)
• Online Banking (E-banking)
• Online learning (distance or virtual education)
• Online Social Networking (Facebook, Twitter, 14
WhatsApp, Instagram) Online Forum
Continued

• Entertainment and fun (Movies, songs, games, Music, Naat,

Tilawat, Documentaries, Drama)
• Online News Channels (Newspapers) including electronic
media (Radio, TV) and print media (Newspapers, magazines)
both.
• Educational usage (educational videos, educational audios
files)
• Downloading E-Contents (e-books, e-articles, e-journals, e-
notes)
• Uploading and sharing e-contents (material)
• Advertisement / E-Marketing
• Online storage
• Video and Audio Chatting and Conferencing 15
Some Internet Technologies
• Web server • (Network) Protocols
• Mail Server • Internet Protocols (IP)
• Transport Control Protocol
• Computer/Network Server
(TCP)
• Node/Terminal • Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• Website (HTTP)
• Webpage • File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Domain Name • E-mail
• Hyperlink • Web Conferencing
• Web Address • Uploading
• Downloading
• Web Browser
• Main Page
• World Wide Web (WWW) 16
• Search Engine
Web server
•It provides the facility to
download or upload data. It
basically stores websites and
website data. It has very excessive
storage.

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Mail Server
• It provides facility to send and receive E-
mails and it also provides E-mail
management services like Gmail, Yahoo,
Hotmail, MSN etc.

Network Server
• It is used in networking environment. It is
more powerful computer that provides
networking facilities to the other 18
computers in the network.
Node/Terminal
• Computer connected in a network is
called a node.

Network Topology
• It is the layout or arrangement of
computers connected in a network. 19
Website
•Collection of webpages that are
hyperlinked together. Million of
website are present on internet.

Webpage
• A web document that contains data
including text, pictures, shapes, drawings,
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audio, video.
Hyperlink
• Interconnection of two or more web
documents. One web page may be
interconnected to one or many other
webpages or websites.

Web Address
• Address of any website like
www.uos.edu.pk (website of University of
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Sargodha), www.google.com etc.
WWW (World Wide Web)
• It is consortium of all websites of the
world. It was established in 1991.
Protocols
• Set of rules that govern over internet. For proper
communication, entities in different systems
must speak the same language
• there must be mutually acceptable
conventions and rules about the content,
timing and underlying mechanisms
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• Those conventions and associated rules are referred as
“PROTOCOLS”. Examples HTTP and FTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
•HTTP is used to access and
download websites from internet.

File Transfer Protocol

•FTP is used to upload data and
websites to internet.
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Domain Name
• It shows the type of website. It is included
at end of name of website (website
address) like .com, .edu., info., org, gov
etc.

Web Address
• Address of any website like
www.uos.edu.pk (website of University of
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Sargodha), www.google.com etc.
Hyperlink
• Interconnection of two or more web
documents. One web page may be
interconnected to one or many other
webpages or websites.

Web Address
• Address of any website like
www.uos.edu.pk (website of University of
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Sargodha), www.google.com etc.
Contemporary Internet Technologies
“It's amazing in many ways that in just a few short
years, we have gone from a Web that was
primarily "read only" to one where creating
content is almost as easy as consuming it”.

“One where writing and publishing in the forms

of blogs, wikis and podcasts and many other
such tools is available to everyone. One where
we can connect not just to content but to
people, ideas and conversations as well”.

“The good news for all of us is that today,

anyone can become a lifelong learner. These
technologies are user friendly in a way that 26
technologies have not been in the past”
Will Richardson - Edutopia
Blogs and Blogging
• What is a Blog (or Weblog)?
• A frequently updated website, automatically
archived.
• Easily updated using any web browser connected
to the Internet.
• An online journal or newsletter, consisting of
personal thoughts & commentary
• Blogs include links to articles and websites.
• Most blogs allow readers to leave comments on
posts.
• Blogs can be authored by an individual or by 27
multiple authors.
Blogs
•Updated Website
•Automatically Archived
•Accessed by any web browser
•Personal thoughts and
commentary
•Links Articles/Websites
•Leave comments 28
Wiki
• "A wiki is a web application
that allows users to add content,
as on an Internet forum, but also
allows anyone to edit the content.
Wiki also refers to the
collaborative software used to
create such a website” Wikipedia 29
Wiki
•Online
•Users can add content
•Anyone can edit information if
you choose
•Add images and links
•Set preferences
•Invite people to join 30
Podcasting
Podcasting, made from Apple's
"iPod" and "broadcasting", is a
method of publishing files to the
Internet, allowing users to
subscribe to a feed and receive
new files automatically by
subscription, usually at no cost. It
first became popular in late 2004,
used largely for audio files."
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Wikipedia
Podcasting- Continued
• Podcasting does not actually require an
iPod. One can access podcasts via the web
with almost any audio software and/or
with most portable digital music players.
Creating podcasts can be done using free
software. Podcast files can be hosted using
various, free online services.
• Mainly Audio >Subscribe to updates
• Usually free >Create using free software i.e. 32

Audacity
Example
www.podomatic.com

The Web Address for HFC podcasts is:

http://hfc.podomatic.com/ – Click Here

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Online Social Networks
• "A social network is a map of
the relationships between
individuals, indicating the ways in
which they are connected through
various social familiarities ranging
from casual acquaintance to close
familial bonds." Wikipedia 34
Online Social Networks
Social networking sites typically let
users develop a list of friends.
You can explore your friends' buddy lists
and find people with similar interests.
You can perform a number of online
activities: blogging, media-sharing,
commenting, testimonials.
You can personalize your 'space'
easily using themes and widgets to
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make it look different from other
people's.
Examples of Social Networks

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Photo Sharing
There are many places where you can post
pictures and photos. You can share them
with others and search for pictures posted
by other people. There are privacy options
available.

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http://educationalsoftware.wikispaces.com/Picture+Sharing
Video Sharing
Just as you can add images up to the
web you can also add video clips.
There are a range of different sites to
host video such as:

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Embedding Video
You can embed videos into your blog,
wiki or website from sites such as You
Tube and Google Video. All you need is
the html code from the website that
hosts your video which you then add to
your blog, wiki or website.

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Slide Shows
If students or teachers have worked
hard on a PowerPoint presentation in
class, there are places where these can
be uploaded so that you can share them
with a wider audience.

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RSS Feed
"It is an alternative means of accessing the vast
amount of information that now exists on the
world wide web. Instead of the user browsing
websites for information of interest, the
information is sent directly to the user."
RSS stands for Really Simple Syndication. It refers to files
easily read by a computer called XML files that
automatically update information. seen these symbols?
If you have, it means that you can subscribe to an
information source provided on that page. That way,
whenever there is an update to that page (new information,
new blog post, new photos, etc), you will receive an update
in your RSS reader.
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