I.

HISTORY OF THE FLAG OF PERU

First Official Flag.-

It was created by General José de San Martín. The Peruvian flag has the
colors red, taken from the Chilean flag, and white, from the Argentine flag,
in recognition that the Liberation Army was made up of men from both
nations. The flag that, a year before, was shown in Tacna, is a free version
of the Argentine flag created by Belgrano ten years before.

Second Official Flag.-

Five months after the first national flag was instituted (March 1822),
Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre Tagle and Supreme Delegate of
the Republic, who temporarily replaced San Martín when he traveled
to Guayaquil, decreed a new design. The composition established a
transverse white stripe embedded between two red stripes of the same
width with a sun in the center. The modification carried out responded
- according to Torre Tagle - among other things, to the inconveniences
that “the construction” of the previous flag demanded.

Don José deTorre Tagle, chose to give another design to the Peruvian flag
because it was confused from a distance with that of the Spanish. The new
features, "three vertical stripes, red at the ends and white at the center",
were fixed on May 31, 1822.

The law established by Bolívar and Congress in 1825 also decreed a

new national flag, provisional until then. The flag created by Bernardo
de Tagle was then ratified, ending - finally - with three vertical stripes,
the extreme ones red and the center one white, accompanied by the
coat of arms in the middle area of the white stripe, which had as its
timbre a wreath and was embraced from its bottom by a palm on the
right and a laurel branch on the left.

National Flag, 1950

Until 1950, the bicolor flag that had a shield in the center was called
the “National Flag.” However, some designed it without the
aforementioned symbol. In that year, General Manuel Odría,
president of Peru, decided to give a new structure and significance to
the national flag. Its shape was modified and it was ordered to use in
its definition -as an official lexicon-, as follows: "... rectangular in
shape, with the national colors, without a shield in the center"
II. PATRIOTIC SYMBOLS

III. Pre Inca Culture

I. CHAVÍN CULTURE

Its main center was the temple of Chavín de

Huántar,

It was discovered in 1919 by Julio C. Tello, who

called it “mother culture” of Peru.

The temple of Chavín: It was a large ceremonial

center directed by astronomer priests, rulers. the
jaguar god

Chavín art: His art represented gods with figures of

jaguar, snakes, falcons and alligators.

The economic base was agriculture, mainly corn .

II. PARACAS
Its discoverer, Julio C. Tello divided it into two stages: Paracas Caverns and Paracas
Necropolis.

Adobe temples: The best known are the Animas Altas, Soto, Alvarado and Santa
Rosa huacas.

It was governed by a priestly aristocracy, they were farmers and fishermen who
offered offerings and jobs to support the cult of the gods.

They worshiped Kon, god of water, represented as a flying feline.

The fabrics of the Paracas Necropolis phase are the most beautiful from ancient
Peru. They were surgeons, they performed the famous Cranial Trepanations.

III. TIAHUANACO CULTURE

Its main center was the sacred city of
Tiahuanaco, southeast of Lake Titicaca, it
was studied by Max Uhle.
They used high altitude agriculture (potato, olluco, quinoa). They also dedicated
themselves to raising alpacas and llamas, and bartering.

God Was Wiracocha or god of the Rods, the same one who was represented on the
famous Cover of the Sun.

Architecture is the Kalasasaya Palace, the Akapana pyramid and the semi-
subterranean Temple. They were built with carved stones held together with
copper staples .
.

IV. NASCA CULTURE

Location in the Rio Grande valley, Ica
region. Its discoverer is Federico Max
Uhle.

It was an agricultural-based society,

despite being located in one of the most
desert areas of the Peruvian coast. They
built many underground canals and
aqueducts called puquios.
Their government was a priestly and warrior aristocracy, which dominated a large
peasant mass.

Gods: They worshiped Boto (the orca) and Kon (the feline).

Lines and geoglyphs of Nasca: They are engraved in the pampas of San José,
Ingenio and Palpa. They created the most beautiful pictorial ceramics of ancient
Peru. Its huacos are polychrome and have two peaks with a bridge handle.

V. THE 14 INCAS

1. MANCO CÁPAC was the first governor and founder of the Inca culture in Cuzco. He is
the protagonist of the two best-known legends about the origin of the Incas. His main
wife was Mama Ocllo, with whom he fathered his successor Sinchi Roca and other
wives such as Mama Huaco, who is said to have been a brave woman.
2. SINCHI ROCA (Sinchi Ruq'a) was the second ruler of the Curacazgo of
Cuzco. His name in Quechua means magnificent warrior. It is believed that his rule
began approximately in the year 1230 and ended approximately in the year 1260
AD. Legitimate son of Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo.

3. LLOQUE YUPANQUI : he was the third ruler of the Curacazgo of Cuzco;

He did not achieve almost any territorial expansion throughout his government
because the constant struggles for permanence in the
Cuzco valley prevented it. His wife was Mama Cagua,
daughter of the lord of Oma, a manor 11 kilometers south
of Cusco.
4. MAYTA CÁPAC . He was the fourth ruler of the Curacazgo of Cuzco, when Lloque Yupanqui died,
Mayta Cápac was still too young to assume power, so his uncle assumed command until he was
mature.

5. CÁPAC YUPANQUI was the fifth governor of the Curacazgo of Cuzco, he

came to power through a coup d'état against his cousin Tarco Huamán,
who had originally been destined for the Inca throne. Cápac Yupanqui
turned out to be a brave ruler, and also very Machiavellian.

6. INCA ROCA . He was the sixth ruler of the Curacazgo of Cuzco, the first Inca of the
Hanan dynasty Cuzco, he came to power through a coup d'état against the Inca
Cápac Yupanqui, thus restoring the diarchy that consisted of giving the government
to the Hanan dynasty, and the priesthood to the Hurin dynasty.

7. YÁHUAR HUÁCAC , born Tito Cusi Hualpa, was the seventh ruler
and second on record to bear the title of Inca. He was kidnapped
by the Ayamarcas when he was a child. During his captivity, the Ayamarco
ruler ordered his execution. It is said that when the boy found out, he cried
blood, which points to acute conjunctivitis. But the Ayamarco governor took
pity on him. A year later he was released and ruled for a short time.

8. HATUN TÓPAC , later called Huiracocha Inca, was the

eighth ruler of the Curacazgo of Cuzco. He took the name Viracocha Inca
because he claimed to have had a divine dream with the god Viracocha.
During his government he conquered some lordships, he did some works
in the capital (Cuzco) and in the few provinces that there were. He
accepted the surrender and handover of Cuzco to a Chanca embassy and
escaped with his favorite children, wives and servants.

9. PACHACÚTEC: he was the ninth ruler of the Inca state and who converted it
from a simple curacazgo to a great empire: the Tahuantinsuyo. Although he had
not been designated as successor by his father Huiracocha Inca, he led a military
defense against the bellicose Chanca army while he and his son Inca Urco had
fled the dominion. The victory over the Chancas caused Huiracocha Inca to
recognize him as his successor around 1438.

10. AMARU INCA YUPANQUI was the tenth Inca of Tahuantinsuyo, although he is
mostly not considered an Inca ruler because he had the shortest government.
He was very peaceful and kind.

11. TÚPAQ INKA YUPANKI (Cusco, 1441 - Chinchero, 1493) was the tenth Inca
sovereign. Successor of Pachacutec; He assumed the co-kingship probably between
the ages of 15 and 20 (between 1456 and 1461). Then, after his father's death, he
took full control of power. He must have been in his early 30s.
12. PACHACÚTEC Emperor of Cusco. The place of his birth is not clear, it is
estimated that he was born in Cuzco, although it is disputed whether he was
probably born in Tumipamba, current city of Cuenca.1 2 3 4 Son of the Sapa
Inca Túpac Yupanqui and the Coya Mama Ocllo, born during the expeditions
of conquest undertaken by his father during the reign of Pachacutec. During
his childhood and youth he was called Tito Cusi Guallpa.

13. HUÁSCAR was the twelfth Inca of Tahuantinsuyo, one of the

ten blood children of Huayna Cápac and one of the third with access to the throne,
Huáscar was probably born in Huascarpata, and hence his name. He was designated
as successor by the orejones (nobles of royal blood or panaca) of Cuzco, but not by
his own father who died alongside his legitimate successor. The decision made by the
Orejones was influenced by the experience that Huáscar had in governing a very
important city such as Cuzco.

14. ATAHUALPA : He was the thirteenth Inca and although he

had successors appointed by the Spanish, he is considered the last ruler
of the Inca Empire. Who was captured and after offering a reward, for
his freedom he was sentenced and executed to death.

VI. THE EMPIRE OF THE TAHAUNTISUYO

VII. MAP OF PERU AND ITS DEPARTMENTS
VIII. SAN MARTIN'S DREAM

The Flag of Peru is one of the main national symbols and several stories have
emerged about its creation. One of them is that of the dream of Don José de
San Martín.
This story tells that San Martín was resting in the bay of Paracas, under the
shade of a palm tree. It was then that he dreamed that he was in front of a
large port where there were large ships with flags of all nations.
Furthermore, in his dream he saw huge buildings and a large population
where many flags were flying, but among all of them one stood out. When
he fixed his gaze on it he gave a start and woke up.
When he got up he saw several parihuanas crossing the sky, sea birds with
white breasts and red wings. Then he exclaimed:
General Las Heras! Do you see that flock of birds heading north?
-Yeah! - Las Heras responded -, it looks like a flag.
"Indeed," San Martín added, "that is the flag of freedom!" White and red,
flag of Peruvian freedom that we come to conquer!