Basketball background and History

Invention of the game

 The game of basketball as it is known today was created by Dr.
James Naismith in December 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts,
to condition young athletes during cold months. Naismith was a
physical education instructor at YMCA International Training School
(now known as Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts.
Upon the request of his boss, Naismith was tasked to create an
indoor sports game to help athletes keep in shape in cold weather.
 It consisted of peach baskets and a soccer style ball. He published
13 rules for the new game. He divided his class of eighteen into two
teams of nine players each and set about to teach them the basics
of his new game. The objective of the game was to throw the
basketball into the fruit baskets nailed to the lower railing of the gym
balcony. Every time a point was scored, the game was halted so
the janitor could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball. After a
while, the bottoms of the fruit baskets were removed. The first public basketball
game was played in Springfield,
Massachusetts, on March 11, 1892.

Naismith’s Original Rules

1. The ball may be thrown in any

direction with one or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any
direction with one or both hands.
3. A player cannot run with the ball,
the player must throw it from the
spot on which he catches it,
allowance to be made for a man
who catches the ball when running
at good speed.
4. The ball must be held in or
between the hands, the arms or body must not be used for holding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping or striking in any way the person of
an opponent shall be allowed. The first infringement of this rule by any person
shall count as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is
made, or if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the
game, no substitute.
6. A foul is striking the ball with the fist, violation of rules 3 and 4, and such as
described in rule 5.
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a goal for opponents.
8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from grounds into the
basket and stays there. If the ball rests on the edge and the opponent moves
the basket it shall count as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field and played
by the person first touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it
straight into the field. The "thrower-in" is allowed five seconds. If he holds it
longer it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game,
the umpire shall call a foul on them.
10. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls, and notify
the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made.
11. The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in
play, in-bounds, and to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall
decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals with any
other duties that are usually performed by a referee.
12. The time shall be fifteen-minute halves, with five-minute rests between.
13. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In
the case of a draw, the game may, by agreement of the captains, be
continued until another goal is made.

 Only in 1906 were metal hoops, nets and backboards introduced. In 1894 the soccer
ball was replaced by a ball Naismith contacted Spalding to make.

The first basketball court . Spring Field The Spalding basketball from 1922

Formation of FIBA

World basketball was growing, but it was on June 18, 1932, that a real international
organization was formed, to coordinate tournaments and teams.
The following representatives of the 8 national federations:Argentina,Greece,
Italy,Latvia,Portugal,Romania,Switzerland and Czechoslovakia founded
the International Basketball Federation (Fédération internationale de basketball amateur,
FIBA) in Geneva.
The first World Championship was held in Argentina in 1950.
NBA

The Basketball Association of America (BAA) was founded on June 6, 1946, in New York
City. The league adopted the name National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949 after
merging with the rival National Basketball League (NBL). As of the early 21st century, the
NBA is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of
popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition.
In 1954, the 24-second shot clock was introduced. This was done to increase the speed
of the game, by forcing the team with the basketball to shoot the ball before the 24-
second timer is up.
The NBA introduced the three-point line, in the 1979–1980 season. This was done to
spread out the players, which were predominantly playing underneath the basket at this
time as well as add a further degree of difficulty to the game.

Terminologies
Airball - A shot attempt that was off the mark and didn't touch the basket or
the backboard

Alley-oop - A play where a teammate throws the ball high towards the basket
and their teammate jumps up, catches the ball, and then slams it into the
hoop.

Assist - When a player passes the ball to their teammate, which leads to a
made basket.

Backboard - The rectangular piece of wood or fiberglass attached to the back

of the basket.

Box Out - Positioning yourself between the basket and your opponent as a
way to obtain a rebound.

Brick - A shot that bounces off the rim or backboard without going in.

Double-Double - A phrase meaning a player recorded two statistical figures

in double digits (i.e. 10 points and 12 assists).

Double Dribble - When a player either dribbles the ball with two hands or
stops dribbling all together and then begins again, this results in a loss of
possession.

Fast Break - A play that starts with a defensive rebound that is quickly
passed up towards mid court to an awaiting teammate. These plays often end
with an easy basket as the opposing team isn't able to catch up to the scoring
player.

Field Goal - A basket made during the game.

Free-Throw Line - The line that players shoot from after being fouled. They
cannot be guarded while shooting from there, and each basket made is worth
one point.

Jump Ball - Two opposing players jump for a basketball that was tossed into
the air by a ref. Also away to award possession after two opposing players
simultaneously gain possession of a ball.

The Paint - This is the area on a court that extends from the baseline under
the basketball to the free-throw line. Referred to as the paint because it is
often a different color from the rest of the court.

Screen - When an offensive player stands in the way of a defender to try and
give his teammate an open shot.

Slam Dunk - Also known as a dunk, this is when a player close to the basket
jumps up and throws the ball down into the hoop.

Swish - A shot that goes straight through the net without touching the rim or
backboard, also known as nothing-but-net.

Three-Point Line - Also known as the 3-point arc. This is the strip along the
outside of the offensive zone and any shot made from behind it is worth three
points.

Traveling - When a player moves their feet without dribbling the basketball.
This results in a loss of possession for their team.

Triple-Double - A phrase meaning a player recorded three statistical figures

in double digits, often thought of as a great accomplishment (i.e. 10 points, 12
assists and 11 rebounds
Equipment and Facilities

1.Ball
-most important thing for training is the ball. For
practicing, one can play with a rubberball. For
professional competitions, one needs to use an
inflated ball made of leather.Official size of a
basketball is 29.5 to 30 inches in circumference
for men's game and 28.5 inches in
circumference for women's game. It should weigh 18 to 22 ounces. When
bounced off 6 feet from the floor, a well inflated ball should bounce 49 to 54
inches in height.

2.Court
– it should be flat. The court is usually made of wooden floorboard. The court
size is about 28 m x 17 m according to the international standards. However,
the National Basketball Association states the floor dimension as 29 m x 15
m. It has a steel basket with net and backboard hang over each end of the
court. At almost all levels of competition, the top of the rim is exactly 10 ft.
(3.05m) above the court and 4 ft.(1.2 m)inside the baseline.
Basketball court markings

 Three point line

The three point lines are the arcs that mark a range boundary from each hoop.
Scoring from outside this line is worth three points. The distance of the line will vary
depending on the level of game, but is typically 6.75m from the basket.

 Free throw line

The free throw line, marked 4.6m from the backboard, is the mark at which a player
must stand when shooting free throws.

 Free throw circle

The free throw circle is the same size as the centre circle (3.6m in diameter).
Shooters must stay inside this circle when taking a free throw. The circle is also used
for jump balls.

 Free throw lane lines/key

Lane lines run from the free throw line to the baseline, to form the 'key'. The shape
and width can vary depending on the level of the game, but FIBA (International
Basketball Federation) regulation changes in 2010 set it as a 4.9m by 5.8m rectangle

 Sidelines

The outer edge of the court is denoted by the sidelines, which run the length of the
court. On a full-sized court they measure 28m.

 Baseline and endline

The terms baseline and endline both refer to the ends of the court running behind the
goals. Typically they measure 15m.

The use of the different terms depends on the direction a team is playing. Endline is
the term for the end of the court which a team is defending, baseline is the for the
attacking end.

 Mid court

This is the halfway mark on the court and is used to denote the offensive playing
area during a game.

On a full-sized court, the mid court line would be 14m from each endline.

 Centre circle

Used for the opening tip off, the centre circle has a 3.6m diameter

.
3. Backboard

– It is a raised vertical board with a basket attached. It is made of a flat, rigid

piece of material, often plexi glass. It is rectangular as used in NBA, NCAA
and international basketball.

Size of the backboard Size of a basketball rim

a)Width: 6 ft.(72 in.) a) Diameter: 18’’
b)Height: 3.5ft. (42 in)

4.Basket net
– The nets shall be of white cord suspended from
the rings and constructed so that they check the ball
momentarily as it passes through the basket. They
shall be no less than 400 mm and no more than 450
mm in length. The net shall have 12 loops to attach
it to the ring. The upper section of the net shall be
semi-rigid to prevent: The net from rebounding up
through the ring, creating possible entanglement. The ball from becoming
trapped in the net or rebounding back out of the net.
5. Padding
–The backboard and backboard support structure must be padded. The
minimum thickness of the padding shall be 50 mm unless otherwise stated.

6. Game clock – Shows how

much time remains in the
game.The game clock shall be
placed so that it is clearly visible
to everyone involved in the
game including the spectators.

7. Clothing- Players each team should wear same outfits which must not
clash with the opposing team and wear a numbered shirt and no two players
in the same team should wear the same number. Loose-fitting shorts are
recommended for mobility, and sleeveless vests are the standard attire.
Basketball shoes must be rubber-soled and with protected ankle supports,
although these are not necessary. Most important of all,make sure your
clothing is comfortable. It is important to wear toweled socks