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Introduction To Control System

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13 views

Introduction To Control System

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yasa1990
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Introduction to control system

Control theories commonly used today are classical control theory (also
called conventional control theory).

Automatic control is essential in any field of engineering and science, and it


is an integral part of space-vehicle systems, robotic systems, modern
manufacturing systems, and any industrial operations involving control of
temperature, pressure, humidity, flow, etc.

Definitions:

Controlled Variable and Control Signal or Manipulated Variable, The


controlled variable is the quantity or condition that is measured and
controlled. The control signal or manipulated variable is the quantity or
condition that is varied by the controller .

Plants: A plant may be a piece of equipment, perhaps just a set of


machine parts functioning together, the purpose of which is to perform a
particular operation.

Processes: It is progressively continuing operation that consists of a series


of controlled actions or movements systematically directed toward a
particular result or end.

Systems: A system is a combination of components that act together and


perform a certain objective. A system need not be physical.

Disturbances: A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect the


value of the output of a system. It is either internal or external

an input.

Feedback Control: Feedback control refers to an operation that, in the


presence of disturbances, tends to reduce the difference between the
output of a system and some reference input .
Speed control system, The basic Watt’s governor shown in Figure(1)
below, In case of any disturbance in the load suck as increasing the load
for example , speed will be reduced , the centrifugal will come down letting
more oil to get in the system under the piston , this will let more fuel to be in
i.e speed will be increased , centrifugal arms will rise up and the fuel will be
reduced. The speed will be controlled within a certain limit.

Figure (1) Watt’s governor

In this speed control system, the plant (controlled system) is the engine and
the controlled variable is the speed of the engine. The difference between
the desired speed and the actual speed is the error signal. The control
signal (the amount of fuel) to be applied to the plant (engine) is the
actuating signal. The external input to disturb the controlled variable is the
disturbance. An unexpected change in the load is a disturbance
Figure (2) Temperature control system

Temperature control system, figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of


temperature control of an electric furnace. The temperature in the electric
furnace is measured by a thermometer, which is an analog signal ,this
analogue temperature needs to be converted to digital temperature by an
A/D converter so it can be controlled by digital controller. The digital
temperature is fed to a controller through an interface device .This digital
temperature is compared with the programmed input temperature, and if
there is any discrepancy (error), the controller sends out a signal to the
heater, through an interface, amplifier, and relay, to bring the furnace
temperature to a desired value.

Classification of Control Systems

1. Time variant and Time invariant systems


Figure (3)

2. Linear and Nonlinear systems

Figure(4)-Example of linear system

Figure(5)-Example of non-linear system


3. Continuous Time and Discrete Time systems

Figure(6)

4. Open loop and Closed loop systems

Open loop system, a system in which output is dependent on input while


controlling action(input) is completely is independent of output.

Figure(7)-Open loop control system

Reference input r(t) is applied to the controller which generates the


actuating signal u(t) required to control the process, process gives the
necessary desired controlled output. Physical example of such system is
electrically controlled diesel valve that is connected to diesel engine, here
the electrical signal is r(t) , while u(t) is the amount of diesel and c(t) ius the
speed of engine.

Closed loop system, a system in which the controlling action(input) is


somehow dependent on the output.
Feedback , it is property of the system by which it permits the output to be
compared with reference input to generate the error signal.

Figure(8)-Closed loop control system

Signal r(t) is reference signal , e(t) is error signal ,c(t) controlled output ,
m(t) is manipulated signal ,and b(t) is feedback signal.

( ) ( ) ( )

When feedback sign is positive , a system called positive feedback while it


is negative feedback system is the signal is negative.

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