2.

Applications of Integration

Introduction: In this section, we investigate some of the applications of the integral that involve the geometric concepts
of area, volume, and arc length. Although these are purely geometric, they provide a key to understanding real world
applications. We begin with the idea of the area of a plane region.

Remark: In this section, area has its usual meaning from high school geometry. When finding areas of planar regions,
we will use the usual xy coordinate system and so the areas will be measured in square units. Usually only the
numerical value will be given unless the problem involves a specific application. Area is always assigned a positive
value.

Definition: Signed area means that an area above the x-axis is given a positive value and the area below the x-axis is
given a negative value.

Remark: We now review the definition of the integral from the point of view signed areas.

Signed Area: Let y f x be a continuous function defined on the closed interval a, b . We approximate the signed
area between the graph of y f x and the x-axis between x a and x b using rectangles.

vertical length: f c k width: xk

y y = f(x)

signed area of each rectangle: f c k xk

f(ck)

sum of signed areas of rectangles: f ck xk

As xk 0
0 a ck b x
b ∆xk
signed area of region: f x dx
a

Remark: The definite integral gives the signed area between the curve and the x-axis between the limits of integration.
If we want to find the actual area between the curve and the x-axis, we must find the intervals where the graph of the
curve is above and below the x-axis, find the definite integral over each interval, take the absolute value of each result,
and then add them all together. This will ensure that the areas below the x-axis are counted as positive quantities. We
illustrate with the following example.

20
Finding where the graph of y f x intersects the x-axis
(a) The graph of y f x intersects the x-axis where the y-value is zero i.e. at the x-value for which f x 0.
(b) To find the x-values where the graph of y f x intersects the x-axis, set f x 0 and find all values of x .

Example 1: Find the area (not the signed area) between the curve y fx x2 4x 3 and the x-axis between x 0
and x 5 .

Solution: The curve will cross the x-axis when y 0. y

y = f(x) = x2 - 4x + 3
Let y 0 and solve for x .

y x2 4x 3
0 x 1 x 3 x 1 0 or x 3 0
x 1 x 3

1 3 5 x
0
Split up the integral at these points and find the
absolute value of each.

Area between f x x2 4x 3 and the x-axis between x 0 and x 5:

1 3 5
x2 4x 3 dx x2 4x 3 dx x2 4x 3 dx
0 1 3

x 1 x 3 x 5
x3 2x 2 3x x3 2x 2 3x x3 2x 2 3x
3 x 0 3 x 1 3 x 3

1 3 2 0 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 2
21 31 20 30 23 33 21 31
3 3 3 3
5 3 2 3 3 2
25 35 23 33
3 3

4 0 0 4 20 0
3 3 3

4 4 20 28
3 3 3 3

Exercise: Given the graph of y f x at the right, decide whether y = f(x)

3
f x dx is positive, zero, or negative. Explain your answer.
3

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

21
Area Between Curves: Let y f x and y gx be two functions defined on the closed interval a, b . The pictures
below suggest the property that follows.

y y y
y = f(x) y = f(x) y = f(x)

y = g(x) y = g(x) y = g(x)

a b x a b x a b x

Area between curves and the x-axis b b

f x dx g x dx
a a
between x a and x b
b b
fx gx dx (”upper” function) (”lower” function) dx
a a

y y
Remarks: (a) If the areas are between the curves and the
a b y = f(x)
x-axis, then the integral must be taken with respect to x . x
(b) The above property holds regardless of whether the y = f(x)
functions are above or below the x-axis. Thus, the same
procedure is applied in the situations below. x
y = g(x) a b
(c) In all cases, the integral will give a positive value.
y = g(x)
b b
Area fx gx dx (”upper” function) (”lower” function) dx
a a

Exercise: Shade the area between the graphs of y x

4
and y x2 4x 4 between x 1 and x 4. y
Identify the upper and lower functions and then set up,
2
but do not evaluate, the integral(s) that will give the area.

Upper function: -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
-2
Lower function:

-4
Area

22
Remark: Occasionally two curves will intersect and create a closed region. The intersection points must be found first
by solving the equations simultaneously. Then the area can be computed.

Exercise: Find the area enclosed between the curves whose equations are y x2 2x and x y 2 . Set up, but do not
evaluate the integral that gives the area.

Solution: We solve these equations x y 2 y x2 2x Intersection points

simultaneously. This can be done y 2 x 2 x x2 2x
by solving for y in x y 2 and 0 x2 x 2 x 2 y 2 2 0
then substituting into y x2 2x . 0 x 2 x 1 point: 2, 0

x 2 0 x 1 0 x 1 y 2 1 3
x 2 x 1 point: 1, 3

Upper function:

Lower function:

Area

Remark: Occasionally graphs will cross one another more than twice thereby creating more than one region. This
means that the ”upper” and ”lower” functions are different for different parts of the interval. We find those points of
intersection by solving the two equations simultaneously.

Exercise: Find the area between the graphs of y x and y 1 x 3 on 2, 1 .

4
y
Solution: The area in question is shaded in the picture.
y=x

On interval 2, 0 : Upper function:

y = 0.25x3

-2 0 1 x
Lower function:

On interval 0, 1 : Upper function:

Lower function:

23
Set up but do not evaluate,

Area between the graphs of y x and y 1 x 3 on 2, 1 :

4

Remark: Occasionally one or both functions will be functions of y and there x = g(y)
y
will be no single ”upper” function and ”lower” function for integration with x = f(y)
d
respect to x . In these cases, one can often integrate with respect to y . Be
certain that both functions are functions of y and that your interval of
integration is on the y-axis. In the picture below, note that c is smaller
than d and so c is the lower limit. c

x
d d
Area fy gy dy (”rightmost” function) (”leftmost” function) dy
c c

Remark: We now investigate how integration can be used to find the volume of certain kinds of solids.

Definition: When a plane region lying entirely on one side of a fixed line in its plane is rotated into three-dimensional
space about that line, it traces out a solid called a solid of revolution.

Remark: The plane region is usually in the xy-coordinate plane and the rotation is about either the x-axis or the y-axis.

Exercise: For each plane region below, write the well known name for the solid of revolution that results from the
rotation of the region about the y-axis.
(a) (b) (c)

y y
y

x
x x

24
Objective: Determine methods for finding the volume of a solid of revolution.

r
Recall: Volume of a cylinder: V r2h h

Observation: Start with a rectangle of width x k and vertical length f c k for some function f .

radius = f(ck)
f(ck)

x
ck x

∆xk height = ∆xk

2
rotate rectangle about x-axis cylinder of volume V f ck xk

Volume of Solid of Revolution Cylindrical Disk Method

Let y f x be a continuous function on a, b . The region formed by y f x , the x-axis, and the lines x a and
x b (figure below left) is rotated about the x-axis to form a solid of revolution.

y y
y = f(x) y = f(x)

f(ck)

x x
a b 0 a ck b
∆ xk

Divide a, b into a partition and approximate the region with rectangles (see figure above right).

25
2
volume of each rotated rectangle: f ck xk

2
sum of rotated rectangles between x a and x b: f ck xk

2
As xk 0 lim f ck xk
xk 0

b
2
volume of solid of revolution (rotated about x-axis): fx dx
a

Demonstration: Volume of Revolution

Remark: Finding the volume of the solid of revolution is similar to finding the area of a region from a curve to the
x-axis.
b b
2
area shaded region (variable x ): f x dx volume of region rotated about x-axis: fx dx
a a
d d
2
area shaded region (variable y ): g y dy volume of region rotated about y-axis: gy dy
c c

Exercise: For each part below, shade in the region being rotated. Set up but do not evaluate the integral that will give
the volume of the solid of revolution when the region is rotated about the x-axis.

(a) Shade the region between the graph of y x 1 (b) Shade the region between the graph of y 4x x2
and the x-axis between x 1 and x 3. and the x-axis between x 0 and x 4

3 4
y y
2 2

1
-1 1 2 3 4 5
x
-1 1 2 3 4 -2
x
-1
-4
-2

Volume Volume

Remark: For the previous volume computations, we had graphs of functions of x (resp. y) rotated about the x-axis
(resp. y-axis) i.e. the independent variable was the same as the rotated axis. We now look at the case when the
independent variable and axis are different.

26
Shells (rings) cut and fold flat

Approximate volume V 2 rht

Volume of Solid of Revolution Cylindrical Shell Method

Let y f x be a continuous function on a, b . The region formed by y f x , the x-axis, and the lines x a and
x b (figure below left) is rotated about the y-axis to form a solid of revolution.

y y
y = f(x) y = f(x)

f(ck)

x x
a b 0 a ck b
∆ xk

r ck h f ck t xk

Divide a, b into a partition and approximate the region with rectangles (see figure above right).

volume of each rotated rectangle: 2 ck f ck xk

sum of rotated rectangles between x a and x b: 2 ck f ck xk

As xk 0 lim 2 ck f ck xk
xk 0

volume of solid of revolution (rotated about y-axis):

Summary: Volumes of Solids of Revolution

27
To Decide: (a) What axis does area ”flow” to. Functions are in terms of that axis variable.
(b) Axis around which rotation occurs.

Cylindrical Disks (independent variable is the same as the axis of rotation)

function interval rotated about volume
b
2
1. fx a, b on x-axis x-axis fx dx
a

d
2
2. gy c, d on y-axis y-axis gy dy
c

Cylindrical Shells (independent variable is different from the axis of rotation)

function interval rotated about volume

b
1. fx a, b on x-axis y-axis 2 x f x dx
a

d
2. gy c, d on y-axis x-axis 2 y f y dy
c

Other Solids of Revolution

Cylindrical Disks : Let y f x and y g x be continuous functions on a, b .

”upper” function fx ”lower” function gx

y y y

y = f(x) y = f(x) y = f(x)

y = g(x) y = g(x) y = g(x)

a b x a b x x
a b

Volume formed by rotating Volume formed by rotating f x Volume formed by rotating g x

shaded region about x-axis shaded region about x-axis shaded region about x-axis

Cylindrical Shells are dealt with in the same manner.

28
Graphing Calculator: Definite Integration

b
To find f x dx , press MATH 9 . Enter the following separated by commas.
a

fnInt( function , variable (usually x ) , lower limit of integration, upper limit of integration)

Press ENTER and the value of the definite integral will appear.

Exercise: For the given curves below, shade the region to be rotated, set up but do not evaluate the integral that will
give the volume of the solid of revolution. Simplify the integrand if desired. Then use the graphing calculator to find a
volume to three decimal places.

Area bounded by y x2 1,x 0,x 2 , x-axis Area in 1st quadrant bounded by y 4 x2 , y 3x , x-axis

functions of y: x x

y 6
6 y
4
4

2
2

-1 1 2 3
-1 1 2 x
x -2

(a) area rotated about the x-axis (a) area rotated about the x-axis

Integral: Integral:

Volume: Volume:

(b) area rotated about the y-axis (b) area rotated about the y-axis

2 3 2 3 2
Integral: 2 x x2 1 dx Integral: 4 y dy 1y dy
0 0 0 3

Volume: 37.699 Volume: 20.420

Remark: Integration can also be used to find the length of a curve between two points on the curve. This is referred to
as arc length.

29
Arc Length: The length of the curve y fx from x a to x b . Begin with a partition
P a x0, x1, x2, . . . , xn b .

2 2
Length of segment from x i , y i to x i 1 , y i 1 : xi yi

n
2 2
Sum of the lengths of the segments: xi yi
i 1

n 2
yi 2
1 xi
xi
i 1

n 2
yi
1 xi
xi
i 1

As xk 0

b 2
dy
Length of curve from x a to x b: 1 dx
a dx

Exercise: We shall use integration to determine a value of . A

circle with radius r 1 has circumference C 2 r 2 1 2
and so a semicircle has length 1 2 . The equation of the
2
semicircle y 1 x 2 and so we shall find the length of the
semicircle from x 1 to x 1.

2
dy x dy
Solution:
dx 1 x2 dx

Write the integral that gives the length of the semicircle, simplify to the integral below right, and then use the graphing
calculator to find the value of the integral to 5 decimal places.

30
1
1 dx
Integral: 1 1 x2

value of :

Problem: If a car moves at a constant velocity of 50 km/h, how far

will it travel in three hours?

Solution: Let v be the constant velocity, t be the time, and x be the

distance traveled. The we know that

v x and so x vt
t

In this case, v 50 km/h and t 3 hours and so the distance traveled x vt 50 3 150 km. The graph of v and
t is shown above right. For the car moving at 50 km/h, we can think of its motion as a constant function v 50 and
consider the time from t 0 to t 3 . Then the distance traveled, 150 km, is equal to the area between the line v 50
and the t axis from t 0 to t 3 . This area is a rectangle.

Question: Suppose the velocity is not constant. How could one find the distance traveled in three hours?

Solution: If the motion of the car is represented by a function

v f t that was not necessarily a constant function, then
the distance traveled is still the area between the curve and
the t axis from t 0 to t 3.

3
distance traveled f t dt
0

Remark: One question that arises from the above analysis is, What happens if the graph of the velocity falls below the
t-axis?

Motion of an Object Along the Number Line: An object moves along a number line possibly in either direction.

(a) Assume that the position as a function of time is given.

31
t time
s position on the number line where the object is at time t s ft
v velocity of object (at time t) rate of change of position with respect to time v ds f t
dt
a acceleration of object (at time t) rate of change of velocity with respect to time a dv d2s f t
dt dt 2

1. If velocity v 0 , object is moving right in the positive direction

2. If velocity v 0 , object is moving left in the negative direction

(b) Assume that the velocity as a function of time is given.

t time
v velocity of object (at time t) v gt
b
s distance object is from position at time t a to time t b. s g t dt
a

s distance object has traveled from time t a to time t b. s signed area t a to t b

a acceleration of object (at time t) rate of change of velocity with a dv g t
dt
respect to time

(c) Assume that the acceleration as a function of time is given.

t time
a acceleration of object at time t a ht
v velocity function of object at time t v h t dt

s position of an object at time t s v t dt

(d) Object speeding up or slowing down. Assume at time t , an object has velocity v and acceleration a .
(i) If v and a are both positive or both negative, then the object is speeding up.
(ii) If v and a are such that one is positive and one is negative, then the object is slowing down.

Remark: Because the object can move left and right along the number line, the distance travelled over time may not be
exactly be the distance that an object is from its starting point.

Exercise: An object moves along a number line and its position s (m) at time t (sec) is given by s t2 2t 3.

(a) On the number line below, we show where the object is at times t 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 sec.

32
(b) What is the total distance traveled during the first four seconds?

(c) At t 4 seconds, how far is the object away from its starting point?

(d) Since s t2 2t 3 then v ds

dt

4
(e) 2t 2 dt
0

(f) area between curve v 2t 2 and t-axis between t 0 and t 4

1 4
2t 2 dt 2t 2 dt
0 1
1 4
t2 2t t2 2t
0 1
2 2 2 2
1 21 0 20 4 24 1 21
1 0 | 8 1 | 1 9 10

Integration and Velocity: An object moves along a number line and its velocity v at time t is given by v gt .

1. Distance traveled from time t a to t b is given by

b
2. Let D g t dt .
a

(a) At time t b , the object is a distance away from where it was at time t a.

33
(b) A positive value of D means that the object is to the of the initial starting point.

(c) A negative value of D means that the object is to the of the initial starting point.

60
Example 2: The temperature T , in degrees T
Fahrenheit, at time t , in hours after midnight, 40

is recorded continuously over a 24 hour 20

period shown by the graph below.
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
t

Question: How would one determine an average temperature over this period of time?

Remark: You are familiar with the usual notion of average. To compute an average of a finite number of values, add
_
the values and then divide by the number of values. Mathematically, this means that to find the average x of x 1 , x 2 , . .
. , x n we compute

_ x1 x2 ... xn
x
n

In the case of the temperature example above, this is not possible because we have an infinite number of temperature
values.

Definition: If f is integrable on the closed interval a, b , then the average value, denoted Avg f , of f on a, b is

1 b
Avg f f x dx
b a a

Average Value Formula - Intuitive Justification y

y = f(x)
We now give an idea of why the average value formula
is defined as it is. For the function y f x defined on
the interval a, b , divide the interval into n equal sub-
intervals, each having width xi b a /n . Let c i be
x
any number in the interval. If a n is the average of the a b

f ci values then

34
n n n n
f c1 f c2 ... f cn 1 f ci 1 f ci b a 1 b a 1
an n n f ci n f ci xi
n b a b a b a
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1

n b
Avg f lim a n lim 1 f ci xi 1 f x dx
n n b a b a a
i 1

Exercise: The temperature T ( 0 C) at time t (hr) is given by T ft 3t 2 1 15

T
on the interval 0, 2 . The graph is at right. What is the average temperature
during the two hours? 10

b
Solution: Use the formula Avg f 1 f x dx . 5
b a a

a b -1 1 2
t

Avg f 1 3 t3 t 2
2 3 0
1 2 3
2 0 3
0
2
1 10 5
2

The average temperature from t 0 to t 2 is 5 0 C .

Additional Information and Examples

Remark: In finding an area or volume using integration, if one cannot set up easily the problem in the x-variables, swap
all occurrences of the x- and y-variables and try that.

35
2
Example 3: (a) Graph the area enclosed by x y 1 and y x 1 and then use integration to find the area.

Solution: We first find the points of intersection. Substitute the value of y in y x 1 into the other equation and
solve for x .

x x 1 1 2
x 1 0 x 4 0 y=x-1

x x 2 2
x 1 x 4 3
x = (y - 1) 2
x x2 4x 4
0 x2 5x 4 y 1 1 0 y 4 1 3
0 x 1 x 4
0 1 4 x
point: 1, 0 point: 4, 3

We cannot integrate easily with respect to x (areas between curves and x-axis) because there is no single ”lower”
function. It is easier to integrate with respect to y . Both functions must be written as x function of y .

2
Rightmost function: x y 1 Leftmost function: x y 1 Region extends from y 0 to y 3

2
Area enclosed by x y 1 and x y 1:

3 3
2
y 1 y 1 dy y 1 y2 2y 1 dy
0 0
3
y 1 y2 2y 1 dy
0
3
y2 3y dy
0
3
y3 3y 2
3 2 0
3 3 33 2
0 3 30 2

3 2 3 2
27 27 0
3 2
27
6

y
Another approach we could take would be to swap the x- and y-variables
y=x+1
in the above. The graphical effect is to reflect the above curve and line 4
across the line y x (below right). Now the integration is with respect
to x , the integral is the same except with a different variable, and the
y = (x - 1)2
resulting area will be the same.

1
3
2
Integral: x 1 x 1 dx
0
x
0 3

36
(b) Find the volume of the solid found by rotating (b) Find the volume of the solid found by rotating
the area about the y-axis. the area about the x-axis.

Solution: The independent variable is y and the axis Solution: The independent variable is y and the axis
of rotation is also y . Thus, we use cylindrical disks. of rotation is x . Thus, we use cylindrical shells.
The volume V is given by The volume V is given by

3 3 2 3 3
V y 1 2 dy y 1 2
dy V 2 yy 1 dy 2 yy 1 2 dy
0 0 0 0
3 3
2 4 2
y 1 y 1 dy 2 yy 1 yy 1 dy
0 0
3 5 3 3
y 1 y 1
2 3y 2 y 3 dy
3 5 0 0

3 5 3
3 1 3 1 y4
2 y3
3 5 4 0
3 5
0 1 0 1 34 04
2 33 03
3 5 4 4
64 32 1 1 27
2
3 5 3 5 4
224 8 27
15 15 2
72
5

If we swap variables, then we have an area formed by If we swap variables, then we have an area formed by
functions of x rotated about the x-axis. The result is functions of x rotated about the y-axis. The result is
the same as the above except that the integration is the same as the above except that the integration is
with respect to x . with respect to x .

Graphing Calculator: Definite Integration (Alternative method)

b
Finding f x dx : Enter the function y f x in the Y Example 1: Find the signed area between the
a

menu. Press WINDOW and adjust the x-values so as to curve y fx x2 4x 3 and the x-axis

include the limits of integration. Press GRAPH . Con- between x 0 and x 5 . Answer to three

tinue to adjust the window until you can see the relevant decimal places.

part of the graph. Press 2nd TRACE 7 . Enter the

lower limit of integration followed by ENTER and then Calculator answer: 6.6666667

the upper limit of integration followed by ENTER . The

calculator will graph the function, shade the area between Answer: 6.667
the curve and the x-axis, and give the value of the integral.
That value will also be the signed area.

37
Example 4: Using the graphing calculator and the earlier calculator method, find the area enclosed between the curves
whose equations are y x 2 2x and x y 2 . Write what your home screen looks like after the answer has appeared.

Solution: We determine the points of intersection of the two curves. Since x y 2 then y x 2 and so by
substitution,
x 2 2x x 2
x2 x 2 0 x 2 0 and x 1 0
x 2 x 1 0 x 2 x 1

3
x 2 y 2 2 0 point: 2, 0
2 y = x2 - 2x

x 1 y 1 2 3 point: 1, 3
1

A rough sketch of the graph is shown at the right.

-1 0 1 2
x+y=2
-1

Home Screen: fnInt ( x 2, x, 1, 2) fnInt ( x 2 2x, x, 1, 2)

4. 5

Area between curves: 4. 5

Horizontal Lines: A horizontal line that intersects the y-axis at y c has equation y c . In particular, the x-axis has
equation y 0 .

Example 5: We show the integrals that will give the areas of the shaded regions.

(a) Area between graphs of y sin x and y 2 on 2, 2 (b) Area between graphs of y ex 3 2 and the x-axis
on 4, 1

2 y=2
2

1 1
y = sin x y=0
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-1
y = e x-3 - 2 -2

38
Upper function: y 2 Upper function: y 0
Lower function: y sin x Lower function: y ex 3 2

2 1 3 1 3
Area: 2 sin x dx Area: 0 ex 2 dx 2 ex dx
2 4 4

Regions Bounded By Curves and Lines: If it is not quite clear what the region is, consider expressions such as x a as
vertical lines and y c as horizontal lines. Look for regions bounded by lines and curves.

x = -1
Example 6: Find the area of the region bounded by y x2 1,
y = x2 + 1
y 5 , and x 1. 6

y=5
5
Solution: The two lines and curve are graphed at right. The
4
region enclosed by them is shaded.
3

Upper function: y 5 Lower function: y x2 1

2

x-values range between x 1 and x 2 1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

2 2 2
Area 5 x2 1 dx 5 x2 1 dx 4 x 2 dx
1 1 1

Remark: For a function such as x y 2 , a difficulty arises

when writing this as a function of x . Taking the square
y= x
root of both sides yields

y x x = y2

As is, this is not a function since each x-value gives two

y-values. One can split it up as y x (the ”top” part of
y=− x
the curve at right above the x-axis) and y x (the
”bottom” part of the curve at right below the x-axis).

Example 7: An object is moving along a number line and its velocity v (in m/sec) at time t (sec) is given by

39
v ft 6t 2 2t . What is the average velocity during the first three seconds of motion?

Solution: We use the average value integral with a 0 and b 3.

1 b 1 3
average velocity f x dx 6t 2 2t dx
b a a 3 0 0
t 3
1 6 t3 t2
3 3 t 0
3
1 6 3 2 0 3 2
3 6 0
3 3 3
1 69 9 0 0 15
3

The object averages 15 m/sec.

Example 8: An object moves along a number line and its position s (m) at time t (sec) is given by s t3 9t 2 24t .
(a) Where is the object at time t 1 sec?

Solution: At t 1 , position s is

3 2
s 1 91 24 1 1 9 24 16

The object is at the 16 metre mark.

(b) What is the object’s velocity at time t 3 sec? In what direction is it moving?

Solution: The velocity of the object is given by v ds 3t 2 18t 24 and at time t 3,

dt

2
v 33 18 3 24 39 18 3 24 27 54 24 3

The object is moving at a velocity of 3 m/sec in the negative direction (to the left on the number line)

(c) When is the object at rest?

Solution: The object is at rest when v 0.

v 3t 2 18t 24
0 3 t2 6t 8
0 3t 2 t 4

t 2 0 t 4 0
t 2 t 4

The object is at rest at times t 2, 4 sec.

(d) What is the acceleration of the object at time t 1?

40
Solution: The acceleration is given by a dv 6t 18 . At t 1 , the acceleration is
dt

a 61 18 12

The acceleration of the object at time t 1 is 12 m/sec 2 .

(e) Is the object slowing down or speeding up at time t 1?

The velocity of the object is given by v 3t 2 18t 24 and at time t 1,

2
v 31 18 1 24 31 18 1 24 3 18 24 9

The object is moving at a velocity of 9 m/sec . At t 1, since the velocity and acceleration are of opposite signs, then
the object must be slowing down.

Example 9: An object moves along a number line and its velocity v (m/sec) at time t (sec) is given by v t2 2t .
(a) How far does the object travel in the first 3 seconds?

Solution: The graph of v t2 2t is shown at the right y 14

The distance traveled is the positive area between the 12
curve and the axis between x 0 and x 3 . We must 10
8
split up the integral at the points where the curve
6
intersects the x-axis.
4
2
2 3
0
distance traveled t2 2t dt t2 2t dt 1 2 3 4 5
0 2
2 3
-2 x
t3 t2 t3 t2 -4
3 0 3 2

23 22 03 02 33 32 23 22
3 3 3 3
4 6 4 4 4 8
3 3 3 3 3

The object has traveled 4 m in the first 3 seconds.

3

(b) After 4 seconds, how far away is the object from its starting position. Is it to the left or right of its starting position.
Justify your answer.

Solution: The distance away from the starting point is the signed area, which is simply the integral.

4 4
distance from starting point t2 2t dt t3 t2 43 42 03 02 16
0 3 0 3 3 3

The object is 16 m away from its starting point. Since this quantity is positive, it is to the right of its starting point.
3

41
Assignment 2

For each of the given regions, use your calculator to find the graph of the region. (a) Draw a picture and find the points
of intersection if necessary. Write the integral(s) that give the (b) area, (c) volume of the region rotated about the x-axis,
and the (d) volume of the region rotated about the y-axis. Write values to two decimal places.

1. region bounded by the intersection of the curves y 2 x 3 2 6 and y 6x x 2 .

2. region bounded by the intersection of the curves y 1 x3 2 , y x 1 , x 0 , x 2
2
3. region bounded by the intersection of the curves x y2 1 , x y 3 , y 2
4. region bounded by the intersection of the curves y 4x x 2 and y 3

b
For each of the following, find f x dx and the area between the graph of y f x and the x-axis on the interval a, b .
a
Work out the intersection points and integrals without using a calculator.

5. f x x3 2x 2 8x a 4 b 2
6. f x x2 2x a 2 b 3
7. f x 1 x a 0 b 4

Find the area of each of the following shaded regions. Use integration and do not use a calculator.

8. 9.

y = 1/ x

y=x 2 y=
3
x

1 x=8
1

-1 1 8
y = 0.5

0 1 2 3 4 -1 y = -1

10. 11.

y = -x(x + 4)

y = -2x

x+y+1=0

y = x(x + 2)

12. Graph the region enclosed by the curves (to the left of) y x 2 , (to the right of) x 1 , and (below) y 4 . Find the

42
following using integration without the use of the calculator. Leave answer in terms of . Find the volume of the solid
of revolution formed by rotating the area about
(a) the x-axis using cylindrical disks.
(b) the y-axis using cylindrical shells.
(c) the y-axis using cylindrical disks.
(d) the x-axis using cylindrical shells.

13. The volume V of a cone is given by the formula V 1 r2h

3 y
where r is the radius of the base and h is the height. This same
cone can be generated by the area in the first quadrant bounded
r x r rotated about the r y = (-r/h)x + r
by the coordinate axes and the line y
h
x-axis. Find the volume of this solid of revolution and verify that
the result is V 1 r 2 h . Keep in mind that r and h are con- 0 h x
3
stants (numbers).

y 0.4
14. For the graph of y f x at right, which of the following
1
values is closest to the value of f x dx ? Justify your answer. 0.2
1

(a) 1. 2 (d) 0. 35
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
(b) 0. 35 (e) 1. 2 x
-0.2
(c) 0
-0.4

10
y
15. For the graph of y g x at right, which of the following
1
values is closest to the value of g x dx ? Justify your answer. -2 -1 1 2 3
1
x
(a) 60 (d) 0
(b) 32 (e) 36 -10

(c) 5
-20

16. Evaluate the following integrals.

sec 2 ln x
(a) x3 x 2x 2 1 dx (e) x dx (i) tan x sec 2 x dx (m) sin 2 x cos 3 x dx
sin x
2x 3 5 dx (j)
x
(b) dx (f) 5x 2 4 e x 3 e dx (n) 4 arctan 2x dx
cos x

(c) x 5 ln x dx (g) x 2 9x 9 dx (k) 2 sin 2 4x dx (o) x2 dx

x x2 9 4x 3 1 3

(d) x 2 cos 2x dx (h) 6x 1 dx (l) e 3x sin 2x dx (p) 8x 6 dx

2x 1 2 x2

43
17. Find the following using the differentiation rules. Write answers without negative exponents or fractional
exponents.

(a) If y 3x x 4 , find dy (e) Find D x sin ln x 2 4

7x dx
1 x , find f x ln x
(b) If f x tan 6 (f) If y , find D x y
3 x3
(c) If P 4x 3 tan x , find P (g) Find d arcsin e x
dx
d dy
(d) Find ln x 2 4 (h) Find if xy sin y x2
dx dx

18. The population P (in thousands) of a town at year t (number of years after 1985) is given by the function
P 165e 0.00588t . Find the average population from the beginning of 1990 to the beginning of 1995 . Evaluate the
integral using your calculator and write answer to the nearest thousand.

19. From midnight to midnight, the temperature in 0 F at a certain location is modeled by the formula
T 32 16 sin t where t is the number of hours (in radians) after the starting midnight point. Set up the integral
8
that will give the average temperature over this time and then evaluate it (to one decimal place) using your calculator.

20. Find the perimeter of the shaded region in Example 2. Use the figure that gives the equations of the curves as
functions of x . Use your calculator and write answer to three decimal places.

21. Find the perimeter of the shaded region in Example 6. Use the figure that gives the equations of the curves as
functions of x . Use your calculator and write answer to three decimal places.

22. An object moves along a line and its velocity v (m/sec) at time t (sec) is given by v t3 9t 2 18t . Write all
answers as integers or fractions.
(a) How far has the object travelled in the first 4 seconds?
(b) How far away is the object from its starting point after 4 seconds?
(c) How far has the object travelled in the first 7 seconds?
(d) How far away is the object from its starting point after 7 seconds?
(e) How far has the object travelled between 2 seconds and 5 seconds?
(f) What is the average velocity over the first three seconds?
(g) At time t 2 seconds, is the object speeding up or slowing down?
(h) At time t 4 seconds, is the object speeding up or slowing down?

23. An object moves along a line and its velocity v (m/sec) at time t (sec) is given by v 3 t 1 . Write all
answers as integers or fractions.
(a) How far has the object travelled in the first 3 seconds?
(b) How far away is the object from its starting point after 3 seconds?
(c) How far has the object travelled in the first 15 seconds?
(d) How far away is the object from its starting point after 15 seconds?
(e) How far has the object travelled between 3 seconds and 8 seconds?
(f) What is the average velocity over the first three seconds? Interpret the negative sign.

24. An object moves along a line and its velocity v (m/sec) at time t (sec) is given by v 3t 2 12t . Write all answers
as integers or fractions.
(a) If the object is at the 0 m mark when it starts, write an expression that gives the position s at time t .
(b) Where is the object at time t 1?
(c) Where is the object at time t 4?
44
(d) When is the object at rest?
(e) At time t 1 , is the object speeding up or slowing down?
(f) At time t 5 , is the object speeding up or slowing down?

Assignment 2 Answers

1.(a) 2(a)

y = 2(x-3) 2 +6
y = (1/2)x3 + 2

8 6
y = 6x - x2

2 y=x+1
1

2 4 1 2

4 2
(b) 6x x2 2x 3 2
6 dx 4. 00 (b) 1 x3 2 x 1 dx 2. 00
2 0 2
4 2 2
(c) 6x x2 2
2x 3 2
6
2
dx 191. 01 (c) 1 x3 2 x 1 2
dx 37. 40
2 0 2
4 2
(d) 2 x 6x x2 2x 3 2
6 dx 75. 40 (d) 2 x 1 x3 2 x 1 dx 15. 92
2 0 2
3.(a) 4(a)

x+y=3
y=2 y=3
2

x = y2 + 1 2
1
1 y = 4x - x2

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4

2 3
(b) y2 1 3 y dy 1. 83 (b) 4x x2 3 dx 1. 33
1 1
2 3
2 2
(c) 2 y y2 1 3 y dy 19. 37 (c) 4x x2 3 dx 28. 48
1 1
2 3
2 2
(d) y2 1 3 y dy 29. 95 (d) 2 x 4x x2 3 dx 16. 76
1 1

45
5. 6. 7.

y = x3 +2x2 - 8x
15
8 1
10 6
y = x2 - 2x
4
5 -1 0 1 2 3 4
2

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 y=1- x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3

2 3 4
x3 2x 2 8x dx 36 x2 2x dx 20 1 x dx 4
4 2 3 0 3
area: 148 area: 28 area 2
3 3

8. 5 9. 81 10. 9 11. 4
8 4

12.

x=1
y y
y=4
4

y = x2 x= y

x x
1 2

2 4 2
(a) integral: 4 2
x2 2
dx volume: 49 (c) integral: y 1 2
dy volume: 9
1 5 1 2
2 4
(b) integral: 2 x4 2 x x 2 dx volume: 9 (d) integral: 2 y y 2 y1 dy volume: 49
1 2 1 5

h 2
13. Evaluation of the integral rx r dx should lead to 1 r 2 h which is the volume of a cone of radius r and
0 h 3
height h .

14. The area between the curve and the x-axis between x 1 and x 0 looks like it is equal to the area between the
curve and the x-axis between x 0 and x 1 . The integral interprets the area above the curve as positive and the area
1
below the curve as negative and so the sum will be zero i.e. f x dx 0.
1

3
15. Between x 2 and x 3 , most of the curve is below the x-axis and so we expect f x dx to be negative. The
2
rectangle with corners 0, 0 , 1, 0 , 1, 5 , 0, 5 has signed area 5 and that easily fits into the area between the
curve and the x-axis and so the choice of 5 is eliminated. The rectangle with corners 0, 0 , 3, 0 , 3, 20 , 0, 20
has signed area 60 and the area between the curve and the x-axis easily fits into this area and so the choice of 60 is
3
eliminated. Thus, 32 is the best guess i.e. f x dx 32 .
2

46
16.(a) 1 x 6 1 x 4 4 x3 x 2x x C (b) 2 cos x C (c) 1 x 6 ln x 1 x6 C
3 4 7 3 6 36
(d) 1 x 2 sin 2x 1 sin 2x 1 x cos 2x C (e) tan ln x C (f) 5 4 2x 3 6 C
2 4 2 36
(g) ln x 3 arctan x C (h) 3 ln|2x 1| 2 C (i) 1 sec 2 x C (j) 1 3 ex C
3 2 2x 1 2 ln 3
(k) x 1 sin 8x C (l) 2 e 3x cos 2x 3 e 3x sin 2x C (m) 1 sin 3 x 1 sin 5 x C
8 13 13 3 5
(n) 4x arctan 2x ln|4x 2 1| C (o) 1 C (p) 8 ln x 6 C
x
24 4x 3 1 2

17. (a) 9 x 4 (b) 2 sec 2 1 x tan 5 1 x (c) 12x 2 tan x 4x 3 sec 2 x (d) x
2 7x 2 3 3 x2 4 ln x 2 4
1 3 ln x 2x cos ln x 2 4 ex 2x y
(e) (f) (g) (h)
x4 x2 4 1 e 2x x cos y

24
18. 172,000 people 19. 1 32 16 sin t dt 42. 6 0 F
24 0 8

3 3 2
2 2 2
20. 1 1 dx 1 2x 2 dx 10. 368 21. 1 2x dx 3 3 12. 126
0 0 1

22. (a) 49 (b) 16 (c) 211 m (d) 49 m (e) 73 m (f)27 m/sec (g) At t 2 ,
2 4 4 4 4
v 8 m/sec , a 6 m/sec 2 ; slowing down (h) At t 4 , v 8 m/sec , a 8 m/sec 2 ; speeding up

23. (a) 13 m (b) 13 m (c) 31 m (d) 3 m (e) 7 m (f) 13 m/sec; object is moving to the left
3 3 3 3 9

24. (a) s t 3 6t 2 (b) 5 mark on the number line (c) 32 mark on the number line (d) t 0, 4 sec.
(e) At time t 1 , v 9 m/sec, a 6 m/sec; speeding up (f) At time t 5 , v 15 m/sec, a 24 m/sec; speeding
up

47