Frontend

Development

Frontend
Frontend

Revision Guide
Table of Contents
: IntroductioB 2

): HTM/ 3-4

7: CS* 5-6

A: JavaScrip= 7-9

&: Frameworks and Librarie; 10-12

E: TypeScrip= 13-14

: Testin1 15-16

!: Performance OptimizatioB 17-18

: Tools and Build System; 19-21

: Version Contro 22-23

: System DesigB 24-25

): Common Interview Question; 26-28

7: Mock Interview; 29-30

A: Additional Resource; 31-32

&: Conclusion 33-34

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TOPIC-1

Introduction
Overview of Front-end Interviews at
MAANG
Front-end interviews at MAANG (Meta, Apple, Amazon,
Netflix, Google) are rigorous and focus on assessing your
problem-solving skills, knowledge of web technologies, and
your ability to design and build scalable applications.

Key Focus Areas

w HTML/CSS for structuring and styling web pagesv

w JavaScript for dynamic functionalityv

w React for building user interfacesv

w Performance optimizationv

w Testing methodologiesv

w System design and architecture.

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TOPIC-2
HTML
Semantic HTML
= Importance of semantic HTML for accessibility and SEO<
= Common semantic tags: ‘<header>’, ‘<nav>’, ‘<section>’,
‘<article>’, ‘<footer>’, etc.

Common Tags and Attributes

= Essential tags: ‘<div>’, ‘<span>’, ‘<a>’, ‘<img>’, ‘<form>’,
‘<input>’, etc<
= Important attributes: id, class, src, href, alt, type,
placeholder, etc.

HTML5 Features
= New form elements: ‘<datalist>’, ‘<output>’, ‘<progress>’,
etc<
= Multimedia tags: ‘<audio>’, ‘<video>’, ‘<track>’<
= APIs: Geolocation, Web Storage, Web Workers.

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Accessibility Best Practices
ARIA roles and properties!

Tabindex for keyboard navigation!

Using semantic elements properly.

Study Material

E MDN Web Docs: HTML

Practice Questions
yq What are semantic elements in HTML, and why are they
importantl

kq How do you make a web page accessiblel

Uq What is the difference between ‘<div>’ and ‘<section>’?

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TOPIC-3
CSS
CSS Fundamentals
0 Selectors, properties, and values1
0 Box model: margin, border, padding, and content1
0 Display properties: block, inline, inline-block, none.

Flexbox
0 Flex container and flex items1
0 Flex properties: ‘flex-direction’, ‘justify-content’, ‘align-
items’, ‘align-content’, ‘flex-wrap’.

Grid Layout
0 Grid container and grid items1
0 Grid properties: ‘grid-template-columns’, ‘grid-template-
rows’, ‘grid-gap’, ‘grid-area’.

Responsive Design
0 Media queries for different screen sizes1
0 Mobile-first vs. desktop-first approaches.
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CSS Preprocessors (Sass, Less)
Variables, nesting, and mixins
Advantages of using preprocessors.

Common CSS Tricks and Hacks

Centering elements
Clearing floats
Creating shapes with CSS.

Study Material
f MDN Web Docs: CSS
f CSS-Tricks: Complete Guide to Flexbox
f CSS-Tricks: Complete Guide to Grid

Practice Questions
®¤ Explain the CSS box model“
Ÿ¤ How do you center an element horizontally and vertically
in CSS›
Ž¤ What are the differences between Flexbox and Grid?

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TOPIC-4
JavaScript
ES6+ Features
% Arrow functions, template literals, destructuring, spread/
rest operators'
% ‘let’ and ‘const’ vs. ‘var’.

Scope and Closures

% Function scope, block scope, and lexical scope'
% Understanding closures and their use cases.

Asynchronous JavaScript (Promises,

Async/Await)
% Promises: ‘then’, ‘catch’, ‘finally’'
% Async/await for handling asynchronous operations.

Event Loop and Event Handling

% Call stack, Web APIs, callback queue, and event loop'
% Event delegation and bubbling.

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DOM Manipulation
/ Selecting elements: ‘getElementById’, ‘querySelector’, etc.
/ Creating and modifying elements: ‘createElement’,
‘appendChild’, ‘innerHTML’.

Prototypal Inheritance
/ Understanding prototypes and prototype chain.
/ ‘Object.create’ and constructor functions.

Common Patterns and Best Practices

/ Module pattern, Singleton pattern.
/ Using ‘this’ keyword.

Study Material
¢ MDN Web Docs: JavaScript
¢ You Don't Know JS (book series)

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Practice Questions
/! Explain the difference between ‘let’, ‘const’, and ‘var’
! What is a closure, and how does it work
! How does the event loop work in JavaScript?

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TOPIC-5
Frameworks and Libraries
React
JSX and Virtual DOM
A Understanding JSX syntaxB
A How the virtual DOM works.
State and Props
A Managing state in functional and class componentsB
A Passing data with props.
Lifecycle Methods
A ‘componentDidMount’, ‘componentDidUpdate’,
‘componentWillUnmount’B
A Using hooks (‘useEffect’, ‘useState’).
Hooks
A Basic hooks: ‘useState’, ‘useEffect’, ‘useContext’B
A Custom hooks.

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Context API
Using context for state management
Context.Provider and Context.Consumer.
Common Patterns (HOCs, Render Props)
Higher-order components
Render props pattern.

Redux
State Management Basics
Understanding the need for state management
Redux flow: actions, reducers, store.
Actions, Reducers, and Store
Defining actions and action creators
Creating reducers
Configuring the store.
Middleware
Using redux-thunk for asynchronous actions
Other middleware like redux-saga.
Thunk vs. Saga
Differences and use cases.

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Study Material

Getting Started with React

React Official Documentation

Redux Official Documentation

Practice Questions

pR What is the virtual DOM, and how does it work in React_

^R Explain the difference between state and props in ReactM

LR How does Redux help in managing state in large

applications?

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TOPIC-6
TypeScript
Introduction to TypeScript
5 Benefits of using TypeScript/
5 TypeScript vs. JavaScript.

Type Annotations
5 Basic types: ‘string’, ‘number’, ‘boolean’, ‘any’, ‘void’,
‘undefined’, ‘null’/
5 Interfaces and Types

Interfaces and Types

5 Defining interfaces/
5 Using type aliases.

Advanced Types (Union, Intersection,

Generics)
5 Union and intersection types/
5 Generic types.

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Integration with React
Using TypeScript with React components
Type annotations for props and state.

Study Material
F TypeScript Official Documentation
F TypeScript Handbook

Practice Questions
{ What are the benefits of using TypeScriptn
l{ How do you define and use interfaces in TypeScriptn
i{ Explain the concept of generics in TypeScript.

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TOPIC-7
Testing
Importance of Testing
3 Ensuring code quality and reliability4
3 Different levels of testing.

Unit Testing with Jest

3 Writing and running unit tests4
3 Mocking dependencies.

Integration Testing
3 Testing multiple components together.

End-to-End Testing with Cypress

3 Setting up Cypress4
3 Writing end-to-end tests.

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Testing Strategies and Best Practices
% Test-driven development (TDD)&
% Writing meaningful tests.

Study Material
A Jest Official Documentation
A Cypress Official Documentation

Practice Questions
‰ƒ What is the difference between unit testing and integration
testings
qƒ How do you mock dependencies in Jests
kƒ Explain the benefits of end-to-end testing with Cypress.

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TOPIC-8
Performance Optimization
Critical Rendering Path
: Understanding the rendering process;
: Minimizing render-blocking resources.

Lazy Loading
: Deferring loading of non-critical resources.

Code Splitting
: Splitting code to improve load times.

Caching Strategies
: Browser caching;
: Using service workers for caching.

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Analyzing and Improving Performance
(Lighthouse, Web Vitals)
) Using Lighthouse to analyze performance*
) Key metrics from Web Vitals.

Study Material
X MDN Web Docs: Performance
X Google Web Fundamentals: Performance Optimization

Practice Questions
™ What is the critical rendering path, and why is it
important‹
ˆ™ How does lazy loading improve performance‹
Ī Explain the benefits of code splitting.

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TOPIC-9
Tools and Build Systems
Webpack
I Configuring Webpack: Setting up entry points, output
paths, and basic configurationsH
I Loaders and Plugins: Using loaders for different file types
(e.g., Babel for JavaScript, CSS loaders), configuring
plugins for optimization (e.g., ‘HtmlWebpackPlugin’,
‘MiniCssExtractPlugin’)H
I Code Splitting: Implementing code splitting to improve
application performance by splitting bundlesH
I Tree Shaking: Removing unused code to reduce bundle
size.

Babel
I Transpiling: Setting up Babel to transpile modern
JavaScript (ES6+) to older versions for compatibilityH
I Plugins and Presets: Using presets like ‘@babel/preset-env’
and plugins for specific transformations.

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ESLint and Prettier
Linting: Configuring ESLint to enforce code quality and
consistency
Formatting: Setting up Prettier for automatic code
formatting and integration with ESLint.

Package Managers (npm, Yarn)

Dependencies Management: Installing, updating, and
managing project dependencies using npm or Yarn
Scripts: Creating and running custom scripts for building,
testing, and deploying applications.

Study Material
 Webpack Official Documentation
 Babel Official Documentation
 ESLint Official Documentation
 Prettier Official Documentation

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Practice Questions
1 How does Webpack help in building and bundling front-
end applications,
+ What are the benefits of using Babel in a JavaScript
project,
How do you configure ESLint and Prettier in a project?

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TOPIC-10
Version Control
Git Basics
? Repositories: Initializing and cloning repositories"
? Commits: Making commits with meaningful messages"
? Branches: Creating, merging, and deleting branches.

Branching Strategies
? Feature Branches: Isolating work on specific features"
? Gitflow Workflow: A branching model for managing
releases.

Study Material
¨ Pro Git (book)
¨ Atlassian Git Tutorials

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Practice Questions
-+ How do you initialize a Git repository
+ Explain the Gitflow workflow
+ What are the best practices for writing commit messages?

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TOPIC-11

System Design
Basics of System Design
= Understanding Requirements: Analyzing the requirements
and constraintsN
= Design Principles: Scalability, reliability, maintainability.

Common Design Patterns

= MVC: Model-View-Controller patternN

= MVVM: Model-View-ViewModel patternN

= Component-based Architecture: Designing with reusable

components.

Designing Scalable Front-end

Architectures
= Micro-frontends: Splitting a front-end application into
smaller, independent piecesN

= Component Libraries: Creating and using component

libraries.

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Case Studies and Example Questions
; Designing a News Feed: Discussing the architecture and
components involved
; Building a Real-time Chat Application: Handling real-time
data and state management.

Study Material
Y System Design Primer
Y Grokking the System Design Interview

Practice Questions
£¡ How would you design a scalable news feed systemŽ
¡ What are micro-frontends, and what are their advantagesŽ
¡ Explain the MVC pattern and its use in front-end
development.

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TOPIC-12
Common Interview
Questions
Coding Challenges
? Array and String Manipulations: Solving problems
involving arrays and strings/
? Algorithms: Implementing sorting, searching, and other
algorithms/
? Data Structures: Working with stacks, queues, linked lists,
trees, and graphs.

Behavioral Questions
? Past Experiences: Discussing previous projects and roles/
? Teamwork and Collaboration: Examples of working
effectively in a team/
? Problem-solving Approaches: Describing your approach
to tackling challenges.

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System Design Questions
4 Scalability: Designing systems that can scale efficiently
4 Resilience: Ensuring systems are robust and fault-tolerant
4 Optimization: Improving the performance and efficiency of
systems.

Scenario-based Questions
4 Handling User Data: Designing systems to manage and
secure user data
4 Real-time Features: Implementing real-time functionalities
like notifications and updates.

Study Material
‡ LeetCode
‡ HackerRank

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Practice Questions
. Write a function to reverse a linked list
# How would you optimize a web application for faster load
times
Describe a time when you had to work under a tight
deadline.

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TOPIC-13
Mock Interviews
Importance of Mock Interviews
L Practice under Pressure: Simulating the interview
environment7
L Identifying Weaknesses: Recognizing areas that need
improvement7
L Building Confidence: Gaining confidence through practice.

Resources for Practice

L Interview Platforms: Pramp, Interviewing.io, LeetCode7
L Peer Interviews: Practicing with friends or colleagues7
L Professional Services: Hiring professional interview
coaches.

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Tips and Tricks
8 Stay Calm: Remaining calm and composed"
8 Ask Questions: Clarifying any doubts about the problem
statement"
8 Think Aloud: Sharing your thought process with the
interviewer.

Practice Questions
iV Schedule a mock interview on Pramp and solve a coding
challengeN
_V Conduct a peer interview with a friend on a system design
problemN
IV Take notes on areas of improvement from your mock
interview feedback.

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TOPIC-14
Additional Resources
Recommended Books
a "You Don't Know JS" Series by Kyle Simpson: In-depth
coverage of JavaScript2
a "JavaScript: The Good Parts" by Douglas Crockford:
Essential JavaScript concepts2
a "Eloquent JavaScript" by Marijn Haverbeke:
Comprehensive guide to JavaScript.

Online Courses and Tutorials

a FreeCodeCamp: Interactive learning platform for front-end
development2
a Udemy: In-depth courses on React, Redux, and other
frameworks.

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Practice Platforms
8 LeetCode: Coding challenges and interview preparation
8 HackerRank: Practice problems and contests
8 CodeSignal: Interview practice and assessment platform.

Practice Questions
i_ Complete the JavaScript course on FreeCodeCampM
f_ Solve 10 coding challenges on LeetCodeM
V_ Watch a tutorial on React and build a small project.

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TOPIC-15
Conclusion
Final Tips and Advice
J Review Regularly: Consistent review of concepts and
practice problems+
J Practice Mock Interviews: Regular practice to build
confidence+
J Stay Updated: Keeping up with the latest trends and
technologies in front-end development.

Maintaining a Positive Mindset

J Stay Positive: Maintaining a positive attitude throughout
the preparation and interview process+
J Learn from Mistakes: Viewing mistakes as learning
opportunities+
J Take Breaks: Ensuring you take breaks to avoid burnout.

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Post-interview Follow-up
: Send Thank You Notes: Appreciating the interviewers for
their time"
: Request Feedback: Asking for feedback to understand
areas of improvement"
: Reflect and Improve: Reflecting on the interview
experience and making necessary improvements.

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