Photogrammetry

Gobinda Ghimire
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or-photogrammetry-everything-your-need-
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Topo map Survey

Department
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LiDAR Photogrammetry

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4 Photogrammetry Unit 1
photogrammetry-everything-your-need-to-know/
Definition
Photogrammetry: The science of quantitative analysis and
measurements from photographs
Photos - light
Gramma - to draw
Metron - to measure

photo = "picture“, grammetry = "measurement“, therefore

photogrammetry = “photo-measurement

Process of making surveys and maps using photographs

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Definition
 Photogrammetry the practice of determining the
geometric properties of objects from photographic
images.

 Making of precise measurements from photographs;

the making of maps from photographs, especially from aerial
surveying

 The science of using aerial photography and other remote

sensing imagery to obtain measurement of natural and man-
made features on the earth
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Definition
 The science of deducing the physical dimensions of
objects from measurements on images (usually
photographs) of the objects.

 The making of maps by photography from the air using

reference points of known level and position which can
be identified on the photographs.

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Definition
 The art and science of obtaining reliable quantitative and
qualitative measurements through the use of
photographs.

 A series of techniques for measuring position and altitude

from aerial photographs or images

 The science of using aerial photographs and other

remote sensing imagery to obtain measurements of
natural and human-made features on the Earth.

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Definition
Art, Science and Technology of obtaining reliable
information about physical objects and the environment
through processes of recording, measuring and interpreting
photographic images and patterns of recorded radiant
electromagnetic energy ( As given by the American Society for Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing (ASPRS))

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Classification
 Based on historical development
 Analogue Photogrammetry
 optical instruments
 mechanical instruments with optics
 analogue photos are used
 Analytical Photogrammetry
 numerical and mechanical instruments with optics
 semi-automatic
 mathematics based software used
 analogue photos are used
 Digital Photogrammetry
 Computer software and hardware
 instruments based on software
 photos are digital, however analogue photos may also be used, after
scanning
 We will further discuss about the history of photogrammetry
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Classification
 Based on platform used for photography
 Terrestrial Photogrammetry
 This is ground based photogrammetry
 Aerial Photogrammetry
 This is air base photogrammetry
 Satellite Photogrammetry
 This is space based photogrammetry

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Based on scope and field

Metric Photogrammetry Interpretative Photogrammetry

making precise measurements from Deals in recognizing and identifying objects
photos determine the relative locations of and judging their significance through careful
points. and systematic analysis.
finding distances, angles, areas, volumes,
elevations, and sizes and shapes of
objects.
Photographic Remote
Most common applications: Interpretation Sensing
preparation of planimetric and
topographic maps
(Includes use of multispectral
production of digital orthophotos
cameras, infrared cameras,
Military intelligence such as targeting thermal scanners, etc.)
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Photogrammetry Unit 1
Classification
 Metric Photogrammetry
 Metric photogrammetry deals with the measurement in the
photograph.
 This concerns with making maps and calculation and measurement of
area and volume
 Interpretative Photogrammetry
 This just for interpretation of photograph and mostly suitable for
visual interpretation.
 This is very useful to understand and recognize different area under
the photograph. E.g. interpreting image after earthquake

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Advantage
 Covers large area
 Less time consuming/fast
 Can ‘reach’ inaccessible and restricted area
 Cheap/cost effective for large area and in a long run
 Multiple use
 Easy to interpret, understand

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Disadvantage
 Complex system, highly trained human resource needed
 Costly at the time of installation/initiation
 Heavy and sophisticated equipments needed
 Lengthy administrative procedure for getting permission
to fly
 Weather dependent
 Not complete/need field verification

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Perspective and Parallel Projection

https://www.ahirlabs.com/difference/perspectiv
e-projections-parallel-projection/
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Orthogonal projection and Perspective
Projection
 Perspective Projection/central projection:
 When the Earth is photographed from space, the camera
records the view as a perspective projection.

 A perspective projection is the one produced by straight lines

radiating from a common (or selected) point and passing
through point on the sphere to the plane of projection

 Photograph is always a perspective projection

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Orthogonal projection and Parallel
Projection
 Orthogonal Projection
 Orthographic projection (sometimes orthogonal projection), is
a means of representing three-dimensional objects in two
dimensions.

 It is a form of parallel projection, in which all the projection

lines are orthogonal to the projection plane, resulting in every
plane of the scene appearing in affine transformation on the
viewing surface.

 Map is an example of orthogonal projection

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Perspective projection

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Central Projection

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Orthogonal v/s Central Projection

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Aerial Photographs: Central projection

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Topo map: orthogonal projection

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Map: orthogonal projection
 Shows terrain features at a fixed scale (according to a map
projection)
 Features are shown by conventional symbols (line map)
 Contains a coordinate reference, scale reference,
names etc.
 The symbols are explained in a legend

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Aerial Photograph: central projection
 Shows brightness, colors, shadows etc. of terrain
features
 No (precise) coordinate reference or scale reference, no
names etc.
 No legend (as there are no symbols !)
 The user has to interpret the image

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Scope of photogrammetry in surveying
 Mapping for large area
 Preparation of topographical map
 Change detection
 Land resource mapping
 And many more

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Historical Development (phase1)
 First, The invention of photography by L. Daguerre
and N. Niepce in 1839 laid grounds for photogrammetry
to originate.

 The greatest achievements were done in terrestrial and

balloon photogrammetry.

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Historical Development (phase1)
 The photograph from an altitude will be perspective
projection

 The concept of using the perspective projection to depict

the terrain was first utilized by French engineer Colonel
Amie Laussedat in 1861

 Colonel Amie Laussedat also called the father of

photogrammetry

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Historical Development (phase1)
 Terrestrial photogrammetry was first introduced in 1886 by
Dr. E. Deville who was the surveyor general of Canada

 Since later terrestrial photogrammetry is limited to the

plotting of special features e.g. vertical cliff, mountainous
terrain

 In terrestrial or ground photogrammetry the instrument used

is a photo theodolite( combination of camera and theodolite)

 It is almost similar to plane tabling

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Terrestrial photogrammetry

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Historical Development (phase 2)
 The second turning point was the invention of stereo
photogrammetry (that based on stereoscopic viewing)
by C. Pulfrich (1901).

 Mapping with Aerial photography is wider scope then

terrestrial photogrammetry

 In 1913 ,Aerial photogrammetry was first used in first

world war then a lot of improvement has been made in
the aerial camera and mapping technique

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Historical Development (Phase 2)
 During first world war airplanes and cameras became
operational and just several years later the main
principles of aerial survey were formulated.
 In fact, analog rectification and stereo plotting
instruments, based on mechanical theory, were already
known that days, yet the amount of computation was
prohibitive for numerical solutions
 During second world war photogrammetric methods
were used for preparation of maps and for air photo
interpretation (1939-1945)
 After world war II photogrammetry is extremely useful
for preparing topographical maps

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3899
910_Experiments_in_3D_measurements_by_u
sing_single_camera_and_accurate_motion

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Historical Development (Phase 3)
 The third phase started with the advent of the computer.
 1950s saw the birth of analytical photogrammetry, with
matrix algebra forming the basis.
 For the first time a serious attempt was made to employ
adjustment theory to photogrammetric measurements, yet
the first operational computer programs became available
only several years later.
 Brown developed the first block adjustment program based
on bundles in the late sixties.
 As a result, the accuracy performance of aerial triangulation
improved by a factor of ten. Apart from aerial triangulation,
the analytical plotter is another major invention of the third
generation.
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Historical Development (Phase 4)
 The fourth generation, digital photogrammetry, emerged
due to the invention of digital photo and the availability of
storage devices which permit rapid access to digital
imagery.
 Hardware supported by special CPUs and GPUs that
speed up imagery data processing, digital
photogrammetry has taken the leading position in the
field.
 Development of UAV photogrammetry for small area and
fast work

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Principle of photogrammetry
 Collinearity condition
 Coplanarity condition
 Scheimpflug condition

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Collinearity condition
 is the condition in which the exposure station of any
photograph, an object point, and its photo image all lie on
a straight line.
 The equations expressing this condition are called
the collinearity condition equations.

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Co linearity Condition Expression
COPLANARITY CONDITION
Left Image
Point Right Image
Point
Left Perspective Right Perspective
Centre Centre

Terrain
Point
Scheimpflug condition
 The Scheimpflug principle is used in photography to
provide sharp focus where the Object plane, the lens
plane, and the film plan are not parallel to one another.

 Roughly worded, the principle states that if the subject,

lens, and film planes can be oriented so that they meet at
a single point in space, then sharp focus can be achieved

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Thank you

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