André Gide

André Paul Guillaume Gide (French: [ɑ̃dʁe pɔl ɡijom

ʒid]; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a André Gide
prolific French writer and author whose writings
spanned a wide variety of styles and topics. He was
awarded the 1947 Nobel Prize in Literature. Gide's
career ranged from his beginnings in the symbolist
movement, to criticising imperialism between the two
World Wars. The author of more than fifty books, he
was described in his obituary in The New York Times as
"France's greatest contemporary man of letters" and
"judged the greatest French writer of this century by
the literary cognoscenti."[1]

Known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical Born André Paul Guillaume Gide
works, Gide expressed the conflict and eventual 22 November 1869
reconciliation of the two sides of his personality Paris, France
(characterized by a Protestant austerity and a Died 19 February 1951 (aged 81)
transgressive sexual adventurousness, respectively). Paris, France
He suggested that a strict and moralistic education had Resting Cimetière de Cuverville,
helped set these facets at odds. Gide's work can be place Cuverville, Seine-Maritime
seen as an investigation of freedom and empowerment Occupation Novelist, essayist, dramatist
in the face of moralistic and puritanical constraints. He
Education Lycée Henri-IV
worked to achieve intellectual honesty. As a self-
professed pederast, he used his writing to explore his Notable The Immoralist
works Strait Is the Gate
struggle to be fully oneself, including owning one's
Les caves du Vatican (The
sexual nature, without betraying one's values. His
Vatican Cellars; sometimes
political activity was shaped by the same ethos. While published in English under the
sympathetic to Communism in the early 1930s, as were title Lafcadio's Adventures)
many intellectuals, after his 1936 journey to the USSR The Pastoral Symphony
he supported the anti-Stalinist left; during the 1940s he The Counterfeiters
shifted towards more traditional values and repudiated The Fruits of the Earth
Communism as an idea that breaks with the traditions Notable Nobel Prize in Literature
of the Christian civilization. awards 1947
Spouse Madeleine Rondeaux
​​(m. 1895; died 1938)​
Early life Children Catherine Gide
Signature
Gide was born in Paris on 22 November 1869 into a
middle-class Protestant family. His father Jean Paul
Guillaume Gide was a professor of law at University of
Paris; he died in 1880, when the boy was eleven years
old. His mother was Juliette Maria Rondeaux. His uncle was political
economist Charles Gide. His paternal family traced its roots to Italy. The
ancestral Guidos had moved to France and other western and northern
European countries after converting to Protestantism during the 16th century,
and facing persecution in Catholic Italy.[2][3][4]

Gide was brought up in isolated conditions in Normandy. He became a

prolific writer at an early age, publishing his first novel The Notebooks of
André Walter (French: Les Cahiers d'André Walter), in 1891, at the age of
twenty-one.

Gide in 1893 In 1893 and 1894, Gide travelled in Northern Africa. There he came to accept
his attraction to boys and youths.[5]

Gide befriended Irish playwright Oscar Wilde in Paris, where the latter was in exile. In 1895 the two men
met in Algiers. Wilde had the impression that he had introduced Gide to homosexuality, but Gide had
discovered homosexuality on his own.[6][7]

The middle years

In 1895, after his mother's death, Gide married his cousin
Madeleine Rondeaux,[8] but the marriage remained
unconsummated. In 1896, he was elected mayor of La Roque-
Baignard, a commune in Normandy.

Gide spent the summer of 1907 in Jersey, with friends Jacques

Copeau and Théo van Rysselberghe and their families. He rented a
room in La Valeuse Cottage in St Brelade. Whilst there he worked
on the second chapter of Strait Is the Gate (French: La Porte
étroite), and van Rysselberghe painted his portrait.[9]

In 1908, Gide helped found the literary magazine Nouvelle Revue

Française (The New French Review).[10]

During World War I, Gide visited England. One of his friends

Gide photographed by Ottoline
there was artist William Rothenstein. Rothenstein described Gide's Morrell in 1924.
visit to his Gloucestershire home in his autobiography:

André Gide was in England during the war...He came to stay with us for a time, and brought
with him a young nephew, whose English was better than his own. The boy made friends with
my son John, while Gide and I discussed everything under the sun. Once again I delighted in
the range and subtlety of a Frenchman's intelligence; and I regretted my long severance from
France. Nobody understood art more profoundly than Gide, no one's view of life was more
penetrating. ...
Gide had a half satanic, half monk-like mien; he put one
in mind of portraits of Baudelaire. Withal there was
something exotic about him. He would appear in a red
waistcoat, black velvet jacket and beige-coloured
trousers and, in lieu of collar and tie, a loosely knotted
scarf. ...

The heart of man held no secrets for Gide. There was

little that he didn't understand, or discuss. He suffered,
as I did, from the banishment of truth, one of the
distressing symptoms of war. The Germans were not all
black, and the Allies all white, for Gide.[11]

In 1916, Gide was about 47 years old when he took Marc Allégret, André Gide by Paul Albert Laurens
(1924)
age 15, as a lover. Marc was one of five children of Élie Allégret
and his wife. Gide had become friends with the senior Allégret
during his own school years when Gide's mother had hired Allégret as a tutor for her son. Élie Allégret
had been best man at Gide's wedding. After Gide fled with Marc to London, his wife Madeleine burned
all his correspondence in retaliation– "the best part of myself," Gide later commented.

In 1918, Gide met and befriended Dorothy Bussy; they were friends for more than 30 years, and she
translated many of his works into English.

Gide also became close friends with the critic Charles Du Bos.[12] Together they were part of the Foyer
Franco-Belge, in which capacity they worked to find employment, food and housing for Franco-Belgian
refugees who arrived in Paris following the 1914 German invasion of Belgium.[13][14] Their friendship
later declined, due to Du Bos's perception that Gide had disavowed or betrayed his spiritual faith, in
contrast to Du Bos's own return to faith.[15][16]

Du Bos's essay Dialogue avec André Gide was published in 1929.[17] The essay, informed by Du Bos's
Catholic convictions, condemned Gide's homosexuality.[18] Gide and Du Bos's mutual friend Ernst
Robert Curtius criticised the book in a letter to Gide, writing that "he [Du Bos] judges you according to
Catholic morals suffices to neglect his complete indictment. It can only touch those who think like him
and are convinced in advance. He has abdicated his intellectual liberty."[19]

In the 1920s, Gide became an inspiration for such writers as Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre. In 1923,
he published a book on Fyodor Dostoyevsky. When he defended homosexuality in the public edition of
Corydon (1924), he received widespread condemnation. He later considered this his most important
work.

In 1923, Gide sired a daughter, Catherine, by Elisabeth van Rysselberghe, a much younger woman. He
had known her for a long time, as she was the daughter of his friends Maria Monnom and Théo van
Rysselberghe, a Belgian neo-impressionist painter. This caused the only crisis in the long-standing
relationship between Allégret and Gide, and damaged his friendship with van Rysselberghe. This was
possibly Gide's only sexual relationship with a woman,[20] and it was brief in the extreme. Catherine was
his only descendant by blood. He liked to call Elisabeth "La Dame Blanche" ("The White Lady").
Elisabeth eventually left her husband to move to Paris and manage the practical aspects of Gide's life
(they had adjoining apartments built on the rue Vavin). She worshipped him, but evidently they no longer
had a sexual relationship.

In 1924, he published an autobiography If it Die... (French: Si le grain ne meurt). In the same year, he
produced the first French-language editions of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim.

After 1925, Gide began to campaign for more humane conditions for convicted criminals. His legal wife,
Madeleine Gide, died in 1938. Later he explored their unconsummated marriage in Et nunc manet in te,
his memoir of Madeleine, published in English in the United States in 1952.

Africa
From July 1926 to May 1927, Gide traveled through the colony of French Equatorial Africa with his lover
Marc Allégret. They went successively to Middle Congo (now the Republic of the Congo), Ubangi-Shari
(now the Central African Republic), briefly to Chad and then to Cameroon. He kept a journal, which he
published as Travels in the Congo (French: Voyage au Congo) and Return from Chad (French: Retour du
Tchad).[10]

In this work, he criticized the behavior of French business interests in the Congo and inspired reform.[10]
In particular, he strongly criticized the Large Concessions regime (French: Régime des Grandes
Concessions). The government had conceded part of the colony to French companies, allowing them to
exploit the area's natural resources, in particular rubber. He related that native workers were forced to
leave their village for several weeks to collect rubber in the forest, and compared their exploitation by the
companies to slavery. The book contributed to the growing anti-colonialism movements in France and
helped thinkers to re-evaluate the effects of colonialism in Africa.[21]

Political views and the Soviet Union

During the 1930s, Gide briefly became a Communist, or more precisely, a fellow traveler (he never
formally joined any Communist party), but he, an individualist himself, advocated the idea of Communist
individualism.[22] Despite supporting the Soviet Union, he acknowledged the political repression in the
USSR. Gide insisted on the release of Victor Serge, a Soviet writer and a member of the Left Opposition
who was prosecuted by the Stalinist regime for his views.[23][24] As a distinguished writer sympathizing
with the cause of Communism, he was invited to speak at Maxim Gorky's funeral and to tour the Soviet
Union as a guest of the Soviet Union of Writers. He encountered censorship of his speeches and was
particularly disillusioned with the state of culture under Soviet Communism. In his work, Retour de
L'U.R.S.S. (Return from the USSR, 1936), he broke with such socialist friends as Jean-Paul Sartre; the
book was addressed to pro-Soviet readers, so the purpose was to expose a reader to doubts instead of
presenting harsh criticism.[24] While admitting the economic and social achievements of the USSR
compared to the Russian Empire, he noted the decay of culture, the erasure of the individuality of Soviet
citizens, and the suppression of any dissent:
Then would it not be better to, instead of playing on words, simply to acknowledge that the
revolutionary spirit (or even simply the critical spirit) is no longer the correct thing, that it is not
wanted any more? What is wanted now is compliance, conformism. What is desired and
demanded is approval of all that is done in the U. S. S. R.; and an attempt is being made to
obtain an approval that is not mere resignation, but a sincere, an enthusiastic approval. What is
most astounding is that this attempt is successful. On the other hand the smallest protest, the
least criticism, is liable to the severest penalties, and in fact is immediately stifled. And I doubt
whether in any other country in the world, even Hitler's Germany, thought to be less free, more
bowed down, more fearful (terrorized), more vassalized.

—André Gide Return from the U. S. S. R.[25]

Gide does not express his attitude towards Stalin, but he describes the signs of his personality cult: "in
each [home], ... the same portrait of Stalin, and nothing else"; "portrait of Stalin... , in the same place no
doubt where the icon used to be. Is it adoration, love, or fear? I do not know; always and everywhere he is
present."[26] However, Gide wrote that these problems could be solved by raising the cultural level of
Soviet society.

When Gide began preparing his manuscript for publication, the Kremlin was immediately informed about
it,[27] and soon Gide would be visited by the Soviet author Ilya Ehrenburg, who said that he agreed with
Gide, but asked to postpone the publication, as the Soviet Union assisted the Republicans in Spain; two
days later, Louis Aragon delivered a letter from Jef Last asking to postpone the publication. These
measures didn't help, and as the book was published, Gide was condemned in the Soviet press[27][24] and
by the "friends of the USSR": Nordahl Grieg wrote that the reason of writing the book was Gide's
impatience, and that with his book he made a favour to the Fascists, who greeted it with joy.[28] In 1937,
in response, Gide published Afterthoughts on the U. S. S. R.; earlier, Gide read Trotsky's The Revolution
Betrayed and met Victor Serge who provided him more information about the Soviet Union.[24] In
Afterthoughts, Gide is more direct in his criticism of the Soviet society: "Citrine, Trotsky, Mercier, Yvon,
Victor Serge, Leguay, Rudolf and many others have helped me with their documentation. Everything they
have taught me so far I had only suspected it – has confirmed and reinforced my fears".[29] The main
points of Afterthoughts were that the dictatorship of the proletariat became the dictatorship of Stalin, and
that the privileged bureaucracy became the new ruling class which profited by the workers' surplus
labour, spending the state budget on projects like the Palace of Soviets or to raise its own standards of
living, while the working class lived in extreme poverty; Gide cited the official Soviet newspapers to
prove his statements.[29][24][30]

During the World War II Gide came to a conclusion that "absolute liberty destroys the individual and also
society unless it be closely linked to tradition and discipline"; he rejected the revolutionary idea of
Communism as breaking with the traditions, and wrote that "if civilization depended solely on those who
initiated revolutionary theories, then it would perish, since culture needs for its survival a continuous and
developing tradition." In Thesee, written in 1946, he showed that an individual may safely leave the Maze
only if "he had clung tightly to the thread which linked him with the past". In 1947, he said that although
during the human history the civilizations rose up and died, the Christian civilization may be saved from
doom "if we accepted the responsibility of the sacred charge laid on us by our traditions and our past." He
also said that he remained an individualist and protested against "the submersion of individual
responsibility in organized authority, in that escape from freedom which is characteristic of our age."[22]
Gide contributed to the 1949 anthology The God That Failed. He could not write an essay because of his
state of health, so the text was written by Enid Starkie, based on paraphrases of Return from the USSR,
Afterthoughts, from a discussion held in Paris at l'Union pour la Verite in 1935, and from his Journal; the
text was approved by Gide.[22]

1930s and 1940s

In 1930 Gide published a book about the Blanche Monnier case titled La Séquestrée de Poitiers,
changing little but the names of the protagonists. Monnier was a young woman who was kept captive by
her own mother for more than 25 years.[31][32]

In 1939, Gide became the first living author to be published in the prestigious Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.

He left France for Africa in 1942 and lived in Tunis from December 1942 until it was re-taken by French,
British and American forces in May 1943 and he was able to travel to Algiers where he stayed until the
end of World War II.[33] In 1947, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his comprehensive and
artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a
fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight".[34] He devoted much of his last years to publishing
his Journal.[35] Gide died in Paris on 19 February 1951. The Roman Catholic Church placed his works on
the Index of Forbidden Books in 1952.[36]

Gide's life as a writer

Gide's biographer Alan Sheridan summed up Gide's life as a writer and an intellectual:

Gide was, by general consent, one of the dozen most important writers of the 20th century.
Moreover, no writer of such stature had led such an interesting life, a life accessibly interesting
to us as readers of his autobiographical writings, his journal, his voluminous correspondence
and the testimony of others. It was the life of a man engaging not only in the business of artistic
creation, but reflecting on that process in his journal, reading that work to his friends and
discussing it with them; a man who knew and corresponded with all the major literary figures
of his own country and with many in Germany and England; who found daily nourishment in
the Latin, French, English and German classics, and, for much of his life, in the Bible; [who
enjoyed playing Chopin and other classic works on the piano;] and who engaged in
commenting on the moral, political and sexual questions of the day.[37]

"Gide's fame rested ultimately, of course, on his literary works. But, unlike many writers, he was no
recluse: he had a need of friendship and a genius for sustaining it."[38] But his "capacity for love was not
confined to his friends: it spilled over into a concern for others less fortunate than himself."[39]

Writings
André Gide's writings spanned many genres – "As a master of prose narrative, occasional dramatist and
translator, literary critic, letter writer, essayist, and diarist, André Gide provided twentieth-century French
literature with one of its most intriguing examples of the man of letters."[40]
But as Gide's biographer Alan Sheridan points out, "It is the fiction that lies at the summit of Gide's
work."[41] "Here, as in the oeuvre as a whole, what strikes one first is the variety. Here, too, we see Gide's
curiosity, his youthfulness, at work: a refusal to mine only one seam, to repeat successful formulas...The
fiction spans the early years of Symbolism, to the "comic, more inventive, even fantastic" pieces, to the
later "serious, heavily autobiographical, first-person narratives"...In France Gide was considered a great
stylist in the classical sense, "with his clear, succinct, spare, deliberately, subtly phrased sentences."

Gide's surviving letters run into the thousands. But it is the Journal that Sheridan calls "the pre-eminently
Gidean mode of expression."[42] "His first novel emerged from Gide's own journal, and many of the first-
person narratives read more or less like journals. In Les faux-monnayeurs, Edouard's journal provides an
alternative voice to the narrator's." "In 1946, when Pierre Herbert asked Gide which of his books he
would choose if only one were to survive," Gide replied, 'I think it would be my Journal.'" Beginning at
the age of 18 or 19, Gide kept a journal all of his life and when these were first made available to the
public, they ran to 1,300 pages.[43]

Struggle for values

"Each volume that Gide wrote was intended to challenge itself, what had preceded it, and what could
conceivably follow it. This characteristic, according to Daniel Moutote in his Cahiers de André Gide
essay, is what makes Gide's work 'essentially modern': the 'perpetual renewal of the values by which one
lives.'"[44] Gide wrote in his Journal in 1930: "The only drama that really interests me and that I should
always be willing to depict anew, is the debate of the individual with whatever keeps him from being
authentic, with whatever is opposed to his integrity, to his integration. Most often the obstacle is within
him. And all the rest is merely accidental."[45]

As a whole, "The works of André Gide reveal his passionate revolt against the restraints and conventions
inherited from 19th-century France. He sought to uncover the authentic self beneath its contradictory
masks."[46]

Sexuality
In his journal, Gide distinguishes between adult-attracted "sodomites" and boy-loving "pederasts",
categorizing himself as the latter.

I call a pederast the man who, as the word indicates, falls in love with young boys. I call a
sodomite ("The word is sodomite, sir," said Verlaine to the judge who asked him if it were true
that he was a sodomist) the man whose desire is addressed to mature men...The pederasts, of
whom I am one (why cannot I say this quite simply, without your immediately claiming to see a
brag in my confession?), are much rarer, and the sodomites much more numerous, than I first
thought...That such loves can spring up, that such relationships can be formed, it is not enough
for me to say that this is natural; I maintain that it is good; each of the two finds exaltation,
protection, a challenge in them; and I wonder whether it is for the youth or the elder man that
they are more profitable.[47]
Gide's journal documents From an interview with film documentarian Nicole Védrès with Andre
his behavior in the Gide:
company of Oscar Wilde. Védrès "May I ask you an indiscreet question?
Gide "There are no indiscreet questions, only indiscreet answers."
Wilde took a key Védrès "Is it true, cher Maître, that you are a homosexual?"
out of his pocket Gide "No monsieur, I am not a homosexual, I am a pederast!"
and showed me —from Vedres' documentary Life Starts Tomorrow (1950)[48]
into a tiny
apartment of two
rooms...The
youths followed
him, each of
them wrapped in
a burnous that
hid his face.
Then the guide
left us and Wilde
sent me into the
further room
with little
Mohammed and
shut himself up
in the other with
the [other boy].
Every time since
then that I have
sought after
pleasure, it is the
memory of that
night I have
pursued...My joy
was unbounded,
and I cannot
imagine it
greater, even if
love had been
added. How
should there
have been any
question of love?
How should I
have allowed
desire to dispose
of my heart? No
scruple clouded
my pleasure and
no remorse
followed it. But what
that perfect little bod
Mohammed had left m
achieved pleasure five
back to my room in the

Gide's novel Corydon, which he considered his most important work, includes a defense of pederasty. At
that time, the age of consent for any type of sexual activity was set at 13.

Bibliography

See also
Mise en abyme
Pederasty

References

Citations
1. "New York Times obituary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110806050538/http://www.andre
gide.org/remembrance/nytgide.html). www.andregide.org. Archived from the original (http://
www.andregide.org/remembrance/nytgide.html) on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 20 March
2018.
2. Wallace Fowlie, André Gide: His Life and Art, Macmillan (1965), p. 11
3. Pierre de Boisdeffre, Vie d'André Gide, 1869–1951: André Gide avant la fondation de la
Nouvelle revue française (1869–1909), Hachette (1970), p. 29
4. Jean Delay, La jeunesse d'André Gide, Gallimard (1956), p. 55
5. If It Die: Autobiographical Memoir by André Gide (first edition 1920, Vintage Books, 1935,
translated by Dorothy Bussy: "but when Ali – that was my little guide's name – led me up
among the sandhills, in spite of the fatigue of walking in the sand, I followed him; we soon
reached a kind of funnel or crater, the rim of which was just high enough to command the
surrounding country...As soon as we got there, Ali flung the coat and rug down on the
sloping sand; he flung himself down too, and stretched on his back...I was not such a
simpleton as to misunderstand his invitation"..."I seized the hand he held out to me and
tumbled him on to the ground." [p. 251]
6. Out of the past, Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the present (Miller 1995:87)
7. If It Die: Autobiographical Memoir by André Gide (first edition 1920) (Vintage Books, 1935,
translated by Dorothy Bussy: "I should say that if Wilde had begun to discover the secrets of
his life to me, he knew nothing as yet of mine; I had taken care to give him no hint of them,
either by deed or word....No doubt, since my adventure at Sousse, there was not much left
for the Adversary to do to complete his victory over me; but Wilde did not know this, nor that
I was vanquished beforehand or, if you will...that I had already triumphed in my imagination
and my thoughts over all my scruples." [p. 286])
8. "André Gide (1869–1951) – Musée virtuel du Protestantisme" (http://www.museeprotestant.
org/en/notice/andre-gide1869-1951/). www.museeprotestant.org. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
9. Moore, Diane Monier (2024). Immoralists and Drama Queens: André Gide, Théo Van
Rysselberghe and their colourful entourage, Jersey 1907-1909 (https://blueormer.gg/produc
t/immoralists-and-drama-queens/). Blue Ormer. ISBN 978-1-915786-12-8.
10. André Gide (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/618) on Nobelprize.org
11. William Rothenstein, Men and Memories, Faber & Faber, 1932, p. 344
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13. Davies, Katherine Jane (2010). "A 'Third Way' Catholic Intellectual: Charles Du Bos,
Tragedy, and Ethics in Interwar Paris". Journal of the History of Ideas. 71 (4): 655.
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(https://books.google.com/books?id=CLAYDAAAQBAJ). St. Martin's Press. pp. 28–9.
ISBN 978-1-137-05183-7.
15. Dieckmann, Herbert (1953). "André Gide and the Conversion of Charles Du Bos". Yale
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16. Woodward 1997, p. 233.
17. Einfalt, Michael (2010). "Debating Literary Autonomy: Jacques Maritain versus André Gide".
In Heynickx, Rajesh; De Maeyer, Jan (eds.). The Maritain Factor: Taking Religion into
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18. Einfalt 2010, p. 158.
19. Einfalt 2010, p. 160.
20. White, Edmund (10 December 1998). "On the chance that a shepherd boy …" (http://www.lr
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19/idTC=3/idG=2) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070316041458/http://www.lire.fr/
critique.asp/idC%3D31184/idR%3D219/idTC%3D3/idG%3D2) 16 March 2007 at the
Wayback Machine, in Lire, July–August 1995 (in French)
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-of-liberty/). 23 August 2022.
24. Alan Sheridan. André Gide: A Life in the Present (1999)
25. Return from the U. S. S. R. translated in English, D. Bussy (Alfred Knopf, 1937), pp. 41–42
26. Return from the U. S. S. R. translated in English, D. Bussy (Alfred Knopf, 1937), pp. 25; 45
27. "(PDF) Andre Gide's Retour de L'U.R.S.S. and Its Publication History: A View from the
Kremlin" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314098942_Andre_Gide%27s_Retour_d
e_L%27URSS_and_Its_Publication_History_A_View_from_the_Kremlin).
28. The Making of an Antifascist: Nordahl Grieg Between the World Wars (https://books.google.
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299-33650-9.
29. Afterthoughts: A Sequel to Back from the U.S.S.R (1937)
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No.%201,%20November%201937).pdf) libcom.org
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34. "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1947" (https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laur
eates/1947/). www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
35. "André Gide (1869–1951)" (http://www.museeprotestant.org/Pages/Notices.php?scatid=148
&noticeid=811&lev=1&Lget=FR). Musée virtuel du Protestantisme français. Retrieved
6 September 2010.
36. André Gide Biography (1869–1951) (http://www.leninimports.com/andre_gide.html).
eninimports.com
37. André Gide: A Life in the Present by Alan Sheridan. Harvard University Press, 1999, p. xvi.
38. Alan Sheridan, p. xii.
39. Alan Sheridan, p. 624.
40. Article on André Gide in Contemporary Authors Online 2003.
41. Information in this paragraph is extracted from André Gide: A Life in the Present by Alan
Sheridan, pp. 629–33.
42. Information in this paragraph is extracted from André Gide: A Life in the Present by Alan
Sheridan, p. 628.
43. Journals: 1889–1913 by André Gide, trans. by Justin O'Brien, p. xii.
44. Quote taken from the article on André Gide in Contemporary Authors Online, 2003.
45. Journals: 1889–1913 by André Gide, trans. by Justin O'Brien, p. xvii.
46. Quote taken from the article on André Gide in the Encyclopedia of World Biography, Dec.
12, 1998, Gale Pub.
47. Gide, Andre (1948). The Journals Of André Gide, Vol II 1914–1927 (https://archive.org/detail
s/journalsofandreg031199mbp). Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 246 (https://archive.org/details/journals
ofandreg031199mbp/page/n255)–247. ISBN 978-0-252-06930-7. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
48. Weinberg, Herman G., 1967. Josef von Sternberg. A Critical Study. New York: Dutton p.
121. Weinberg notes "Gide replied testily, with that refined distinction so characteristic of
him…"
49. Gide, Andre (1935). If It Die: An Autobiography (https://books.google.com/books?id=e0-TBQ
AAQBAJ&q=Gide+A.+%281935%29.+If+It+Die%3A+An+Autobiography.+New+York%3A+R
andom+House.&pg=PT3) (New ed.). Random House. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-375-72606-4.
Retrieved 27 April 2016.. Viewable here: Gide, André (22 January 1963). "If it die : an
autobiography [archived]" (https://archive.org/details/ifitdie0000unse_h7e6/page/288/mode/
2up?q=%22had+believed+all+compromise+impossible%22). Internet Archive. Retrieved
14 May 2023. Note: some editions of this same work (https://archive.org/details/bwb_KS-47
0-205/page/284/mode/2up?q=%22had+believed+all+compromise+impossible%22) omit this
section.

Works cited
Edmund White, [3] (https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v20/n24/edmund-white/on-the-chance-th
at-a-shepherd-boy) André Gide: A Life in the Present. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1998]

Further reading
Noel I. Garde [Edgar H. Leoni], Jonathan to Gide: The Homosexual in History. New
York:Vangard, 1964. OCLC 3149115 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3149115)
For a chronology of Gide's life, see pp. 13–15 in Thomas Cordle, André Gide (The Griffin
Authors Series). Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1969.
For a detailed bibliography of Gide's writings and works about Gide, see pp. 655–678 in
Alan Sheridan, André Gide: A Life in the Present. Harvard, 1999.

External links
Website of the Catherine Gide Foundation (http://www.fondation-catherine-gide.org/), held
by Catherine Gide, his daughter
Center for Gidian Studies (https://web.archive.org/web/20171016085651/http://www.andregi
de.org/)
Works by André Gide (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2184) at Project Gutenberg
Works by André Gide (https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Gide%2C%20Andr%C
3%A9) at Faded Page (Canada)
Works by or about André Gide (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3
A%22Gide%2C%20André%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22André%20Gide%22%20OR%20
creator%3A%22Gide%2C%20André%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22André%20Gide%22%
20OR%20title%3A%22André%20Gide%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gide%2C%20A
ndré%22%20OR%20description%3A%22André%20Gide%22%20OR%20%22Gide%2C%2
0Andre%22%20OR%20%22Andre%20Gide%22%29%20OR%20%28%221869-1951%22%
20AND%20Gide%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the Internet Archive
List of Works (http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=42)
Works by André Gide (https://librivox.org/author/11460) at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks)
André Gide at Goodreads (https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/7617.Andr_Gide)
Amis d'André Gide (https://web.archive.org/web/20090913094434/http://www.gidiana.net/)
in French
Period newspaper articles on Gide (http://www.gidiana.net/GA.htm) interface in French
André Gide, 1947 Nobel Laureate for Literature (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/
laureates/1947/)
André Gide: A Brief Introduction (http://www.ljhammond.com/classics/cl3.htm#gide)
Gide at Maderia in Jersey, 1901–07 (https://web.archive.org/web/20071006001903/http://w
ww.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/mader1.htm)
Newspaper clippings about André Gide (http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/006083) in
the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

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