International Phonetic Alphabet chart

The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic
symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all
possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in
this encyclopedia.

Official chart

The official IPA chart, revised to 2020

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u
Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ
Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o
Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ
Near-open æ ɐ
Open a ɶä ɑ ɒ
Legend: IPA help · audio · full chart · template
unrounded • rounded

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants
Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Pharyn­‐
Bi­labial Labio­‐ Linguo­‐ Dental Alveolar Post­‐ Retro­‐ Palatal Velar Uvular geal/epi­
dental labial alveolar flex ‐ Glottal
Manner ↓ glottal
Nasal m̥m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̥ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ
Plosive p b p̪b̪t̼ d̼ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ
Sibilant affricate ts dz t̠ʃd̠ʒtʂ dʐ tɕ dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪fb̪v t̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊˔
d̠ɹ̠˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh
Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ð̼ θ ð θ̠ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ɻ̊˔ ɻ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ
Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ ʔ̞
Tap/flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̆
Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r r
ɽ̊r̥ ɽ ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ
Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ tꞎ d𝼅c𝼆 ɟʎ̝ k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ꞎ ʎ̝ ʟ̝
Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap ɺ̥ ɺ ʎ̆ ʟ̆
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless.IPA help · audio · full chart · template
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants
BL LD D A PA RF P V U EG
Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ
Affricate p̪fʼt̪θʼtsʼ t̠ʃʼtʂʼ tɕʼ kxʼ qχʼ
Ejective Fricative ɸʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ
Lateral affricate tɬʼ c𝼆ʼk𝼄ʼq𝼄ʼ
Lateral fricative ɬʼ

Tenuis kʘ kǀ kǃ k𝼊 kǂ
qʘ qǀ qǃ q𝼊 qǂ
Voiced ɡʘ ɡǀ ɡǃ ɡ𝼊 ɡǂ
ɢʘ ɢǀ ɢǃ ɢ𝼊 ɢǂ

Nasal ŋʘ ŋǀ ŋǃ ŋ𝼊 ŋǂ ʞ
Click ɴ𝼊 ɴǂ
(top: velar; ɴʘ ɴǀ ɴǃ
kǁ
bottom: uvular) Tenuis lateral
qǁ
Voiced lateral ɡǁ
ɢǁ

Nasal lateral ŋǁ
ɴǁ
Voiced ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Implosive Voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥

Shaded areas denote articulationsIPA help · audio · full chart · template

judged impossible.

Co-articulated consonants
Nasal Fricative/approximant
n͡mLabial–alveolar ɥ̊ ɥ Labial–palatal
ɳ͡m Labial–retroflex ʍ w Labial–velar

ŋ͡mLabial–velar ɧ Sj-sound (variable)

Plosive Lateral approximant
t͡pd͡Lbabial–alveolar ɫ Velarized alveolar

ʈ͡p ɖ͡b Labial–retroflex Implosive

ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ Labial–velar
k͡pɡ͡Lbabial–velar Ejective
q͡ʡ Uvular–epiglottal t͡pʼLabial–alveolar
q͡p Labial–uvular
IPA help · full chart · template

Other consonants
Nasal palatal approximant [j̃]
Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃]
Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]
Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥]
Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]
Tones

Tone registers
˥ ꜒ Extra-high (top)

◌́ ˦ ꜓ High
◌̄ ˧ ꜔ Mid
◌̀ ˨ ꜕ Low
◌̏ ˩ ꜖ Extra-low (bottom)

ꜜ◌ Downstep

ꜛ◌ Upstep
Tone contours
◌̌ ˩˥ ꜖꜒ Rising (low to high)
◌̂ ˥˩ ꜒꜖ Falling (high to low)
˧˥ ꜔꜒ High rising
˨˦ ꜕꜓ Mid rising
˩˧ ꜖꜔ Low rising
˥˧ ꜒꜔ High falling
˦˨ ꜓꜕ Mid falling
˧˩ ꜔꜖ Low falling
, ,
˧˥˨ ˨˦˨ ˩˧˩ , ,
꜔꜒꜕ ꜕꜓꜕ ꜖꜔꜖ Rising–falling (Peaking)
˥˧˥, ˦˨˦, ˧˩˧ ꜒꜔꜒, ꜓꜕꜓, ꜔꜖꜔ Falling–rising (Dipping)

Auxiliary symbols
Diacritics
◌̊ Voiceless Breathy voiced Dental
Voiced Creaky voiced Apical

◌ʰ Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal

◌˒ More
rounded ◌ʷ Labialized ◌̃ Nasalized

◌˓ Less
rounded ◌ʲ Palatalized ◌ⁿ Nasal
release

◌˖ Advanced ◌ˠ Velarized ◌ˡ Lateral

release

◌˗ Retracted ◌ˤ Pharyngealized No audible

release

◌̈ Centralized Velarized or
pharyngealized ◌ᵊ
Mid central
vowel
release
Voiceless
Mid- ◌˔ Raised ◌ᶿ dental
centralized fricative
release
Voiceless
Syllabic ◌˕ Lowered ◌ˣ velar
fricative
release
Non-
syllabic ◌ ꭪ Advanced
tongue root ʼ
◌ Ejective

◌˞ Rhoticity ◌ ꭫ Retracted ◌͡◌ Affricate or

double
tongue root
◌͜◌ articulation

Suprasegmentals Transcription
ˈ Primary stress
ˌ Secondary stress
[] Phonetic transcription

ː Long
ˑ Half-long // Phonemic transcription

◌̆ Extra-short
| Minor (foot) group {} Prosodic notation

‖ Major (intonation) group

. Syllable break () Indistinguishable utterance
‿ Linking (absence of a break)
↗︎ Global rise
⸨ ⸩ Sound obscured
↘︎ Global fall

See also
IPA vowel chart with audio
IPA consonant chart with audio
International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet
Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet
External links
The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart (https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.or
g/content/ipa-chart)
Interactive IPA chart (https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/inter_chart_2018/IPA_20
18.html)
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