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linear-approx-solutions

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14 views4 pages

linear-approx-solutions

Uploaded by

areeshalalani1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Linear Approximation Solutions

Question 19: Derivative and Linear Approximation


for f (x) = x2 + 3x − 1
Solution
The derivative of f (x) = x2 + 3x − 1 is:
f ′ (x) = 2x + 3.
The linear approximation at a point x = a is given by:
L(x) = f (a) + f ′ (a)(x − a).
At x = 0:
f (0) = 02 + 3(0) − 1 = −1, f ′ (0) = 2(0) + 3 = 3.
Thus, the linear approximation is:
L(x) = −1 + 3(x − 0) = 3x − 1.

Answer
The linear approximation is L(x) = 3x − 1, which is the tangent line at x = 0.

√
Question 20: Linear Approximation for g(x) = x+4
at x = 0
Solution
The linear approximation formula is:
L(x) = g(a) + g ′ (a)(x − a).
√
For g(x) = x + 4, compute g(0) and g ′ (x):
√ 1
g(0) = 0 + 4 = 2, g ′ (x) = √ .
2 x+4
At x = 0:
1 1
g ′ (0) = √ = .
2 0+4 4
Thus, the linear approximation is:
1 x
L(x) = 2 + (x − 0) = 2 + .
4 4
1
Answer
The linear approximation is:
x
L(x) = 2 + .
4

Question 21: Verify f (x) = ln(x) at x = 1


Solution
For f (x) = ln(x), the derivative is:
1
f ′ (x) = .
x
The linear approximation at x = 1 is:

L(x) = f (1) + f ′ (1)(x − 1).

Calculate:
1
f (1) = ln(1) = 0, f ′ (1) = = 1.
1
Thus:
L(x) = 0 + 1(x − 1) = x − 1.

Answer
The linear approximation is:
L(x) = x − 1.

Question 22: Linear Approximation for f (x) = ex at


x = 0 and Estimate e0.1
Solution
The linear approximation formula is:

L(x) = f (a) + f ′ (a)(x − a).

For f (x) = ex , the derivative is f ′ (x) = ex .


At x = 0:
f (0) = e0 = 1, f ′ (0) = e0 = 1.
Thus, the linear approximation is:

L(x) = 1 + 1(x − 0) = 1 + x.

To estimate e0.1 , substitute x = 0.1:

L(0.1) = 1 + 0.1 = 1.1.

2
Answer
The estimate for e0.1 is:
1.1 .

Question 23: Linear Approximation for f (x) = sin(x) at


x = 0 and Estimate sin(0.1)
Solution
The derivative of f (x) = sin(x) is:

f ′ (x) = cos(x).

At x = 0:
f (0) = sin(0) = 0, f ′ (0) = cos(0) = 1.
The linear approximation is:

L(x) = 0 + 1(x − 0) = x.

To estimate sin(0.1), substitute x = 0.1:

L(0.1) = 0.1.

Answer
The estimate for sin(0.1) is:
0.1 .

Question 24: Linear Approximation for s(t) = t2 + 4t


from t = 2 to t = 2.1
Solution
The derivative of s(t) = t2 + 4t is:

s′ (t) = 2t + 4.

At t = 2:
s(2) = 22 + 4(2) = 4 + 8 = 12, s′ (2) = 2(2) + 4 = 8.
The linear approximation is:

L(t) = s(2) + s′ (2)(t − 2).

Substitute t = 2.1:

L(2.1) = 12 + 8(2.1 − 2) = 12 + 8(0.1) = 12 + 0.8 = 12.8.

3
Answer
The estimated change in position is:
0.8 .

Question 25: Change in Volume of a Sphere V = 43 πr3


Solution
The derivative of V with respect to r is:
dV
= 4πr2 .
dr
At r = 10:
dV
= 4π(10)2 = 400π.
dr
The change in volume for ∆r = 0.1 is:
dV
∆V ≈ · ∆r = 400π(0.1) = 40π.
dr

Answer
The approximate change in volume is:

40π cm3 .

Question 26: Cost Function C(x) = 5x2 − 3x + 100 at


x = 50
Solution
The derivative of C(x) is:
C ′ (x) = 10x − 3.
At x = 50:
C ′ (50) = 10(50) − 3 = 500 − 3 = 497.
The approximate cost for x = 51 is:

C(51) ≈ C(50) + C ′ (50)(51 − 50).

Given C(50) = 5(50)2 − 3(50) + 100 = 12500 − 150 + 100 = 12450, we find:

C(51) ≈ 12450 + 497(1) = 12450 + 497 = 12947.

Answer
The estimated cost of producing 51 items is:

12947 .

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