LINUX OS

I. HISTORY
Origins

• Unix Development
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, AT&T’s Bell Labs developed Unix, a
pioneering operating system with multitasking and multiuser capabilities.

• Minix
In the 1980s, Andrew S. Tanenbaum developed Minix, a Unix-like operating
system for educational purposes. Minix’s source code was open and
influenced many, including Linus Torvalds.
Creation of Linux
• In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a computer science student at the University of
Helsinki, began working on a new operating system kernel. Torvalds
was dissatisfied with the limitations of Minix and wanted to create a
more capable and free alternative.

• On August 25, 1991, Torvalds announced his project on the

comp.os.minix newsgroup. He invited others to contribute to the project.

• The first official release of the Linux kernel, version 0.01, was in
September 1991.
Development and Growth
• GNU Project
The GNU Project, initiated by Richard Stallman, aimed to create a free
Unix-like operating system. The Linux complemented GNU software,
leading to the popular combination known as GNU/Linux.

• Open Source Movement

The open-source movement gained momentum, and the Free Software
Foundation (FSF) and the Open Source Initiative (OSI) promoted the
principles of open-source software and collaborative development.
Development and Growth

• Enterprise Adoption
In 1990s and early 2000s, companies began adopting Linux for servers
due to its stability, security, and cost-effectiveness.

• Desktop and Mobile

Although Linux struggled to gain a significant share in the desktop market,
it found success in embedded systems and mobile devices.
Linux Today
• Linux is now used in a wide range of environments, from
supercomputers to IoT devices. Its flexibility and adaptability make it
suitable for various applications.

• The Linux community remains vibrant, with contributions from both

individual developers and major corporations like IBM, Google, and
Microsoft. Major Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and CentOS
continue to evolve and innovate.

• Linux plays a crucial role in cloud computing and artificial intelligence,

driving advancements in these fields.
II. NOTABLE
DISTRIBUTIONS /
VERSIONS
Linux has numerous distributions, making it challenging to find one that
satisfies your specific needs and revitalizes your computer. Unlike singular
operating systems like Windows or Mac, Linux offers hundreds of
distributions, each with unique appearances and specializations.
Development teams for these distributions regularly unveil new releases
and updates worldwide to cater to diverse user preferences and
requirements.
Ubuntu is a popular Linux distribution known for its user-friendly interface and extensive
software library. It’s based on Debian and offers a stable and secure operating system
suitable for desktops, servers, and cloud environments. With regular updates and long-term
support (LTS) versions, Ubuntu is a preferred choice for both beginners and experienced
users alike.

Debian is a robust and stable Linux distribution known for its focus on free software
principles and strong community support. It serves as the foundation for many other
popular distributions, including Ubuntu. Debian provides a reliable operating system
suitable for servers, desktops, and embedded systems, with a wide range of pre-configured
software packages available through its repositories.
Fedora is a cutting-edge Linux distribution sponsored by Red Hat, known for its focus on
innovation and emerging technologies. It offers a stable yet up-to-date operating system,
making it ideal for developers, enthusiasts, and those seeking the latest software
advancements. Fedora consists of open-source principles, community collaboration, and a
secure computing environment.

CentOS is a free operating system. It comes from the code of Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
CentOS is very good for servers. People like it because it works well. It does not break or
stop easily. The community helps make CentOS better. Red Hat Enterprise Linux costs
money. But CentOS is free to use. Many people choose CentOS for servers. They know it
will keep running without issues.
Arch Linux is an operating system. It follows a rolling release model. This
means it offers the latest software updates all the time. You can also
customize how Arch Linux works. Arch Linux is popular among users who
like to work on setting up and maintaining their system themselves. These
users have more experience with computers.

Linux Mint is famous for being easy to use. It can play videos and music
right away. People who used Windows before can feel at home with Linux
Mint. It has a straightforward desktop. It also works smoothly without
crashing.
openSUSE is a choice. It has two kinds of releases. The first is a stable
release called Leap. The second is a rolling release named Tumbleweed. It
is famous for its YaST tool. This tool helps set up the system. It also
supports many desktop environments. Users can choose the one they like
best.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a widely-used enterprise-grade Linux

distribution developed by Red Hat. It is known for its stability, security, and
performance, making it a popular choice for businesses and organizations
that require a robust and reliable operating system for their mission-critical
applications and workloads.
III. IMPORTANT
KEY FEATURES
Key Features of Linux
• Open Source
Linux is free and open-source software. This means that the source code
is freely available for anyone to inspect, modify, and redistribute.

• Multitasking and Multiuser

Multiple users can operate simultaneously without interference, and the
system can run multiple processes at once.

• Stability and Reliability

It is known for long uptimes and low resource usage, making it suitable for
servers and critical applications.
Key Features of Linux
• Customization
Linux offers extensive customization options, allowing users to tailor the
system to their specific needs and preferences.
• Security
Linux is known for its robust security features. It is considered more
secure than other operating systems due to its design and open-source
nature.
• Package Management
Linux distributions use package managers for easy installation, updating,
and management of software.
Key Features of Linux
• Portability
Linux can run on various hardware platforms, from servers to embedded
systems.
• Command Line Interface
Linux is renowned for its powerful command-line interface (CLI), which
allows users to interact with the system using text-based commands. The
CLI provides a level of control and flexibility that is unmatched by graphical
interfaces.
• Networking Capabilities
Strong networking tools capabilities, making it ideal for server and cloud
environments.
Components of Linux System
• Kernel. Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major
activities of this operating system.

• System Library. System libraries are special functions or programs

using which application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel’s
features.

• System Utility. System Utility programs are responsible to do

specialized, individual level tasks.
User-Interface of Linux
• The user interface is either a Command Line Interface (CLI), a Graphical
User Interface (GUI), or through controls are associated with hardware.

• CLI shells are text based user interfaces, which use text for both input
and output.

• On desktop systems, the most popular user interfaces are the GUI
shells.

• Most popular user interfaces are based on the X Window System, often
simply called “X”.
IV. TRIVIA
• There are 20,323,379 lines of code in the Linux kernel as of 2018. That
might sound like a lot but it’s actually the smallest the kernel has been for
some time. Even so, despite the recent reductions, the huge line count
means Linux remains the single largest open source project on the
planet.

• Linux very nearly wasn’t called Linux. Linus wanted to call his “hobby”
project “FreaX” (a combination of “free”, “freak” and “Unix”). He was
persuade otherwise by the owner of the server hosting his early code,
who happened to prefer the name “Linux” (a combination of “Linus” and
“Unix”).
• Though he wrote 100% of the first Linux release less than 1% of the latest
kernel release includes code written by Linus Torvalds. The guy isn’t
slacking though; Linus is now kept busy managing and merging code
written by other developers.

• Linux is used by every major space programme in the world, including

NASA and the ESA. Private space companies like SpaceX also leverage it,
with the latter having completed 65 space missions (and counting) with the
assistance of a fault – resistant Linux system in their powerful Falcon 9
rockets.
• Linux is highly customizable – one of the significant advantages of Linux
is its flexibility and customizability. Users can modify the source code and
create their own distributions, known as “distros”. This customization
allows users to tailor their Linux system to their specific needs.

• Tux, the Linux mascot, is a penguin, but have you ever wondered why
it’s a penguin? During a visit to an Australian zoo, a tiny penguin bit Linux
creator Linus Torvalds, an amusing incident that inspired the penguin
logo for Linux. Since its inception, Tux has evolved as the personification
of the Linux community. Tux embodies the friendly, reliable, and
accessible ethos of Linux.
• Early Linux development took place on the MINIX operating system,
leading Linus to adopt a file system layout similar to Minix for his fledging
project. It didn’t last; proving inefficient, Linus later replaced it with the
‘Extended file system’, better known as ext, versions of which are still in
use today.

• Linux is everywhere – Linux is not just limited to servers and personal

computers. It is also used in smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, routers,
and even some cars. Android, the most widely used mobile operating
system, is based on the Linux kernel.
• Linux powers the majority of the world’s servers – Linux has become the
preferred operating system for servers, powering the majority of the
world’s servers. Linux is used by large enterprises, such as Amazon,
Google, and Facebook, as well as by smaller companies and individuals.
V. DEMO
GROUP 4:

PASCUAL, ISRAEL MARK

ROSALES, REIGNMAN
TULAY, HECTOR
UGOT, PRESCIOUS GYLE