Agenda

• What is Linux?
• History of Linux
• Benefits of using Linux
• Different Linux distributions
• The Linux file system
• The Linux command line
• Text editors in Linux
• Installing and managing software in Linux
• Linux security and user management Advanced topics (e.g., shell scripting,
system administration)
There are several reasons why Linux is preferred over
other operating systems in certain contexts:
• 1. Open source: As an open source operating system, Linux allows users to
view and modify the source code, which means that it is more transparent and
customizable than proprietary operating systems.

• 2. Security: Linux is generally considered to be more secure than other

operating systems, particularly for servers. It is less vulnerable to viruses and
other types of malware, and it can be more easily configured to ensure the
security of the system.

• 3. Stability: Linux is known for its stability, which makes it a good choice for
servers and other mission-critical systems that need to be up and running 24/7.
• 4. Performance: Linux is generally faster and more efficient than other
operating systems, especially on older hardware.

• 5. Cost: Linux is free to use, which makes it an attractive option for

individuals and organizations on a budget.

• 6. Community support: There is a large community of users and

developers who contribute to the development of Linux and provide
support to users. This makes it easier to find help and resources when
you need them.
Operating System Definition
• An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer
hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The
operating system is the most important type of system.
• An operating system performs these functions:
• Resource management
• Memory management
• Process management
• Security
• Communication
• Input/output control

• Examples of operating systems include Microsoft Windows, macOS, and

Linux.
What is Linux?
• Linux is a free and open-source operating system (OS) that was
created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. It is based on the Unix operating
system and is widely used on servers, supercomputers, and personal
computers.
History of Linux
• Linux was initially developed as a hobby project by Linus Torvalds
while he was a student at the University of Helsinki. He released the
first version of Linux, called Version 0.02, in 1991. Since then, Linux
has evolved into a fully-fledged operating system that is used by
millions of people around the world.
Benefits of using Linux
• It is free and open-source, which means that anyone can use, modify,
and distribute it.
• It is stable and reliable.
• It is highly customizable.
• It has a large and active user community that provides support and
resources.
• It is secure and has a low incidence of viruses and malware.
Different Linux distributions
• There are many different Linux distributions, each with its own unique
features and target audience. Some popular examples include:
• Ubuntu: A user-friendly distribution that is popular with beginners.
• Fedora: A distribution that is sponsored by Red Hat and is focused on
providing the latest software and technologies.
• CentOS: A distribution that is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux and
is designed for enterprise use.
• Mint: A distribution that is based on Ubuntu and is designed to be
easy to use.
The Linux file system
• The Linux file system is organized into a hierarchy, with the root
directory (/) at the top. Within the root directory, there are several
subdirectories that contain specific types of files, such as /etc for
system configuration files, /usr for user programs and libraries, and
/home for user home directories.
The Linux command line
• The Linux command line is a powerful tool that allows users to
perform tasks and manipulate the system by typing commands. It is an
alternative to using a graphical user interface (GUI) and is often
preferred by advanced users.
Text editors in Linux
• Linux includes several text editors that can be used to create and
modify text files. Some popular examples include vi, emacs, and nano.
Installing and managing software in Linux
• In Linux, software is typically installed using package managers,
which are specialized programs that handle the installation, update,
and removal of software. Different Linux distributions have their own
package managers, such as apt (Ubuntu), yum (Fedora), and pacman
(Arch Linux).
Linux security and user management
• Linux includes built-in security features, such as file permissions and
user account management, that help to protect the system and its data.
Users can be granted different levels of access to the system based on
their roles and responsibilities.
Advanced topics
• Shell scripting: Automating tasks using scripts written in the shell
language.

• System administration: Managing a Linux system, including tasks

such as configuring hardware, setting up network services, and
installing software.

• Kernel customization: Modifying the Linux kernel to meet specific

needs or to add new features.
Difference between Unix and Linux operating
system
• Linux is a type of Unix operating system. The main difference
between Unix and Linux is that Unix is a proprietary operating
system, while Linux is an open source operating system. This means
that anyone can view and modify the source code of a Linux operating
system, but the source code of a Unix operating system is proprietary
and not available to the public. In addition, Unix is generally used on
larger, more powerful computers, while Linux is used on a wider range
of devices, including servers, desktops, and smartphones. Both Unix
and Linux are widely used for a variety of purposes, including web
servers, scientific computing, and business applications.
Linux and Windows are both popular operating systems,
but they have some significant differences:
• 1. Cost: Linux is free to use, while Windows requires users to purchase a
license.
• 2. Source code: Linux is open source, which means that users can view
and modify the source code. Windows is proprietary, which means that
the source code is not available to the public.
• 3. Customizability: Linux is highly customizable, as users can modify the
source code and install different desktop environments and applications.
Windows is less customizable, as users are limited to the features and
applications provided by Microsoft.
• 4. Security: Linux is generally considered to be more secure than
Windows, as it is less vulnerable to viruses and other types of malware.
However, both operating systems have built-in security features and can
be configured to ensure the security of the system.

• 5. Compatibility: Windows has better compatibility with a wider range of

software and hardware, as it is the most widely used operating system.
Linux has limited compatibility with some types of software and
hardware.
• 6. User base: Windows has a larger user base than Linux, which means
that there is more support and resources available for Windows users.
Some differences between Linux and iOS include:

• 1. Cost: Linux is free to use and distribute, while iOS is proprietary and
must be licensed from Apple.

• 2. Source code: Linux is open source, which means that users can view and
modify the source code. iOS is proprietary, which means that the source
code is not available to the public.

• 3. Customizability: Linux is highly customizable, as users can modify the

source code and install different desktop environments and applications.
iOS is less customizable, as users are limited to the features and applications
provided by Apple
• 4. Compatibility: iOS is only compatible with Apple devices, while
Linux can be installed on a wide range of devices.

• 5. User base: iOS has a smaller user base than Linux, as it is only used
on Apple devices. However, the user base for iOS is generally
considered to be more loyal and willing to pay for premium features
and services.
Linux is used in a wide range of fields and
industries, including:
• 1. Web servers: Linux is a popular choice for operating web servers, as it is
stable, secure, and efficient.

• 2. Scientific computing: Linux is widely used in scientific research and

high-performance computing, as it is able to handle large amounts of data
and perform complex calculations.

• 3. Business applications: Linux is used to run many business applications,

such as customer relationship management (CRM) systems, enterprise
resource planning (ERP) systems, and supply chain management (SCM)
systems.
• 4. Mobile devices: Linux is used as the operating system on some
smartphones and tablets, such as the Android platform.

• 5. Embedded systems: Linux is used in a variety of embedded

systems, including routers, network attached storage (NAS) devices,
and industrial control systems.

• 6. Home users: Many home users use Linux as their primary operating
system, particularly on older or low-end hardware.

• 7. Education: Linux is often used in educational environments, as it is

free to use and allows students to learn about and experiment with
different aspects of operating systems and computer hardware
At a high level, the architecture of a Linux system consists
of the following components:
• 1. Hardware: This includes the physical components of the system, such as
the processor, memory, storage, and input/output devices.

• 2. Kernel: The kernel is the central part of the operating system that
manages the hardware and software resources of the system. It
communicates with the hardware and provides services to the rest of the
operating system and to applications.

• 3. System libraries: These are collections of software routines that provide

services to applications, such as input/output, networking, and memory
management.
• 4. System utilities: These are programs that perform a variety of
system-level tasks, such as file management, system configuration,
and system maintenance.

• 5. User interface: This is the part of the system that the user interacts
with, such as the graphical user interface (GUI) or the command-line
interface (CLI).

• 6. Applications: These are programs that run on the system and

provide specific functionality to the user, such as a web browser or a
text editor.
What is shell?
• A shell is a command-line interface that allows users to interact with
the operating system. In Linux, the shell is a program that interprets
and executes the commands that are typed into a terminal window.
• The shell is an important part of the Linux operating system, as it
provides a way for users to access and control the various features and
functions of the system. It is a powerful tool that allows users to
automate tasks, perform system maintenance, and access remote
servers.
• There are many different shells available for Linux, including the
Bourne shell (sh), the C shell (csh), the Korn shell (ksh), and the
Bourne Again shell (bash). The most commonly used shell in Linux is
bash, which is the default shell on many Linux distributions.
What is kernel?
• The kernel is the central part of the Linux operating system that manages the
hardware and software resources of the system. It is the bridge between the
hardware and the software, and it controls the communication between the
different components of the system.

• The kernel is responsible for managing tasks such as memory management,

process management, and device management. It also provides a range of
services to the rest of the operating system and to applications, such as
networking, file system access, and security.

• The Linux kernel is an open source project that is maintained by a community

of developers around the world. It is constantly being developed and updated,
with new versions released regularly to address bugs and add new features.
GUI stands for Graphical User Interface, and CLI
stands for Command Line Interface.
• A GUI is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with a computer through
visual elements, such as windows, icons, and menus. A GUI typically includes a
desktop environment, which provides a graphical interface for launching and managing
applications.

• A CLI is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with a computer by typing
commands at a command prompt. A CLI does not have visual elements, and users must
type commands and navigate the file system using text-based commands.

• Both GUIs and CLIs have their own advantages and disadvantages. GUIs are generally
easier to use and more user-friendly, as they provide visual cues and allow users to use
a mouse to navigate. CLIs are generally more powerful and efficient, as they allow
users to perform tasks using precise commands and can be automated using scripts.