Chapter-1

Speaking in Public
Public Speaking & Conversation
Similarities:
1. Organizing thoughts logically
2. Tailoring message to audience
3. Telling story for maximum impact
4. Adapting to feedback

Differences:
1. Public speaking more highly structured
2. Public speaking requires more formal language
3. Public speaking requires different method of delivery

Speech Communication Process

1. Speaker
2. Message
3. Channel
4. Listener
5. Feedback
6. Interference
7. Situation
Frame of Reference
1. Sum of person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, attitudes
2. Everything said is filtered through listener’s frame of reference
3. No two people have same frame of reference

Stage Fright
Anxiety over prospect of speaking in front of audience

Reducing Speech Anxiety

1. Acquire experience
2. Prepare, prepare, prepare
3. Think positively
4. Use power of visualization
5. Know that most nervousness is not visible
6. Don’t expect perfection

Positive Nervousness
Controlled nervousness that helps energize speaker for presentation

Visualization
Picture yourself giving successful speech
Critical Thinking
1. Focused, organized thinking
2. Relationships among ideas
3. Soundness of evidence
4. Differences between fact, opinion

Ethnocentrism
Believing one’s group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

Avoiding Ethnocentrism
1. Respect listeners’ cultural values
2. Adapt messages to audience expectations
3. Imagine yourself in place of listeners
4. Be alert to feedback
5. Listeners also have to avoid ethnocentrism

Example Question and Answer

1. In what ways is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?

Answer:-

Public speaking is a way to express your ideas and to have an impact on issues that matter in
society.

2. How is public speaking similar to everyday conversations?

Answer:-

1. Organizing your thoughts logically

2. Tailoring your message to your audience

3. Telling a story for maximum impact

4. Adapting to listener feedback

3. How is public speaking different from everyday conversations?

Answer:-

1. Public speaking is more highly structured

2. Public speaking requires more formal language

3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery

4. Why is it normal—even desirable—to be nervous at the start of a speech?

Answer:-

Nervousness can help energize a speaker for her or his presentation.

5. How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?

Answer:-

You can control your nervousness by acquiring speaking experience, preparing, thinking
positively, using

the power of visualization, know that most nervousness is not visible, and don’t expect
perfection.

6. What are the seven elements of the speech communication process? How do they interact
to determine? the success or failure of a speech?

Answer:-

1. Speaker- person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

2. Message- whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

3. Channel- the means by which a message is communicated

4. Listener- the person who receives the speaker’s message

5. Feedback- the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

6. Interference- anything that impedes the communication of a message

7. Situation- the time and place in which speech communication occurs

7. What is ethnocentrism? Why do public speakers need to avoid ethnocentrism when

addressing audiences with diverse cultural, racial, or ethnic backgrounds?

Answer:-

1. Ethnocentrism- the belief that one’s group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

2. Keep in mind all people have their special belief

Chapter-2
Ethics & Public Speaking
Ethics
Deals with issues of right & wrong in human affairs

Ethical Decisions
Weighing potential course of action against ethical standards

Ethical Speaking Guidelines

1. Make ethically sound goals
2. Be fully prepared
3. Be honest
4. Avoid name-calling, abusive language
5. Put principles into practice

Name-Calling
Using language to defame, demean, degrade individuals or groups

Plagiarism
Presenting language, ideas of another as one’s own

Types of Plagiarism
1. Global
2. Patchwork
3. Incremental

Global Plagiarism
Stealing speech from single source, passing it off as one’s own

Patchwork Plagiarism
Stealing ideas, language from two or three sources & passing them off as one’s own

Incremental Plagiarism
Failing to give credit for parts of speech borrowed from others
Plagiarism & Internet
1. Cite sources when using Internet materials
2. Take careful notes

Ethical Listening
1. Speechmaking a two-way street
2. Listeners have ethical obligations

Ethical Listening Guidelines

1. Be courteous, attentive
2. Avoid prejudging speaker
3. Maintain free expression of ideas

Example Question and Answer

1. What is ethics? Why is a strong sense of ethical responsibility vital for public speakers?

Answer:-

1. Ethics- the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

2. A strong sense of ethical responsibility is important because public speaking is power.

2. What are five guidelines for ethical speech making discussed in this chapter?

Answer:-

1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound

2. Be fully prepared for each speech

3. Be honest in what you say

4. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language

5. Put ethical principles into practice at all times

3. What is the difference between global and patchwork plagiarism? What are the best ways to
avoid these two kinds of plagiarism?

Answer

1. Global plagiarism- stealing speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one’s
own
Patchwork plagiarism- stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off
as one’s own

2. The best way to avoid these is by not putting off your speech until the last minute.

4. What is incremental plagiarism? How can you steer clear of it when dealing with quotations
and paraphrases?

Answer:-

1. Incremental plagiarism- failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed
from other people

2. Ways to prevent:

A) Distinguish notes from direct quotes, paraphrased material, and your own comments.

B) When in doubt, cite your source.

5. What are three guidelines for ethical listening discussed in this chapter?

Answer:-

1. Listen courteously and attentively

2. Avoid prejudging the speaker

3. Support the free and open expressions of ideas

Chapter-3
Listening
Hearing
Vibration of sound waves on eardrums

Listening
Paying close attention to what we hear

Types of Listening
1. Appreciative
2. Empathic
3. Comprehensive
4. Critical

Appreciative Listening
Listening for pleasure or enjoyment

Empathic Listening
Listening to provide emotional support for speaker

Comprehensive Listening
Listening to understand speaker’s message

Critical Listening
Listening to evaluate message to accept or reject it

Causes of Poor Listening

1. Not concentrating
2. Listening too hard
3. Jumping to conclusions
4. Focusing on delivery, personal appearance
Spare “Brain Time”
Difference between rate of talk (120-150 words a minute) & rate at which brain processes
language (400-800 words a minute)

Becoming Better Listener

1. Take listening seriously
2. Be active listener
3. Resist distractions
4. Don’t be diverted by appearance, delivery
5. Suspend judgment
6. Develop note-taking skills
7. Focus your listening

Focused Listening
Listen for

1. Main points
2. Evidence
3. Technique

Example Question and Answer

1. Is the difference between hearing and listening?

Answer:-

Hearing- the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical
impulses in the brain

Listening- paying close attention to and making sense of what we hear

2. How is listening connected with critical thinking?

Answer:-

When you’re trying to engage in critical listening, your mind and your ears are involved. When
your mind isn’t involved, you’re most likely hearing, not listening.
3. Why is it important to develop strong listening skills?

Answer:-

Improving your listening skills can be helpful in every part of your life, including speech
making.

4. What are the four main causes of poor listening?

Answer:-

1. Not concentrating

2. Listening too hard

3. Jumping to conclusions

4. Focusing on the delivery and personal appearance

5. What are seven ways to become a better listener?

Answer:-

1. Take listening seriously

2. Be an active listener

3. Resist distractions

4. Don’t be diverted by appearance or delivery

5. Suspend judgement

6. Focus on your listening

7. Develop note-taking skills

Chapter-4
Selecting a Topic & Purpose
Brainstorming
Generating ideas by free association of words

General Purpose
Broad goal of speech

Specific Purpose
1. Single infinitive phrase
2. States what speaker hopes to accomplish

Specific Purpose Guidelines

1. Full infinitive phrase
2. Statement, not question
3. Avoid figurative language
4. Limit to one distinct idea
5. Avoid being vague

Full Infinitive Phrase

Ineffective: Calendars

More Effective: To inform my audience about the four major kinds of calendars used in the
world today.

Statement, Not Question

Ineffective: What is Día de los Muertos?

More Effective: To inform my audience about the history of Mexico’s Día de los Muertos
celebration.
Avoid Figurative Language
Ineffective: To persuade my audience that campus policy on student parking really stinks.

More Effective: To persuade my audience that the campus policy on student parking should be
revised to provide more spaces for students before 5 p.m.

One Distinct Idea

Ineffective: To persuade my audience to become literacy tutors and to donate time to the Special
Olympics.

More Effective: To persuade my audience to become literacy tutors.

More Effective: To persuade my audience to donate time to the Special Olympics.

Avoid Being Vague

Ineffective: To persuade my audience that something should be done about medical care.

More Effective: To persuade my audience that the federal government should adopt a system of
national health insurance for all people in the United States.

Specific Purpose Questions

1. Does purpose meet assignment?
2. Can I accomplish purpose in time allotted?
3. Is purpose relevant to audience?
4. Is purpose too trivial for audience?
5. Is purpose too technical for audience?

Central Idea
1. One-sentence statement
2. Encapsulate major ideas of speech

Central Idea Guidelines

1. Express as full sentence
2. Don’t express as question
3. Avoid figurative language
4. Don’t be vague
Complete Sentence
Ineffective: Problems of fad diets.

More Effective: Fad diets can lead to serious health problems by creating deficiencies in
vitamins and minerals and by breaking down muscle tissue as well as fat.

Statement, Not Question

Ineffective: What are nano-robots?

More Effective: Microscopic in size, nanorobots are being developed for use in medicine,
weaponry, and daily life.

Avoid Figurative Language

Ineffective: Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula is an awesome place for a vacation.

More Effective: Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula has many attractions, including a warm climate,
excellent food, and extensive Mayan ruins.

Avoid Being Vague

Ineffective: Paying college athletes a salary is a good idea.

More Effective: The NCAA should allow athletes in revenue producing sports to receive a $250
monthly salary as part of their scholarships.

Example Outline
General Purpose: To inform

Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the three major races in alpine skiing.

Central Idea: The three major races in alpine skiing are the downhill, slalom, and giant slalom.

Example Outline

Main Points:
1. The first major race in alpine skiing is the downhill.
2. The second major race in alpine skiing is the slalom.
3. The third major race in alpine skiing is the giant slalom.
Example Question and Answer
1. What three brainstorming methods can you follow if you are having trouble choosing a topic
for your speech?

Answer:-

1. Personal inventory

2. Clustering

3. Internet search

2. What are the two general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ?

Answer:-

1. To inform- You act like a teacher or lecturer. Your goal is to convey information clearly,
accurately, and interestingly.

2. To persuade- You act like an advocate or partisan. Your goal is to win listeners over to your
point of view.

3. Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech preparation?

Answer:-

It’s a single infinitive phrase that indicates exactly what you want to accomplish in your speech.

4. Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?

Answer:-

It keeps the audience at the centre of your attention as you prepare your speech.
5. What are five tips for formulating your specific purpose?

Answer:-

1. Be a full infinitive phrase

2. Be worded as a statement, not a question

3. Avoid figurative language

4. Concentrate on one distinct idea

5. Not be vague or general

6. What are five questions to ask about your specific purpose?

Answer:-

1. Does my purpose meet the assignment?

2. Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted?

3. Is the purpose relevant to my audience?

4. Is the purpose trivial for my audience?

5. Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

7. What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech?

Answer:-

Central idea- a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

Specific purpose- a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to
accomplish in his or her speech

8. What are four guidelines for an effective central idea?

Answer:-

1. Should be expressed in a full sentence

2. Should not be in the form of a question

3. Should avoid figurative language

4. Should not be vague or overly general

Chapter-5

Analyzing the Audience

Audience-Centeredness
Keeping audience foremost in mind during speech preparation, presentation

Audience-Centered Questions
1. To whom am I speaking?
2. What do I want them to know, believe, or do?
3. What is most effective way of accomplishing that aim?

Identification
Emphasizing common values, goals, experiences

Egocentrism
Tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, well-being

Demographic Audience Analysis

1. Age
2. Gender
3. Sexual orientation
4. Racial, ethnic, cultural background
5. Religion
6. Group membership

Stereotyping
1. Creating oversimplified image of group
2. Usually done by assuming all members of group are alike

Situational Audience Analysis

1. Size
2. Physical setting
3. Disposition toward topic
4. Disposition toward speaker
5. Disposition toward occasion
Attitude
Frame of mind in favor of, or opposed to, person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

Getting Audience Info

Types of questions:

1. Fixed-alternative
2. Scale
3. Open-ended

Fixed-Alternative Question
Do you know what the insanity plea is in the U.S. legal system?

Yes _____

No _____

Not sure ____

Scale Question
How often do you believe the insanity plea is used in U.S. court cases?

Very seldom Very often

Open-Ended Question
What is your opinion about the insanity plea in U.S. court cases?

Adapting Before Speech

1. Assess how audience will respond to speech
2. Adjust speech to make it clear, convincing
3. Adjust for unexpected circumstances
4. Watch for audience feedback
Example Question and Answer
1. What 3 brainstorming methods can you follow if you are having trouble choosing a topic for
your speech?

Answer:-

1. Personal Inventory
2. Clustering
3. Internet Search

2. What are 2 general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ from each
other?

Answer:-

1. To inform (you act as a teacher/lecturer)

2. To persuade (you act as a advocate/ partisan)

3. Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech prep? Why is
it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?

Answer:-

A specific purpose allows you to focus in on one sub-topic to worry about. It helps by relating to
your audience to capture their attention.

4. What are 5 tips for formulating your specific purpose?

Answer:-

1. Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment.

2. Express your purpose as a statement, not a question.
3. Avoid figurative language in your purpose statement.
4. Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea.
5. Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general.

5. What are 5 questions to ask about your specific purpose?

Answer:-

1. Does my purpose meet the assignment?

2. Can I Accomplish my purpose in the time allotted?
3. Is the purpose relevant to my audience?
4. Is the purpose too trivial for my audience?
5. Is the purpose too technical for my audience?
6. specific purpose Vs. central idea???

Answer:-

the central idea sharpens the specific purpose and is not the same thing.

7. What are the 4 guidelines for an effective central idea?

Answer:-

1. Full sentence
2. Not a question
3. Avoid figurative language
4. Not be vague or overly general
Chapter-6
Gathering Materials
1. Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering
materials for your speeches?

Answer:-

It makes your speech more meaningful

2. What are five resources for finding what you need in the library?

Answer:-

o Librarians
o The catalogue
o Reference works
o Newspaper and periodical databases
o Academic databases
3. What are three criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you
find on the Internet?

Answer:-

o Authorship
o Sponsorship
o Recency
4. What are the three stages of a research interview? What should you do in each stage
to help ensure a successful interview?

Answer:-

 Before the interview:

o Define the purpose of the interview
o Decide whom to interview
o Arrange the interview
o Decide whether to record the interview
o Prepare your questions
 During the interview:
o Dress appropriate and be on time
o Repeat the purpose of the interview
o Set up the recorder if you are using one
o Keep the interview on track
o Listen carefully
o Don't overstay your welcome
 After the interview:
o Review your notes as soon as possible
o Transcribe your notes
5. Why is it important to start your research early?

Answer:-

The longer you wait, the more problems you'll encounter, it will always take longer than you
expect, and the more time you have to prepare the better.

6. What is a preliminary bibliography? Why is it helpful to you in researching a

speech?

Answer:-

Preliminary bibliography- a list complied early in the research process of works that look as if
they might contain helpful information about a speech topic. It's helpful because it keeps track of
everything.

7. What four things should you do to take research notes efficiently?

Answer:-

o Take plenty of notes

o Record notes in a consistent format
o Make a separate entry for each note
o Distinguish among direct quotes, paraphrases, and your own ideas
Chapter-7
Supporting Your Ideas
Supporting Materials
1. Examples
2. Statistics
3. Testimony

Example

Specific case to illustrate speaker’s ideas

Types of Examples
1. Brief
2. Extended
3. Hypothetical

Brief Example
Specific case referred to in passing to illustrate point

Extended Example
Story, narrative, anecdote developed at length to illustrate point

Hypothetical Example
Example that describes fictitious situation

Tips for Using Examples

1. Clarify ideas
2. Reinforce ideas
3. Personalize ideas
4. Make examples vivid, richly textured
5. Practice delivery to enhance extended examples
Statistical Measure
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode

Mean
Average value of group of numbers

Median
Middle figure in group once figures are put in order from highest to lowest

Mode
Number that occurs most frequently in group

Tips for Using Statistics

1. Use reliable sources
2. Use to quantify ideas
3. Use sparingly
4. Identify sources
5. Explain thoroughly
6. Round off
7. Use visual aids if needed

Testimony
Quotations or paraphrases used to support point

Expert Testimony
Testimony from recognized experts

Peer Testimony
Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience, insight on topic.

Direct Quotation
Testimony presented word for word
Quoting Out of Context
Distorting statement by removing it from words, phrases around it

Paraphrase
Restate source’s ideas in your own words

Tips for Using Testimony

1. Quote, paraphrase accurately
2. Use testimony from qualified sources
3. Use testimony from unbiased sources
4. Identify people you quote, paraphrase

Citing Sources Orally

1. Name of document
2. Author or sponsoring organization
3. Qualifications

Example
“Kimberly Palmer, financial columnist for U.S. News & World Report, reported in the January
28, 2008, issue that graduating students now owe an average of $15,500 in student-loan debt.”

Example Question and Answer

1. Why do you need supporting materials in your speeches?

Answer:-

You need supporting materials in your speech support your point of view and answer the
questions, "What do you mean?" "Why should I believe you?" And "So what?"

2. What are the three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter? How might you use each kind
to support your ideas?

Answer:-

1. Brief example: to illustrate a point or pile up to create a desired impression.

2. Extend example: to pull listeners into the speech by telling a short story vividly and
dramatically.
3. Hypothetical example: describing an imaginary situation and making it realistic,
relatable, able to involve the audience.
3. What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?

Answer:-

1. Use examples to clarify your ideas

2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas
3. Use examples to personalize your ideas
4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured
5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

4. Why is it so easy to lie with statistics? What three questions should you ask to judge the
reliability of statistics?

Answer:-

It' s easy to lie with statistics because they might not necessarily be in the right context. For
example, the cheetah being the fastest sprinter, but the antelope being the fastest with longer
distances.

1. Are the statistics representative?

2. Are statistical measure used correctly?
3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?

5. What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?

Answer:-

1. Use statistics to quantify your ideas

2. Use statistics sparingly
3. Identify the sources of your statistics
4. Explain your statistics
5. Round off complicated statistics
6. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

6. What is testimony? Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony.

Answer:-

Testimony is quotations or paraphrases used to support a point. Expert testimony is from people
who are recognized experts in their fields while peer testimony is from ordinary people with
firsthand experience or insight on a topic.
7. What are four tips for using testimony in your speeches?

Answer:-

1. Quote or paraphrase accurately

2. Use testimony from qualified sources
3. Use testimony from unbiased sources
4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase

8. What four pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source
citations in a speech?

Answer:-

1. The book, magazine, newspaper, or web document you are citing

2. The author or sponsoring organization of the document
3. The author's qualifications with regard to the topic
4. The date on which the document as published, poster, or updated.
Chapter-8
Organizing the Body of the Speech
1. Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?

Answer:-

It's important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently so that the audience pays
attention, understands the speech, and trusts the speaker.

2. How many main points will your speeches usually contain? Why is it important to
limit the number of main points in your speeches?

Answer:-

Two or three main points. If you have to many, the audience will have trouble sorting them out.

3. What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are
appropriate for informative speeches? Which is most appropriate for persuasive
speeches? Which is used most often?

Answer:-

 Chronological order (informative)

 Spatial order (informative)
 Causal order (informative or persuasive)
 Problem-solution order (persuasive)
 Topical order (used most often)
4. What are three tips for preparing your main points?

Answer:-

 Keep main points separate

 Try to use the same patter or wording for main points
 Balance the amount of time devoted to main points
5. What is the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting
materials in the body of your speech?

Answer:-

Make sure the supporting materials are directly relevant to the main points.
6. What are four kinds of speech connective? What role does each play in the speech?

Answer:-

 Transitions: used to indicate when a speaker has just completed one thought and is
moving on to another.
 Internal previews: let the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next, more
detailed then transitions
 Internal summary: used to remind listeners of what they just heard.
 Signpost: brief statements that indicate exactly where you are in the speech or that focus
attention on key ideas.
Chapter-9
Beginning and Ending the Speech
1. What are the four objectives of a speech introduction?

Answer:-

The first objective is to gain the interest of the audience. The second objective is to reveal the
topic. The third objective is to establish the speakers credibility and their goodwill. The fourth
objective is to preview the body of speech.

2. What are the seven methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and
interest of your audience?

Answer:-

Relate the topic to the audience. State the importance of the topic. Startle the audience. Arouse
the curiosity of the audience. Question the audience. Begin with a quotation. Tell a story.

3. Why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?

Answer:-

It is important to establish credibility at the beginning of your speech, so that your audience
knows how and why you are qualified to speak on a topic.

4. What is a preview statement? Why should you nearly always include a preview
statement in the introduction of your speech?

Answer:-

A preview statement is a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points
to be discussed in the body.

Previewing the body of the speech helps the audience listen effectively and provides a smooth
lead-in to the body of the speech.

5. What are the six tips for your introduction?

Answere:-

Keep your introduction relatively brief. Be on the lookout for introductory materials, as you
conduct your research. Be creative in creating your introduction. Don't worry about the exact
wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech. Work out
your introduction in detail. When you present the speech, don't start talking to soon.
6. What are the major functions of a speech conclusion?

Answer:-

To let the audience know you are ending the speech. To reinforce the audience's understanding
of, or commitment to, the central idea.

7. What are two ways you can signal the end of your speech?

Answer:-

You can signal the end of a speech through the use of verbal cues such as "in conclusion". Also
through your manner of delivery.

8. What are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?

Answer:-

Summarize your speech. End with a quotation. Make a dramatic statement. Refer to the
introduction.

9. What are the four tips for your conclusion?

Answer:-

Keep an eye out for possible concluding materials. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper. Don't
be long-winded. Work it out in detail and practice.