Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Effect of different loads on the friction and wear characteristics of

material lubricated with neem oil
Uday Bhan a, Deepak Singh a,⇑, Arunkumar Ranganathan b
a
Department of Petroleum Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
b
Head DCG, Energy Utilities & Services, Infosys, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The disposal of the mineral oil are the major concern of environment pollution due to their toxicity. Neem
Received 15 July 2020 oil are the suitable substitutes in the form of bio based lubricant. In this study Neem oil was mixed with
Received in revised form 8 September 2020 the mineral oil in different ratios by volume (5%, 10% and 15%). The friction and wear characteristics of
Accepted 16 September 2020
the lubricant was tested on Pin-on disc machine. The effect of load was analysed during the process.
Available online xxxx
The load was applied from 30 N to 90 N at a fixed sliding speed. When the load increases, friction
increases and higher friction was attained at 90 N load. The 10% blend produces better results with com-
Keywords:
parison to other blends. Minimum wear was also obtained at 10% blend.
Friction
Wear
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Neem oil Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
Lubricant ence on Technological Advancements in Materials Science and Manufacturing.
Mineral oil

1. Introduction In the previous studies, Neem oil was used in the form of bio-
diesel and checked for its suitability in diesel engine [10].
To reduce friction between the parts during the sliding motion, Improved results were attained during their utilization on diesel
lubrication is provided. Mineral oil are the lubricants which are engine [11]. So, the purpose of this study was to consider it as a
applied to the engine parts to reduce friction improve their life lubricant and nanoparticles were added in different concentration
[1–3]. The environmental pollution by the mineral oil are the major to make it more suitable for tribological applications.
issues which are required to address as they are toxic and their dis- Due to the maximum availability of Neem oil in India, the
posal was not found suitable for the land. author has focused to study its potential as a lubricant. It was
Non-edible vegetable oils are having better properties like high not earlier reported for tribological applications. To make it feasi-
viscosity and viscosity index. They are also biodegradable and non- ble for this application, the author has conducted tribological anal-
toxic in nature [3–5]. They have certain disadvantages that limits ysis of Neem oil at dissimilar loads.
their application. These can be overcome by the application of
chemical modification process. These are transesterification, epox-
2. Materials and methods
idation etc., in which transesterification is the most common pro-
cess in usage due to less cost required for its process. Various non-
2.1. Bio based lubricant
edible crops are there like Jatropha, Neem, Karanja, Polanga etc
which could be considered for this application [6,7].
The Neem oil was incurred through the local vendor of Dehra-
Chaurasia et al. [8] conducted tribological study on Sal as lubri-
dun city. The Neem oil was further treated through transesterifica-
cant with effect of CuO nanoparticles. Improvement in the proper-
tion process and the details were discussed in the previous studies
ties was attained during the addition of 0.5% CuO. Singh et al. [9]
[12].
applied response surface methodology while using Phyllanthus
Emblica seed oil as a lubricant. The 10% addition was performed
well in reducing wear of the material. 2.2. Bio based lubricant properties

The viscosity was examined with the help of Rheometer at dif-

⇑ Corresponding author. ferent temperature (40 °C and 100 °C). For the Flash point, Cleve-
E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Singh). land closed cup tester was used. All the analysis was performed

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.378
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Technological Advancements in Materials Science and
Manufacturing.

Please cite this article as: U. Bhan, D. Singh and A. Ranganathan, Effect of different loads on the friction and wear characteristics of material lubricated with
neem oil, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.378
U. Bhan, D. Singh and A. Ranganathan Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

according to the ASTM standards mentioned in the literature. mum stress. Among the blends, 10% showed better results at all
Table 1 show the properties of the lubricants. Following are desig- the loads. When the blend ratio increases after 10%, maximum fric-
nations provided to the samples. tion was observed. This was due to breakage of lubricant film on
the surface. The 15% showed more COF due to more wear of mate-
1. M100 (100% mineral oil) rial [4,13].
2. NO + 5% (5% Neem oil and 95% mineral oil)
3. NO + 10% (10% Neem oil and 90% mineral oil) 3.2. Wear
4. NO + 15% (15% Neem oil and 95% mineral oil)
The material wear was calculated according to following equa-
To properly blend the modified Neem oil, magnetic stirrer was tion. Fig. 3 shows the wear at different loads. The maximum wear
preferred. At 700 rpm and 120 °C temperature, mixing was done. was observed at 90 N load. With an increase in load, the pressure
Table 1 shows the physicochemical properties of the neem oil. increases on the lubricant film which replaced material from the
Maximum viscosity was found at 10% addition. The maximum
Table 2
flash point was also found at 10% addition.
Conditions applied on machine.

2.3. Tribological testing S. No. Conditions Value

1. Load, N 30 to 90
For testing friction and wear behavior of Neem oil, pin on disc 2. Track diameter, mm 80
3. Sliding speed, rpm 120
machine was used. Fig. 1 shows the machine. The test was per-
4. Sliding distance, m 3500
formed according to ASTM G99 standard. The load was applied
manually according to the specifications. The sliding speed was
fixed for all the conditions tested. The LM 13 alloy was the pin used
for the analysis and Grey cast iron was used as the Disc. Table 2
shows the parameters used for the test.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Friction analysis

The Fig. 2 shows the friction behavior for the lubricants tested
at dissimilar load. The COF was tested at different loads for various
lubricants. The load was applied from 30 N to 90 N. The figure
shows that the coefficient of friction increases with respect to load
applied. Higher friction was obtained at 90 N load due to maxi-

Table 1
Physicochemical properties of the Neem oil.

S. Properties Viscosity at40 °C Viscosity at100 °C Flash point

No. (cSt) (cSt) (oC)
1. M100 177 9.65 148
2. NO + 5% 138.7 9.12 204
3. NO + 10% 142.8 10.31 227 Fig. 2. Coefficient of friction at different conditions.
4. NO + 15% 121.8 9.78 187

Fig. 1. Pin-on disc machine. Fig. 3. Wear at different lubricants.

2
U. Bhan, D. Singh and A. Ranganathan Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

3.3. Worn surface examination

Fig. 5 (a), (b), and (c) shows the worn surface images at different
lubricants. These samples were tested at 90 N load and 120 rpm
sliding speed. Among all the blends, improved surface was
observed at 10% blend. The better film was formed on the surface
during the application of 10% blend which provided improved sur-
face. The possibility of formation of better film by the chemically
modified oils was also reported in the previous studies. The addi-
tion of 15% showed more wear of the surfaces. This could be due
to failure of lubricant on the surface [14,15].

4. Conclusions

The friction and wear analysis was performed for Neem oil at
different loads.

The minimum friction was observed at 10% blend and 30 N load.

The friction increases with higher blending ratio and load.
Fig. 4. Wear scar diameter. The least amount of wear was observed at 10% blend. The min-
imum wear scar diameter was also observed with at blend.
Again, the wear of the material increases at higher 90 N load
surface resulting in more wear. The 10% blend showed better anti- and 15% blend.
wear behavior at all the loads. The maximum wear was attained at It has been found that 10% blend was suitable for all the condi-
15% blend due to instability of lubricant film [12]. tions considered for analysis.
Fig. 4 shows the wear scar diameter (WSD) for all the loads. The
scar formed on the surface depends on the wear of the material. It
can be observed that maximum wear was attained at 15% blend Declaration of Competing Interest
with respect to 5% and 10% blends [14].
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
Wear ¼ W f Wi ð1Þ
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
Where, Wi = initial weight, Wf = final weight of pin. to influence the work reported in this paper.

Fig. 5. Worn surfaces at (a) M100 (b) NO + 5% (c) NO + 10% (d) NO + 15%.

3
U. Bhan, D. Singh and A. Ranganathan Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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