DEFINITION OF INTERNET

Internet is a group of computer systems connected from all around the world.
The Internet protocol suite is a framework defined through the Internet
standards. Methods are divided right into a layered set of protocols on this
architecture. The Internet gives a huge variety of statistics and communique
offerings, which includes forums, databases, email, and hypertext. It is made of
the neighborhood to global personal, public networks connected through plenty
of digital, wireless, and networking technologies.

Working of the internet: The internet is a global computer network that

connects various devices and sends a lot of information and media. It uses an
Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP)-based packet
routing network. TCP and IP work together to ensure that data transmission
across the internet is consistent and reliable, regardless of the device or location.
Data is delivered across the internet in the form of messages and packets. A
message is a piece of data delivered over the internet, but before it is sent, it is
broken down into smaller pieces known as packets.

IP is a set of rules that control how data is transmitted from one computer to
another via the internet. The IP system receives further instructions on how the
data should be transferred using a numerical address (IP Address). The TCP is
used with IP to ensure that data is transferred in a secure and reliable manner.
This ensures that no packets are lost, that packets are reassembled in the correct
order, and that there is no delay that degrades data quality.
History of Internet
Talking about the history of internet, the ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network, later renamed the internet) established a successful
link between the University of California Los Angeles and the Stanford
Research Institute on October 29, 1969. Libraries automate and network
catalogs outside of ARPANET in the late 1960s.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established in

the 1970s, allowing internet technology to mature. The development of these
protocols aided in the standardization of how data was sent and received via the
internet. NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network), the 56 Kbps
backbone of the internet, was financed by the National Science Foundation in
1986. Because government monies were being used to administer and maintain
it, there were commercial restrictions in place at the time.

In the year 1991, a user-friendly internet interface was developed. Delphi was
the first national commercial online service to offer internet connectivity in July
1992. Later in May 1995, All restrictions on commercial usage of the internet
are lifted. As a result, the internet has been able to diversify and grow swiftly.
Wi-Fi was first introduced in 1997. The year is 1998, and Windows 98 is
released. Smartphone use is widespread in 2007. The 4G network is launched in
2009. The internet is used by 3 billion people nowadays. By 2030, there are
expected to be 7.5 billion internet users and 500 billion devices linked to the
internet.

Uses of the Internet:

• E-mail: E-mail is an electronic message sent across a network from one
computer user to one or more recipients. It refers to the internet services
in which messages are sent from and received by servers.
• Web Chat: Web chat is an application that allows you to send and receive
messages in real-time with others. By using Internet chat software, the
user can log on to specific websites and talk with a variety of other users
online. Chat software is interactive software that allows users to enter
comments in one window and receive responses from others who are
using the same software in another window.

• World Wide Web: The World Wide Web is the Internet’s most popular
information exchange service. It provides users with access to a large
number of documents that are linked together using hypertext or
hyperlinks.

• E-commerce: E-commerce refers to electronic business transactions made

over the Internet. It encompasses a wide range of product and service-
related online business activities.

• Internet telephony: The technique that converts analog speech impulses

into digital signals and routes them through packet-switched networks of
the internet is known as internet telephony.

• Video conferencing: The term “video conferencing” refers to the use of

voice and images to communicate amongst users.

Types of Internet Connection

An internet connection is a means by which individual devices or local
networks are linked to the global internet, allowing them to communicate and
exchange data. There are many connections that can be used for internet access.
All the connections have their own speed range that can be used for different
purposes like for home, or for personal use. In this article, we will discuss
different types of internet connections.

Types of Internet Connection

1. Dial-Up Connection

A dial-up connection is established between your computer and the ISP server
using a modem. A dial-up Connection is a cheap and traditional connection that
is not preferred these days as this type of connection is very slow.

To access the internet connection in the dial-up connection we need to dial a

phone number on the computer and that’s why it requires a telephone
connection. It requires a modem to set up a dial-up connection, which works as
interference between your computer and the telephone line. In this connection,
we can use either an internet connection or a telephone at a time.

Dial Up Connection

2. Broadband Connection

Broadband refers to high-speed internet access that is faster than traditional

dial-up access. It is provided through either cable or telephone composition. It
does not require any telephone connection that’s why here we can use telephone
and internet connection simultaneously. In this connection, more than one
person can access the internet connection simultaneously.
It is a wide bandwidth data transmission that transports several signals and
traffic types. In this connection, the medium used is coaxial cable, optical fiber
cable, radio, or twisted pair cable.

Broadband-Connection

3. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. It provides an internet connection

through the telephone line(network). DSL is a form of broadband
communication that is always on, there is no need to dial a phone number to
connect. DSL connection uses a router to transport data and the speed of this
connection range between 128k to 8Mbps depending on the service offered. A
DSL connection can translate data at 5 million bytes per second, or 5mbps.

DSL service can be delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service on

the same telephone line due to high-frequency bands for data.
DSL

4. Cable

It is a form of broadband access cable modem that can provide extremely fast
access to the internet. The speed of this connection varies which can be different
for uploading data transmission or downloading.

It uses a cable modem to provide an internet connection and operates over cable
TV lines. The speed of cable connection ranges from 512k to 20Mbps.h
Cable

5. Satellite Connection

This type of connection is provided mainly in rural areas where a broadband

connection is not yet offered. It accesses the internet via a satellite that is in
Earth’s orbit.

The signal travels from a long distance that is from earth to satellite and back
again which provides a delayed connection. Satellite connection speeds range
from 512k to 2.0Mbps.
Satellite Connection

6. Wireless Connection

As the name suggests wireless connection does not use telephone lines or cables
to connect to the internet. The wireless connection uses a radio frequency band
to connect to the internet. It is also an always-on connection and this connection
can be accessed from anywhere and speed may vary for different locations. It
ranges from 5Mbps to 20Mbps.
Wireless Connection

7. Cellular

Cellular technology provides wireless Internet access through cell phones.

Speed may vary depending on the service provider. The most common are 3G
and 4G which means from 3rd generation and 4th generation respectively. The
speed of the 3G cellular network is around 2.0Mbps and the 4G cellular network
is around 21Mbps the goal of the 4G network is to achieve peak mobile speeds
of 100Mbps but the current speed of the 4G network is about 21Mbps.
Cellular

8. ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)

ISDN stands for Integrated Service Digital Network and it is a circuit-

switched telephone network system, but it also provides access to packet-
switched networks that transmits both voice and data over a digital line. It
provides a packet-switched connection for data in increments of 64 kilobit/s.

ISDN connection provides better speeds and higher quality than traditional
connections. It provided a maximum of 128kbit/s bandwidth in both upstream
and downstream directions.

ISDN

Components Required For Internet Connecton

• Modem: A device that modulates and demodulates signals

for encoding and decoding digital data transmitted over a telephone line
or cable system.

• Router: A device that routes data from a local network to the internet and
vice versa, often includes Wi-Fi capabilities.
• ISP (Internet Service Provider): The company that provides internet
access to customers.

Basic Internet Terms

Domain

While every computer has its own unique address, every user using the Internet has
a unique address called a domain. A domain recognizes one or more IP addresses.
An example of a domain is weather.com and is part of the URL such
as https://www.weather.com. The standard top-level domains are:

• com - Commercial business

• edu - Educational institutions
• gov - Government agencies
• mil - Military
• net - Networks organization
• org - Organizations (nonprofit)

There are additional top-level domains that are now recognized on the Internet.
They include:

• aero - Air-transport industry

• biz - Businesses
• coop - Cooperatives
• info - Unrestricted use
• museum - museums
• pro - Accountants, lawyers, physicians, and other professionals
• tv - Television

Some countries use a sub-domain or geographical domain as part of their

address. Fox example, an academic institution such as Oxford University in the
United Kingdom can use ac.uk. An example of a URL with this domain
is http://www.ox.ac.uk/.
Browser
A piece of software such as Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer that allows a
computer to access and display documents, view pictures, hear sound, and view
video clips from the World Wide Web.

E-mail
Mail that's electronically transmitted by your computer. As opposed to snail
mail, e-mail sends your messages instantaneously, anywhere in the world. It has
the capability to send messages at any time and to anyone.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

The standard method for downloading and uploading files over the Internet.
With FTP, you can login to a server and transfer files (meaning you can "send"
or "receive" files).

Homepage
The first page that is viewed when the browser starts. It is also the page of a
Web site that provides the introduction or content with links.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

The abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the set of rules by which
Web pages are transferred across the Internet.

Internet Protocol (IP) Address

The Internet is composed of local, regional, national, and worldwide computer
networks. Each computer on the Internet can be identified by a set of unique
numbers that is called an internet protocol (IP) address. The IP address is
composed of four different numbers separated by periods such as
205.134.120.60.
Link or Hypertext Link
An underlined word(s), phrase(s), or graphics on a Web page that transports the
reader to additional or related information on the Internet.

TelNet
A terminal emulation protocol (or Internet program) used to connect a computer
to a remote host or server. Telnet is one of the oldest Internet activities and is
primarily used to access online databases or to read articles stored on university
servers.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

An addressing scheme that is used on the Internet to locate resources and/or
services on the World Wide Web. Basically the URL is the address of a
computer file that has been put on a computer server to access the Internet.

Web Page
A single hypertext file or a page that is part of a Web site.

Website

A collection of World Wide Web pages or files.

Web Browser
When we need any kind of information most of the time we get help from the
Internet, and we get information. The Internet provides us with useful
information easily. We use mobile phones, computers, and tablets. We search for
a lot of things in our daily lives, so we get information about all over the world,
but we can not get information by just only getting connected to the Internet.
We need a platform where we can search for our questions. The platform that
provides such kinds of services is called a web browser, without a web browser
internet will not be able to provide information.

What is a Web Browser?

The web browser is an application software to explore www (World Wide Web).
It provides an interface between the server and the client and it requests to the
server for web documents and services. It works as a compiler to render HTML
which is used to design a webpage. Whenever we search for anything on the
internet, the browser loads a web page written in HTML, including text, links,
images, and other items such as style sheets and JavaScript functions. Google
Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, and Safari are examples of web
browsers.

History of the Web Browsers

The first web browser World Wide Web was invented in the year of 1990 by
Tim Berners-Lee. Later, it becomes Nexus. In the year of 1993, a new browser
Mosaic was invented by Mark Andreessen and their team. It was the first
browser to display text and images at a time on the device screen. He also
invents another browser Netscape in 1994. Next year Microsoft launched a web
browser Internet Explorer which was already installed in the Windows operating
system. After this many browsers were invented with various features like
Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, Opera, etc.

How does a Web Browser Work?

A web browser helps us find information anywhere on the internet. It is installed

on the client computer and requests information from the web server such a type
of working model is called a client-server model.
Client-server model

The browser receives information through HTTP protocol. In which

transmission of data is defined. When the browser received data from the server,
it is rendered in HTML to user-readable form and, information is displayed on
the device screen.

Website Cookies

When we visited any website over the internet our web browser stores
information about us in small files called cookies. Cookies are designed to
remember stateful information about our browsing history. Some more cookies
are used to remember about us like our interests, our browsing patterns, etc.
Websites show us ads based on our interests using cookies.

Some Popular Web Browsers

Here is a list of 7 popular web browsers:

1. Google Chrome:

Developed by Google, Chrome is one of the most widely-used web browsers in

the world, known for its speed and simplicity.
2. Mozilla Firefox:

Developed by the Mozilla Foundation, Firefox is an open-source browser that is

known for its privacy features and customization options.

3. Apple Safari:

Developed by Apple, Safari is the default browser on Mac and iOS devices and
is known for its speed and integration with other Apple products.

4. Microsoft Edge:

Developed by Microsoft, Edge is the default browser on Windows 10 and is

known for its integration with other Microsoft products and services.

5. Tor Browser:

Developed by The Tor Project, Tor Browser is a web browser that is designed
for anonymous web browsing and is based on Mozilla Firefox.

6. Opera:

Developed by Opera Software, Opera is a web browser that is known for its
speed and built-in VPN feature.

7. Brave:

Developed by Brave Software, Brave is a web browser that is focused on

privacy and security and blocks third-party ads and trackers by default.

These are some of the most popular web browsers, there are other browsers
available such as Vivaldi, Waterfox, and so on. The choice of a web browser
depends on the user’s preference and requirements.
INTERNET SERVICES

What are Search Engines?

Search engines are the software program that provides information according to
the user query. It finds various websites or web pages that are available on the
internet and gives related results according to the search. To rank well on a
Search Engine, it’s important to know What are Search engines and how they
work.

What are Search engines?

Search engines are programs that allow users to search and retrieve
information from the vast amount of content available on the internet. They
use algorithms to index and rank web pages based on relevance to a user’s
query, providing a list of results for users to explore. Popular search engines
include Google, Bing, and Yahoo.

For example: a student wants to learn C++ language so he searches the “C++
tutorial GeeksforGeeks” in the search engine. So the student gets a list of links
that contain the tutorial links of GeeksforGeeks or we can say that a search
engine is an internet-based software program whose main task is to collect a
large amount of data or information about what is on the internet, then
categorize the data or information and then help user to find the required
information from the categorized information. Google, Yahoo, and Bing are the
most popular Search Engines.

Components of Search Engine

Now you might be wondering that, What is Search Engine Components. So,
there three components in search engine. They are web crawler, data base,
and search interface:
• Web crawler: A search engine uses multiple web crawlers to crawl
through world wide web and gather information. It is basically a software
which is also known bat or spider.

• Database: The information which is gathered by web crawler by

crawling through internet is stored on the database.

• Search Interface: Search interface is just an interface to the data base

which is employed by the user to search through the data base.

Usage of Search Engine

Search engines have so many usages and some of them are:

• Searching for information: People use a search engine to search for any
kind of information present on the internet. For example, Rohit wants to
buy a mobile phone but he does not know which one is the best mobile
phone. So he searches “best mobile phones in 2021” in the search engine
and gets the list of best mobile phones along with their features, reviews,
and prices.

• Searching images and videos: Search engines are also used to search
images and videos. There are so many videos and images available on the
internet in different categories like plants, animals, flowers, etc., you can
search them according to your need.

• Searching location: Search engines are also used to find locations. For
example, Seema is on a Goa trip but she doesn’t know the location of
Palolem beach. So she searches “Palolem beach” on the search engine
and then the search engine gives the best route to reach Palolem beach.

• Searching people: Search engines are also used to find people on the
internet around the world.
• Shopping: Search engines are also used for shopping. Search engines
optimize the pages to meet the needs of the user and give the lists of all
the websites that contain the specified product according to the best price,
reviews, free shipping, etc.

• Entertainment: Search engines are also used for entertainment purposes.

It is used to search videos, movies, games, movie trailers, reviews of
movies, social networking sites, etc. For example, Rohan wants to watch
a movie named “Ram”, then he searches this movie on a search engine
and the search engine returns a list of links (of the websites) that contain
the Ram movie.

• Education: Search engines are also used for education. With the help of
search engines, people can learn anything they wanted to learn like
cooking, programming languages, home decorations, etc. It is like an
open school where you can learn anything for free.

How do We Use a Search Engine?

Search engines are easy to use. There are billions of searches are performed
using search engines each day. It’s estimated that more than 5.6 billion searches
are made per day.

For example, searching on Google, so to this simply open your web browser.
Then type “www.google.com” in the search bar of your web browser and press
“Enter”.

Then the google search engine will open and now we are ready to search any
information on the google search engine. Always remember the result returned
by the search engine may not all be relevant to search because it will return
search results that have the search words, they are not necessarily in the same
order you typed them in.
For example, we need to open a website named GeeksforGeeks to
learn Python language. So we write “geeksforgeeks Python” in the Google
search bar and press enter and you will see a list of links that will redirect you to
the tutorial of Python on the GeeksforGeeks portal.

What is an Email?

Email stands for Electronic Mail. It is a method to send messages from one
computer to another computer through the Internet. It is mostly used in
business, education, technical communication, and document interactions. It
allows communicating with people all over the world without bothering them.
In 1971, a test email was sent Ray Tomlinson to himself containing text.

It is the information sent electronically between two or more people over a

network. It involves a sender and receiver/s.

Why use E-Mail?

An email is a communication that happens in real time and can get important
data across to people in various geographies. An email is a record of the
communications that have happened and is stored on the server of the
organization. One has to be very cautious while typing out a mail.

History of Email

The age of email services is older than ARPANET and the Internet. The early
emails were only sent to the same computer. Email services were started in 1971
by Ray Tomlinson. He first developed a system to send mail between users on
different hosts across the ARPANET, using @ sign with the destination server,
and was recognized as email.

Difference between Email and Webmail

To differentiate between email and webmail, we need to know that it’s a

working platform. Those types of mail that are sent through the browser are
called webmail and those mail that are sent through the specific application and
browser are also called email. Gmail is a browser-based email whereas Outlook
for Office 365 is a non-browser email service. To send browser-based mail, we
just use the internet whereas sending non-browser emails, we need a specific
application, and non-browser-based email offered some security-related
advantages.

Uses of Email
Email services are used in various sectors, and organizations, either personally,
or among a large group of people. It provides an easy way to communicate with
individuals or groups by sending and receiving documents, images, links, and
other files. It also provides the flexibility of communicating with others on their
own schedule.

Large or small companies can use email services to many employees, and
customers. A company can send emails to many employees at a time. It
becomes a professional way to communicate. A newsletters service is also used
to send company advertisements, promotions, and other subscribed content to
use advertisements, promotions.

Advantages of Email Services

These are the following advantages of email services:

Easy and Fast:

Composing an email is very simple and one of the fast ways to communicate.
We can send an email within a minute just by clicking the mouse. It contains a
minimum lag time and can be exchanged quickly.

Secure:

Email services are a secure and reliable method to receive and send information.
The feature of spam provides more security because a user can easily eliminate
malicious content.

To know more about Email Security refer to the article – What is Email Security

Mass Sending:

We can easily send a message to many people at a time through email. Suppose,
a company wants to send holiday information to all employees than using email,
it can be done easily. The feature of mail merge in MS Word provides more
options to send messages to many people just by exchanging relevant
information.

Multimedia Email:

Email offers to send multimedia, documents, images, audio files, videos, and
various types of files. We can easily attach the types of files in the original
format or compressed format.

Disadvantages of Email Services

Malicious Use:

Anyone can send an email just by knowing their email address. An anonymous
user or unauthorized person can send an email if they have an email address.
The attachment feature of the email be the major disadvantage of it, hackers can
send viruses through email because sometimes the spam feature unable to
classify suspicious emails.

Spam:

Days email services improve this feature. To improve this feature sometimes
some important email is transferred into spam without any notification.

Time-Consuming:

Responding through email takes more time rather than other message services
like WhatsApp, Telegram, etc. Email is good for professional discussion but not
good for casual chatting.

Popular Email Services

These are some popular email services:

Gmail:
Gmail is the world’s most used email service provided by Google. Today, more
than 1.5 billion active users worldwide. It is a web-based email service available
on various devices. It supported email clients via the POP and IMAP protocols.
Gmail is like other mail services, we can send and receive emails, block spam,
create an address book, and perform other basic email tasks.

To access Gmail, we need a Google account. It is just like many services offered
by Google by registered users. The creation of a new Google account is free for
everyone. The domain of Gmail is [email protected] where Xyz is your unique
username.

Outlook:

Outlook is also a popular webmail service founded in 1996 by Sabeer Bhatia

and Jack Smith as Hotmail later in 1997 acquired by Microsoft. It is older than
Gmail. Like other webmail services, Outlook supports Chrome, Firefox, Safari,
and later versions of Internet Explorer. It has more features like keyboard
controls ability that provides more facility to the users.

To access Outlook, we need an Outlook account. It is free to create an account

and send mail. It also operates other Microsoft applications like Microsoft
Word, Power BI, etc. The domain of Outlook is [email protected] where the
abc is our unique username.

Some other popular Email services are Hotmail, yahoo mail, Protonmail,
Zohomail, etc.

Telnet

o The main task of the internet is to provide services to users. For example,
users want to run different application programs at the remote site and
transfers a result to the local site. This requires a client-server program
such as FTP, SMTP. But this would not allow us to create a specific
program for each demand.

o The better solution is to provide a general client-server program that lets

the user access any application program on a remote computer. Therefore,
a program that allows a user to log on to a remote computer. A popular
client-server program Telnet is used to meet such demands. Telnet is an
abbreviation for Terminal Network.

o Telnet provides a connection to the remote computer in such a way that a

local terminal appears to be at the remote side.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

File transfer protocol (FTP) is an Internet tool provided by TCP/IP. The first
feature of FTP is developed by Abhay Bhushan in 1971. It helps to transfer files
from one computer to another by providing access to directories or folders on
remote computers and allows software, data, text file to be transferred between
different kinds of computers. The end-user in the connection is known as
localhost and the server which provides data is known as the remote host.

The goals of FTP are:

• It encourages the direct use of remote computers.

• It shields users from system variations (operating system, directory

structures, file structures, etc.)

• It promotes sharing of files and other types of data.

Why FTP?

FTP is a standard communication protocol. There are various other protocols

like HTTP which are used to transfer files between computers, but they lack
clarity and focus as compared to FTP. Moreover, the systems involved in
connection are heterogeneous systems, i.e. they differ in operating systems,
directory, structures, character sets, etc the FTP shields the user from these
differences and transfer data efficiently and reliably. FTP can transfer ASCII,
EBCDIC, or image files. The ASCII is the default file share format, in this, each
character is encoded by NVT ASCII. In ASCII or EBCDIC the destination must
be ready to accept files in this mode. The image file format is the default format
for transforming binary files.