Day 1 - Agenda

1. Java Introduction
2. History and Evolution of Java
3. Key Features of Java
4. Understanding the JDK, JRE, and JVM
5. HelloWorld Java Program
6. Data Types
7. Access Modifies
8. Java Naming conventions
9. Class and Object with example
What is Java?
Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems,
which is now owned by Oracle Corporation.

When we say Java is a high-level programming language, it means:

1. Abstraction from Hardware: Java abstracts away the details of the computer's
hardware, making it easier to write and understand code.
2. Platform Independence: Java programs are compiled into bytecode that can run on
any device with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM), adhering to the "Write Once, Run
Anywhere" principle.
3. Advanced Features: Java provides extensive libraries and frameworks for various
tasks, supports object-oriented programming, and handles memory management
automatically.
4. Ease of Use: Java has a human-readable syntax, strong error-checking, and powerful
development tools that enhance productivity and simplify complex tasks.

When we say Java is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language, it means:

1. Classes and Objects: Java uses classes as blueprints to create objects, which are
instances containing data and methods.
2. Encapsulation: Data and methods are bundled into a single unit (class), restricting
direct access to some components.
3. Inheritance: New classes can inherit attributes and methods from existing classes,
promoting code reuse.
4. Polymorphism: Methods can perform different tasks based on the object, allowing one
interface to handle multiple implementations.
5. Abstraction: Complex details are hidden, exposing only necessary parts, simplifying
interaction with objects.
History and Evolution of Java

Origins

● Creation by Sun Microsystems: Java was created by Sun Microsystems, an American

technology company, in the mid-1990s.
● James Gosling: James Gosling, often referred to as the "father of Java," led the
development team. The project was initially called "Oak," named after an oak tree that
stood outside Gosling's office.
● Renaming to Java: The name was later changed to Java, inspired by Java coffee, to
avoid trademark issues with Oak Technologies.

Key Milestones

● 1991 - The Green Project: Java started as part of the Green Project, an initiative aimed
at developing software for intelligent consumer electronic devices.
● 1995 - Public Introduction: Java was officially launched to the public in 1995 with the
release of Java 1.0. Sun Microsystems described it as a "Write Once, Run Anywhere"
(WORA) language, emphasizing its cross-platform capabilities.
● 1996 - Java Development Kit (JDK) 1.0: The first official release of JDK 1.0 made Java
widely accessible, providing the tools needed for developers to write Java programs.

Evolution Over the Years

● 1997 - Java 1.1: This version introduced important features like inner classes,
JavaBeans, and JDBC (Java Database Connectivity).
● 1998 - Java 2 (J2SE 1.2): Marking a significant update, Java 2 introduced the Swing
graphical API, Collections Framework, and performance improvements.
● 2004 - Java 5 (J2SE 5.0): This version brought major language enhancements,
including generics, metadata (annotations), enumerated types, and the enhanced for
loop.
● 2006 - Java 6: Focused on performance improvements, Web Services enhancements,
and scripting language support through JSR 223.
● 2011 - Java 7: Introduced the try-with-resources statement, the diamond operator, and
improved support for dynamic languages.
● 2014 - Java 8: A major release, Java 8 introduced lambda expressions, the Stream API,
and the new Date and Time API, significantly modernizing the language.
● 2017 - Java 9: Featured the Java Platform Module System (Project Jigsaw), which
modularized the JDK and improved scalability and performance.
● 2018 - Java 10 and Beyond: Java adopted a more rapid release cadence, with new
versions every six months, introducing incremental enhancements and new features
regularly.
● 2024 - JavaThe latest version of Java is Java 22 or JDK 22 released on March, 19th
2024.
Ownership and Governance

● 2009 - Oracle Acquisition: Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, and with it,
the ownership of Java. Oracle continues to maintain and develop the Java language.
● Java Community Process (JCP): The JCP oversees the evolution of Java through a
community-driven process, allowing stakeholders to contribute to the development of the
language and its specifications.

Key Features of Java

1. Simple:
○ Java is designed to be easy to learn and use. It removes many complex and
error-prone features found in other languages, such as explicit pointers and
operator overloading.
2. Object-Oriented:
○ Java follows the object-oriented programming (OOP) paradigm, which organizes
software design around objects and classes. This promotes modularity,
reusability, and ease of maintenance.
3. Platform-Independent:
○ Java is "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA). Java code is compiled into
bytecode, which can run on any device equipped with a Java Virtual Machine
(JVM), making it platform-independent.
4. Secure:
○ Java has several built-in security features, including bytecode verification, a
security manager, and an extensive set of APIs for encryption and secure
communication. These ensure that Java applications are protected from
unauthorized access and other security threats.
5. Robust:
○ Java emphasizes early error checking, runtime checking, and the elimination of
error-prone constructs like pointers. It has strong memory management through
automatic garbage collection and exception handling mechanisms.
6. Multithreaded:
○ Java has built-in support for multithreading, allowing developers to write
programs that can perform many tasks simultaneously. This is useful for
applications that require high performance, such as games and web servers.
7. Architecture-Neutral:
○ Java's bytecode is designed to be architecture-neutral, meaning that it can be
executed on any processor with a suitable JVM, without modification.
8. Interpreted and Compiled:
○ Java source code is compiled into bytecode, which is then interpreted or
compiled at runtime by the JVM. This hybrid approach provides high performance
and portability.
9. High Performance:
○ Java's performance is enhanced through Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, which
compiles bytecode into native machine code at runtime, improving execution
speed.
10. Distributed:
○ Java is designed for the distributed environment of the internet. It includes
extensive libraries for networking, remote method invocation (RMI), and supports
enterprise-level distributed computing.
11. Dynamic:
○ Java is designed to adapt to an evolving environment. It can dynamically load
classes, support dynamic linking, and provides runtime type information.
12. Portable:
○ Java's portability stems from its platform independence and the ability to run on
various hardware architectures. The Java standard libraries ensure consistent
behavior across different platforms.
13. Rich Standard Library:
○ Java provides a comprehensive standard library that includes APIs for data
structures, networking, input/output, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), and more,
simplifying development.
Understanding the JDK, JRE, and JVM

1. JDK (Java Development Kit)

The JDK is a complete software development kit required to develop Java applications. It
includes the JRE (Java Runtime Environment), an interpreter/loader (Java), a compiler
(javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation generator (Javadoc), and other tools needed
for Java development.

● Components of the JDK:

1. Java Compiler (javac): Converts source code written in Java into bytecode
(.class files) that can be executed by the JVM.
2. Java Runtime Environment (JRE): Provides the libraries, Java Virtual Machine
(JVM), and other components to run applications written in Java.
3. Java Debugger (jdb): A tool for debugging Java programs.
4. Java Archive (jar): A tool for packaging multiple files into a single archive file.
5. Other Tools: Includes javadoc for generating documentation, javap for class
file disassembler, and more.

2. JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

The JVM is an abstract computing machine that enables a computer to run a Java
program. It is the runtime environment for Java bytecode, ensuring that the same code
can be executed on any platform that has a compatible JVM.

● Components of the JVM:

1. Class Loader: Loads class files into memory. It verifies the correctness of the
bytecode and loads classes on demand.
2. Bytecode Verifier: Checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate
access rights to objects.
3. Interpreter: Reads and executes bytecode instructions directly.
4. Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiler: Improves performance by converting bytecode into
native machine code at runtime.
5. Garbage Collector: Manages memory by automatically deleting objects that are
no longer in use.
6. Runtime: Provides core libraries and other support for running Java applications.

3. JRE (Java Runtime Environment)

The JRE provides the libraries, Java Virtual Machine (JVM), and other components to
run applications written in Java. It does not contain development tools like compilers or
debuggers. It is the implementation of the JVM.
● Components of the JRE:
1. Java Virtual Machine (JVM): The engine that runs the Java bytecode.
2. Core Libraries: Libraries that provide the basic functionality of the Java
programming language (e.g., java.lang, java.util).
3. Supporting Files: Configuration files, property files, and other files required to
run Java programs.

Detailed Workflow

1. Writing Code:
○ Developers write Java source code in .java files using a text editor or IDE
(Integrated Development Environment).
2. Compiling Code:
○ The Java compiler (javac) compiles the source code into bytecode, stored in
.class files. This bytecode is platform-independent.
3. Class Loading:
○ The class loader loads the .class files into memory. This process includes
loading, linking (verification, preparation, and resolution), and initialization.
4. Bytecode Verification:
○ The bytecode verifier checks the code to ensure it adheres to Java language
specifications and does not violate access restrictions.
5. Execution:
○ The JVM interprets the bytecode or compiles it to native machine code using the
JIT compiler for execution. The runtime environment provides the necessary
resources for the program to run.
6. Memory Management:
○ The garbage collector manages memory by automatically deallocating memory
occupied by objects that are no longer referenced.