​ ​ ​ ​ CHAPTER 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Electromagnetic induction: - The phenomenon in which electric current is generated by varying magnetic
fields is called electromagnetic induction.
​ ​ ​ ​ THE EXPERIMENT OF FARADAY & HENRY.

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EXPERIMENT 1: - (A coil, a magnet, a galvanometer).

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A pole is pushed towards the coil the Galvanometer shows a
deflection. When the pole is moved away from the coil the
Galvanometer shows deflection in the opposite direction. The
deflection is larger when magnet is pushed towards or pull away
from the coil faster. When the magnet is held stationary and coil C ​
​

R​ ​ ​ is moved, the same effects are observed.

Conclusion: Relative motion between the coil and the magnet induces current in the coil.
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EXPERIMENT: - 2, (CURRENT INDUCED BY CURRENT).

two coils X and Y are arranged co-axially, When Y is moved

towards the coil X, the Galvanometer shows a deflection.
When coil Y is moved away from coil X, the Galvanometer
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shows a deflection in the opposite direction.

Conclusion: Change in flux is responsible for inducing
current.
EXPERIMENT: - 3, (CURRENT INDUCED BY CHANGING CURRENT).
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When key K of P is pressed Galvanometer of S shows a

momentary deflection. The pointer however immediately
returns to its zero. When the key K is kept pressed
continuously, there is no deflection. When the key is released a
momentary deflection appears in the opposite direction.
Conclusion: In the absence of relative motion between coils, current is induced by changing
the current in another coil.

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​ ​ ​ FARADAY’S LAWS OF E.M.I.
First law: Whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with the coil changes, an EMF is
induced in the coil. The induced EMF lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux continues.
Second law: - The magnitude of EMF induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
φ2− φ1 φ2− φ1
e∝ 𝑡
, e=𝑘 𝑡
. (Where k is prop. Constant, k= 1 in all systems of unit)

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𝑑φ 𝑑φ
e=- 𝑑𝑡
(-ve sign indicates Lenz’s law),​ ​ for N turns, e = - N 𝑑𝑡

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Lenz’s law: - (direction of current induced in a circuit.)
The polarity of the induced e.m.f. is such that it opposes the change in
magnetic flux responsible for its production.
If north pole is moved towards a coil (or south pole is moved away from

R the coil) the direction is anticlockwise.

If north pole is moved away from a coil (or south pole is moved towards
the coil) the direction is clockwise.
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Lenz’s law and energy conservation: - Mechanical work done in moving the magnet with
respect to the coil that changes into electrical energy producing induced current. thus, energy
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is being transformed only.

Fleming’s right-hand rule: - (direction of induced

e.m.f./current in a conductor moving in a magnetic field).
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If we stretch the first finger, central finger and thumb of right

hand in mutually perpendicular directions such that first
finger points the field and thumb is along the direction of the
motion of the conductor, then the central finger would give
us the direction of induced current.
Motional emf: - When a conducting rod is moved through a constant magnetic field, am e.m.f.
is induced in the rod. This is called motional electromotive force.
Consider a rod PQ of length ‘L’ being moved with a velocity v to the left in a uniform magnetic
→ → →
field 𝐵. Each free electron within the rod moves with v, experiences a force, 𝐹 = qv𝐵.

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The free charge q is driven from P to Q (as per Fleming’s
left-hand rule.)
An equal no. of +ve charge appears at the end P of the rod.
→
Work done in moving +q charge from P to Q, w = F x L = qv 𝐵 x L.
E.m.f. induced = work done per unit charge,
𝑊 𝑞𝑣 𝐵𝐿
e= = ,

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𝑞 𝑞

𝐵𝐿𝑣
​ ​ ​ ​ e = BLv. & I = 𝑅

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ALTERNATE METHOD: - If the length RQ = x and RS = l, the magnetic flux φB enclosed by the
loop PQRS will be, φB = Blx, As x is changing with time, the rate of change of flux φB will induce
an emf given by:
− 𝑑ϕ𝐵 − 𝑑(𝐵𝑙𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
​ ​ ​ ​ e= = = Blv.​ ​ As, ( 𝑑𝑡 = –v)

R 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

RELATION BETWEEN THE CHARGE FLOW MAGNETIC FLUX: - From Faraday’s law, we have
𝑑φ
( )r (where r is the resistance of the conductor).
𝑑𝑄
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learnt that, e = 𝑑𝑡
, also e = Ir = e = 𝑑𝑡

​ ​ ​ ​ ( )r=𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝑡
𝑑φ
𝑑𝑡
.​ or, dQ = 𝑟
𝑑φ

SELF INDUCTION: - It is the property of a coil by

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virtue of which, the coil opposes any change in

the strength of current flowing through it by
inducing an extra e.m.f. in itself. It is also called
inertia of electricity.
Flux linked with a coil with all turns is directly proportional to strength of current,
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φ∝ I, φ = LI, L = proportionality constant = co-efficient of self-inductance (scalar).

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ If I = 1amp, φ = L,
Self-inductance or co-efficient of self-induction of a coil is numerically equal to amount of
magnetic flux linked with the coil when unit current flows through the coil.
𝑑φ 𝑑(𝐿𝐼) 𝑑𝐼 −𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡−𝑠𝑒𝑐
e=- 𝑑𝑡
=- 𝑑𝑡
=-L 𝑑𝑡
.​ ​ L= 𝑑𝐼/𝑑𝑡
​ SI unit. 𝑎𝑚𝑝
= henry(H)= 1
weber/ampere

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Self-inductance of a coil is 1 henry, when a current rate of 1 amp/sec induces an emf of 1 volt in
the coil.​ [L] = [M1L2T-2A-2]
SELF INDUCTANCE OF A SOLENOID: - A solenoid is basically a coil wound into a tightly packed
helix.
µ0𝑁𝐼
​ ​ ​ ​ As we know, B = 𝑙

​ ​ Magnetic flux = B x area of each turn = ( µ0𝑁𝐼

)𝐴

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𝑙

​ Total flux, φ = ( µ0𝑁𝐼

𝑙 )𝐴 x N.​ As, φ = LI = ( µ0𝑁𝐼
𝑙 )𝐴 x N,

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​ ​ L= ( µ0𝑁2𝐴
𝑙 )​ &​ ​ L= ( µ0µ𝑟𝑁2𝐴
𝑙 )(for any magnetic material)
MUTUAL INDUCTION: - Mutual induction is the property of two coils by virtue of which each
coil opposes change in the strength of current flowing through the other by developing an
opposing emf. (M = mutual-inductance, SI unit henry).

R Imagine a time varying current I1 through S1, which sets up a

time varying flux φ2 through S2.
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φ2 = M21(I1)--------(i)​ ​ B1 = µ0 n1I1
Flux through S2 is φ2 = B1A1N2
N2 = n2l total no. of turns in S2,
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φ2 = (µ0 n1I1)(πr12)(n2l) = µ0 n1 n2 π r12 l I1 ---- (ii)

From (i) and (ii),​ M21 = µ0 n1 n2 π r12 l------(A)
Imagine a time varying current I2 through S2, which sets up a time varying flux φ1 through S1.
φ1 = M12(I2)-----(iii)​​ ​ ​ ​
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B2 = µ0 n2I2
Flux through S1 is φ1 = B2A1N1
N1 = n1l total no. of turns in S1,
φ1 = (µ0 n2I2)(πr12)(n1l) = µ0 n1 n2 π r12 l I2 ------------(iv)
From (iii) and (iv),
M12 = µ0 n1 n2 π r12 l-------------(B)

From (A) and (B), M = µ0 n1 n2 π r1

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l = µ0 ( )( )
𝑁1
𝑙
𝑁2
𝑙
π r12 l =
µ0 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
𝑙

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M of two coils depends on their geometry, their separation and relative orientation.
AC Generator: - It is a machine which produces alternating current energy from mechanical
energy. It is based on principle of electromagnetic induction.
Armature: a rectangular coil ABCD consists of a large
number of turns of insulated copper wire wound over a
laminated soft iron core.
Field magnets: N and S are the pole pieces of a strong

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electromagnet in which the armature coil is rotated.
Slip rings: R1 and R2 are two hollow metallic rings, to

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which two ends of armature coil are connected.
Brushes: B1 and B2 are two flexible carbon rods. They
are fixed and are kept in light contact with R1 and R2
respectively. The purpose of brushes is to pass on

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current from the armature coil to the external load resistance R.
As the armature coil is rotated in the magnetic field, angle between the field and normal to the
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coil changes continuously. Therefore, magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. An emf is
induced in the coil.
Maximum emf induced, e0 = NBAω.
Maximum current induced, e0/R = NBAω/R
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6.1 Predict the direction of induced current in the situations described by the following Figs.
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(a) Along qrpq (b) Along prq, along yzx (c) Along yzx (d) Along zyx (e) Along xry
(f) No induced current since field lines lie in the plane of the loop.
6.2 Use Lenz’s law to determine the direction of induced current in the situations described by
Fig. (a) A wire of irregular shape turning into a circular shape;​
(b) A circular loop being deformed into a narrow straight wire.

​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
(a) Along adcd (flux through the surface

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increases during shape change, so induced
current produces opposing flux).

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(b) Along a,d,c,b, (flux decreases during the
process)

6.3 A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop of area 2.0 cm2 placed inside the

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solenoid normal to its axis. If the current carried by the solenoid changes steadily from 2.0 A to
4.0 A in 0.1 s, what is the induced emf in the loop while the current is changing?
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Given, n = 15 turns per cm = 1500 turns per meter.
A = 2.0 cm2 = 2 x 10-4 m2.
𝑑𝐼 4−2
𝑑𝑡
= 0.1
= 20 As-1.
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𝑑φ
e= 𝑑𝑡
, and φ = BA and B = µ0nI.
𝑑(µ0𝑛𝐼𝐴) 𝑑𝐼
e= 𝑑𝑡
= µ0𝑛𝐴 𝑑𝑡
= (4π x 10-7 x 1500 x 2 x 10-4 x 20) = 7.5 x 10-6 volt.

6.4 A rectangular wire loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a small cut is moving out of a region of
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uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop. What is the emf
developed across the cut if the velocity of the loop is 1 cm s–1 in a direction normal to the (a)
longer side, (b) shorter side of the loop? For how long does the induced voltage last in each
case?
Given, A = 8 x 2 = 16 cm2 = 16 x 10-4 m2, B = 0.3 T, v = 1cm/s = 10-2 m/s.
(a) when velocity is normal to longer side, l = 8 cm = 8 x 10-2 m,
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 2 𝑥 10−2
e = Blv = 0.3 T x 8 x 10-2 m x 10-2 m/s = 2.4 x 10-4 V. ​Time, t = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
= 10−2
= 2 sec.

(b) when velocity is normal to shorter side, l = 2 cm = 2 x 10-2 m

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𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 8 𝑥 10−2
e = Blv = 0.3 T x 2 x 10-2 m x 10-2 m/s = 0.6 x 10-4 V.​ ​ Time, t = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
= 10−2
=8
sec.

6.5 A 1.0 m long metallic rod is rotated with an angular frequency of 400 rad s–1 about an axis
normal to the rod passing through its one end. The other end of the rod is in contact with a
circular metallic ring. A constant and uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T parallel to the axis exists
everywhere. Calculate the emf developed between the centre and the ring.

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Here, l = 1m, ω = 400 rad s-1, B = 0.5 T, e =?

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Note that linear velocity of one end is zero and of another end is (lω). Average linear velocity,
0 + 𝑙ω 𝑙ω
v= 2
= 2
.
𝑙ω 𝐵𝑙2ω 0.5 𝑥 12 𝑥 400
e = Blv = Bl 2
= 2
= 2
= 100 V.

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6.6. A circular coil of radius 8.0 cm and 20 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with an
angular speed of 50 rad s–1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 3.0 × 10–2 T.
Obtain the maximum and average emf induced in the coil. If the coil forms a closed loop of
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resistance 10 Ω, calculate the maximum value of current in the coil. Calculate the average
power loss due to Joule heating. Where does this power come from?
Here, r = 8.0 cm = 8 x 10-2 m, N = 20, ω = 50 s-1 B = 3.0 x 10-2 T, R = 10 Ω.
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E0 =? ​​ Eav =? ​ P =?
e0 = NABω = N(πr2) Bω = 20 x 3.14 x (8 x 10-2 )2 x 3.0 x 10-2 x 50 = 0.603 V.
Average emf in one cycle = zero.
𝐸0 0.603
Maximum current, I0 = = = 0.0603A.
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𝑅 10

𝐸0 𝐼0
P= 2
= 0.018 W.

6.7 Current in a circuit falls from 5.0 A to 0.0 A in 0.1 s. If an average emf of 200 V induced, give
an estimate of the self-inductance of the circuit.
𝑑𝐼 (𝐼2 − 𝐼1)
here, 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑡
= - 50 A/s, e = 200 V, L =?
𝑑𝐼 𝑒
|e| = L| 𝑑𝑡
|​ L= 𝑑𝐼/𝑑𝑡
= 200/50 = 4H.

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6.8 A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil changes
from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil?
𝑑𝐼 𝑑φ
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Here, M = 1.5 H, e = M 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
,

dφ = M dI = 1.5 x (20 - 0) = 30 Wb.

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