PHYSICS.

COM
ELECTROMAGNETI INDUCTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
 Magnetic Flux: Total number of Magnetic lines of force passing through a given surface
is known as Magnetic Flux.
 Lines of Force nearer Magnetic Inducton B stronger.
 Magnetic Flux Ҩ = BS cosƟ where S is Area vector which is always perpendicular to
the surface.
 Ҩ=⃗ B. ⃗S. Scalar Quantity. B = Ҩ/S = Flux Density Unit = Tesla or Weber/m2
 For a closed surface vector area element pointing outward is taken as positive and
opposite is negative.
 Dimension of Magnetic FluX: M1 L2 T-2 A-1 1Wb = 108 Maxwell


 The phenomenon in which e.m.f. is induced in a coil due to the change in magnetic
flux associated with the coil is known as Electromagnetic Induction.

 Faraday’s law of E.M.I: Induced e.m.f. in a coil is directly proportional to the rate of
change in magnetic flux with negative sign. e = - dҨ/dt where Ҩ is the magnetic flux.
 e = - d(BA)/dt, if area vector and the magnetic flux are like vectors.
 e = - B dA/dt, if B is constant.
 e = - A dB/dt, if A is constant
 e = - (B1A1 -B2A2)/dt, both B and A are changing.


 Induced current: i = e/R Induced charge: q = Ҩ /R.
 Induced e.m.f. is also known as motional e.m.f. because it persist till there is relative
motion between the magnet and the coil.
 Translatory motion: For a rod or a coil of any shape is moving with velocity v in
an uniform magnetic field then the induced e.m.f.: e = Bvl where l is the
length or the distance covered.
PHYSICS.COM
ELECTROMAGNETI INDUCTION
 Rotatory motion: For a rod or a disc rotating an uniform perpendicular to its
plane: e = -B l2 ω/2 = 2πl2f B, here f is frequency of rotation, l = length of the
rod(radius)
 Rotation of a coil: e = N AB ω sinωt.
 Fleming’s Right Hand rule: If fore finger, central finger and thumb of right hand are
mutually perpendicularly stretched then fore finger points in the direction of field, thumb
in the direction of the motion and central finger points in the direction of the induced
e.m.f. or the current.
 If a conductor is moving vertically downwards with constant velocity v with its ends
pointing East- West, it will cut horizontal component of the earth BH. e = BHvyl
 In case of vertical motion ends pointing North-South direction. Both BH and BV will be
parallel to the plane then the e = 0.
 If the wire is moving horizontally in XY direction, it will cut flux of BV (BH is always
parallel to the area) e = Bv v l
 Lenz’s law: Induced e.m.f. acts in such a way i.e., it cancels the cause which it effect it.
A/c to him the Electromagnetic Induction satisfies the phenomenon of Conservation of
Energy as Mechanical energy is first converted into Electrical energy and later into

Thermal one.

 Motional Emf:
 Electromagnetic Induction has been divided into two types:
1. Self Inductance 2. Mutual Inductance.
 Self Inductance: E.M.f. induces in a coil due to flow of current through it. Induced e.m.f.
is also known as back e.m.f. Ҩ = LI. L = coefficient of Self inductance.
 Coefficient of Self inductance can be defined or numerically equal to the magnetic flux
associated with the coil due to flow of unit current through that coil.
 e = - L dI/dt if dI/dt = unit then e = -L
 Self Inductance of A. Coil: L = N2R/2 N = Number of turns, R =
Radius. B. Solenoid: L = n2 Al n = number of turns per unit length.


PHYSICS.COM
ELECTROMAGNETI INDUCTION
 Energy Stored in coil: W = E = LI2/2 if I = unit L = 2E.
2
 Energy Density: E/V = B /2µ0 .
Magnetic analogue of Electrical Energy Density: €0 E2/2.
 Combination of Coils: A. Series : Leq = L1 + L2
B. Parallel: Leq = L1L2/L1+L2
 Growth of current in L-R circuit: I = I0(1- e-t/L/R ) I0 = E/R
& Time constant= L/R.
 Current in the circuit grows exponentially. It will take infinite time to reach infinite.
After closing of switch the inductor behaves as an open circuit and long after the switch
has been closed as I = I0 , the inductor behaves as short circuit. Induced e.m.f. can- not be
greater than the applied e.m.f.
 An inductor can have induced e.m.f. even in the absence of current through it as t = 0,
e = E but I = I0( 1- e-t/L/R) = 0.
L/R = time constant = The time in which current reaches up to its 63.2% of its
maximum value.
 Decay of Current: I = I0e-t./L/R, I0 = E/R Current takes infinite time to become zero.



 Mutual inductance: It is the property of a coil due to which e..mf. is induced in a coil due
to the flow of current in another coil.
 Current carrying coil is known as Primary and e.m.f. showing coil is known as
Secondary.
 Magnetic flux in the secondary is directly proportional to the current in the primary.
Ҩs = M Ip. M = coefficient of mutual inductance.
 Mutual inductance depends upon:
 (a) number of turns of the coil
 (b) distance of separation.
 (c) geometrical shape and size of the coil.
 (d) Angular orientations of the coil.

 Mutual inductance of two plane coils Ҩs = BA Ns B = µ0 NpIp/2rp
& Ҩs = M I p then M = µ0NpNsAs/2rp
 Mutual inductance of Solenoid: M = µ0NpNsAs/l
 Mutual inductance obeys Reciprocity theorem:
Ҩ21 = B1A n2I1 B1 = µ0n1I1 Ҩ21 = M21I1
PHYSICS.COM
ELECTROMAGNETI INDUCTION
Ҩ12 = B2A n1I2 B2 = µ0n2I2 Ҩ12 = M12I2 M12 = M21

 In case of winding. M = K{L1L2}1/2 Tight winding: K = 1. Loose Winding K = 0

 For two coils in series if mutual inductance is considered M = L1 + L2 ± 2M
 Non inductive winding: If a wire is doubly wound on itself before being coiled up, the
coil is said to be non-inductive. In such combination magnetic effect of one turn is
neutralized by the magnetic effect of the other turn which give resultant magnetic flux
and net self inductance is very small.
 Eddy currents: Currents induced in thick conductor when it is placed in changing
magnetic field. In short induced current is known as Eddy current.
 Heating effect produced by eddy current is may or may not be desirable.
 Undesirable: In Dynamo, Transformer etc where to reduce this current the coil is
wound on Iron core.
 Desirable: Induction Furnace, Electric Brakes etc.
 Induction Furnace: Based upon the principle of electrical heating because of induced
current. It is used to separate certain metals from their ores and also for making alloys of
certain metals in vacuum.
 Dead beat galvanometer: When a steady current passes through a moving coil
galvanometer, the coil does not immediately come to its equilibrium position. It continues
to oscillate about the equilibrium position for some time. In order to bring in equilibrium
at the same time the coil is wound on copper or brass frame. When the coil and the frame
rotate in magnetic field
 Eddy current are set up. The currents set up in both cancels effect of each other due to the
Lenz’s law.
 This type of damping is known as Electromagnetic Damping and the galvanometer is
known as Dead beat galvanometer.
 Motor: It converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Current i = [E – e]/R E =
applied emf e = back emf and R = Resistance. e= K ω Power = I es
Transformer:

 Transformer is an electrical device which always works in A.C. and is based upon the
phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction.
 It can be used to Step-Up or Step-Down Voltages and obeys the phenomenon of Ideal
Power
 Transfer i.e., Power in Primary is equal to the Power in Secondary.
PHYSICS.COM
ELECTROMAGNETI INDUCTION
 Transformer ratio is given by: Ns /Np = Vs /Vp = Ip / Is. S = Secondary & P =
Primary.
 Losses in Transformer:
 Copper Loss: Due to heat produced because of flow of current.
 Flux Loss: Due to the imperfect coupling between primary and secondary coil.
 Iron Loss: Due to heat produced by the back e.m.f. and it’s Induced Current.
 Hysteresis Loss: Due to imperfect demagnetization of specimen after removal of
source of Magnetization.
 Humming Loss: Due to vibration produced in molecule of the coil because of
passing of a.c. through it.
 A.C. Generator: It is based upon the phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction.
Induced emf is produced due to the rotation of the coil in magnetic field perpendicular
to its plane. It is used in production of a.c.
 Back e.m.f. in the Generator and Dynamo is produced due to the orientation of the
coils in Magnetic field. E.m.f. is given by e = N A B w Sinwt where N is number of
turns, A is cross sectional area, B is magnetic induction & w is angular frequency.