Signal Processing

Lecturer: Phan Anh Tuan

University of Science and Technology of Hanoi

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References

• Books:
[1] D. Manolakis and V. Ingle. Applied Digital Signal Processing.
Cambride, 2011.
[2] John G. Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis. Digital Signal.
Processing. Principles, Algorithms, and Applications. Third Edition.

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Syllabus
Subject: Signal processing
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Discrete – Time Signals and Systems
Chapter 3 The z – Transform
Chapter 4 Fourier Representation of Signals
Chapter 5 Transform Analysis of LTI Systems
Chapter 6 Discrete Fourier Transform
Chapter 7 Design of FIR filters
Chapter 8 Sampling theorem
Chapter 9 Design of IIR filters

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Evaluation

Attendance/Attitude 10%
Assessment/
Evaluation Assignments 30%
Final exam 60%

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Module 1: Introduction

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Signals

• Signal: any physical quantity that varies as a function of time, space,

… and conveys information

L
R

DC

Current as function of time

Power demand as function of hours
Image as function of
x-y coordinates

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Definition of signal processing
• Signal processing is a discipline concerned with the acquisition,
representation, manipulation, transformation and transmission of signals

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing

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Key objectives of signal processing

➢ To improve the quality of a signal,

➢ To extract useful information from a signal
➢ To extract information about the relationship of two (or more) signals
➢ To predict future values of the signal in order to anticipate the behavior of its
source.
➢ To store and/or transmit signals

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Mathematical representation of signals

Signals are represented by

mathematical functions of
one or more independent
variables

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Mathematical representation of signals

Continuous-time signal 𝑠(𝑡) Discrete-time signal

𝑠 𝑛 = 𝑠(𝑡)ቚ = 𝑠(𝑛𝑇)
𝑡=𝑛𝑇

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Digital signal
Mathematical representation of signals

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Mathematical representation of signals

𝑦 𝑡 = 5sin(100𝜋𝑡)
Deterministic signal can be
described, at least in
principle, by mathematical
functions

Random signal cannot be

described by mathematical
functions

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Systems (1)

• A system is defined as a process where a signal called input is

transformed into another signal called output

Input System Output

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Systems (2)

Continuous-time system Discrete-time systems

• A system which transforms a • A system that transforms a
continuous-time input signal discrete-time input signal 𝑥[𝑛]
𝑥(𝑡) into a continuous-time into a discrete-time output
output signal 𝑦(𝑡) signal 𝑦[𝑛]

𝑡 𝑛

• Ex: 𝑦 𝑡 = න 𝑥 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 • Ex: 𝑦[𝑛] = ෍ 𝑥[𝑘]

−∞ 𝑘=−∞

• Implemented using analog • Implemented using digital

electronic circuits electronic circuits
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Systems (3)

• Example:

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Systems (4)

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Systems (5)

• Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

• Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)

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Analog, digital, and mixed signal processing
• Analog signal processing: The processing of analog signals

• Digital signal processing: The processing of digital signals

• Mixed signal processing

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Advantages of digital signal processing

1. Sophisticated signal processing functions can be implemented in a cost-

effective way using digital techniques.

2. There exist important signal processing techniques that are difficult or

impossible to implement using analog electronics.

3. Digital systems are inherently more reliable, more compact, and less
sensitive to environmental conditions and component aging than analog
systems.

4. Digital systems can be simply reprogrammed for other applications, or

ported to different hardware, or duplicated.

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Applications of digital signal processing

➢ Audio processing

➢ Speech processing

➢ Image and video processing

➢ Telecommunications (transmission of audio, video, and data)

➢ Biomedical

➢ Military systems

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Applications of DSP:
Audio processing
• Compression

https://plexxie.com/question/61/what-is-an-audio-compression

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Applications of DSP:
Audio processing
• Noise cancelation

https://bettershark.com/active-noise-cancellation/

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Applications of DSP:
Speech processing
• Speech recognition

http://www.hoanvusolutions.com.vn/phan-mem-speech-recognition-cho-ios/

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Applications of DSP:
Speech processing
• Speech synthesis:

http://www.domesro.com/2008/03/project-nao-one-step-closer-towards.html

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Applications of DSP:
Image and video processing
• Image enhancement:

https://petapixel.com/2017/11/01/photo-enhancement-starting-get-crazy/

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Applications of DSP:
Image and video processing
• Image compression:

https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-media-file-compression-1847431

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Applications of DSP:
Communication
• Modulation

http://www.technologyuk.net/telecommunications/telecom-
principles/amplitude-modulation.shtml

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Applications of DSP:
Biomedical
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal: provides doctor with information about the
condition of the patient’s heart
• Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal: provides information about the activity
of the brain

https://www.communicatingpsychologicalscience.com/blog/ele
ctroencephalogram-becoming-the-new-lie-detection-test

https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests- 28
procedures/ekg/about/pac-20384983
Applications of DSP:
Military
• Guidance and navigation

http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/weapons/q0187.shtml

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Applications of DSP:
Military
• Sonar processing

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302546326_Und
erwater_Acoustics/figures?lo=1&utm_source=google&utm_
medium=organic

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Exercise
• Find applications of signal processing in Smart grids/Mechatronics

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