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Signals and Signal Processing: Prepared By: Prof. Iyad Jafar Instructor: Prof. Dia Abunnadi

The document discusses signals and signal processing. It defines a signal as any physical quantity that varies with time, space or other variables. Signals can be classified based on their source, values, certainty, dimensionality and other attributes. Signal processing involves extracting or modifying information from signals. While analog signals were traditionally processed using analog circuits, there is a growing trend toward digital signal processing due to advantages like noise immunity and easy integration. Digital signal processing involves converting analog signals to digital form using analog-to-digital conversion techniques like sampling, quantization and coding. Key applications of digital signal processing include sound, communications, automotive, medical imaging and more.

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37 views

Signals and Signal Processing: Prepared By: Prof. Iyad Jafar Instructor: Prof. Dia Abunnadi

The document discusses signals and signal processing. It defines a signal as any physical quantity that varies with time, space or other variables. Signals can be classified based on their source, values, certainty, dimensionality and other attributes. Signal processing involves extracting or modifying information from signals. While analog signals were traditionally processed using analog circuits, there is a growing trend toward digital signal processing due to advantages like noise immunity and easy integration. Digital signal processing involves converting analog signals to digital form using analog-to-digital conversion techniques like sampling, quantization and coding. Key applications of digital signal processing include sound, communications, automotive, medical imaging and more.

Uploaded by

Haneen R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals and Signal Processing

Chapter 1

Prepared by: Prof. Iyad Jafar


Instructor: Prof. Dia Abunnadi
Outline
 Signals

 Classification of Signals

 What is Signal Processing?

 Why Digital Signal Processing?

 Where is DSP?

 How to Obtain Digital Signals?


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Signals
 A signal is any physical quantity that varies with time,
space, or any other independent variable(s).
 A signal can be represented mathematically by a function
of one or more independent variables
 The value of the signal at specific point is called amplitude
while the variation is called a waveform

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Classification of Signals
Signal Source
Single source  speech, temperature ….
Multi source  video, remote sensing ….
Signal Values
Real

Complex
Certainty
Deterministic  Can be expressed
mathematically/tables
Random  values are generated randomly and can’t be
predicted ahead of time
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Classification of Signals
Dimensionality
1-D
2-D
3-D

Continuity of Independent Variable(s)


Continuous  the signal is specified at every point of
the independent variable (Continuous-time CT )
Discrete  the signal is specified at specific points only
(Discrete-time DT )
Continuity in Amplitude
Continuous  the amplitude can take any value
Discrete  the amplitude can take specific values only
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Classification of Signals
A signal that is continuous
in time and amplitude is
called an analog signal

Signal that is discrete in


time and continuous in
amplitude is called
sampled-data signal
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Classification of Signals
A signal that is discrete in
time and amplitude is
called an digital signal

Signal that is continuous


in time and discrete in
amplitude is called a
quantized boxcar signal
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What is Signal Processing?
Signal processing is the process of extracting or
modifying the information carried in the signal.
Before processing, analog signals for physical
attributes are converted to voltage or currents
using sensors and transducers
Analog circuits process these signals using
circuits that are built using
Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Amplifiers,…

Analog signal processing examples


Audio processing in FM radios
(Modulation/demodulation)
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Video processing in traditional TV sets
Why Digital Signal Processing?
Digital signal processing (DSP) deals with the
processing of digital signals on digital devices or
digital signal processors!
Processing can be in the domain of the original
independent variable (time, space, ..) or in the
transform domain (Laplace, Fourier, DCT, …)
There is a huge trend to process signals digitally!
However, real-world signals are mostly analog and
processing them digitally requires an additional
overhead digital digital
signal signal
analog analog
signal A/D DSP D/A signal

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Why to do it this way?
Why Digital Signal Processing?
 Digital signals
Are less sensitive to noise
Can be easily and cheaply stored and transferred
 Digital systems are
Less sensitive to precise values and tolerances in component
values
Can be produced in large numbers
Can be easily integrated/interfaced with other systems
Can be easily configured and modified using software
Can be shared by multiple signals
Can implement complex, nonlinear and time-varying
operations
 However, digital processing have some disadvantages
Complexity and computational overhead
Bandwidth and speed
Power consumption is higher (analog systems may consist of
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passive components only.
Where is DSP?

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Where is DSP?
 Sound applications
 Compression, enhancement, special effects, recognition, echo
cancellation,…
 Cell Phones, MP3 Players, Movies, Dictation, Text-to-speech,…
 Communication
 Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo cancellation,…
 Cell Phones, dial-up modem, DSL modem, Satellite Receiver,…
 Automotive
 ABS, GPS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control, Parking,…
 Medical
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Tomography, Electrocardiogram,…
 Military
 Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote sensing,…
 Image and Video Applications
 DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video conferencing,…
 Mechanical
 Motor control, process control, oil and mineral prospecting,…
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How to Obtain Digital Signals?
Analog signals are continuous in time and
amplitude! (infinite number of points and infinite
possible values)

Such signals can’t be represented and processed


inside digital computers with limited storage and
processing capabilities

Solution! Analog-to-digital conversion (A/D)


which involves three basic steps

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How to Obtain Digital Signals?
1. Sampling
 Collect representative points at discrete time instants.
 This converts the signal from continuous-time to discrete-
time signal. Usually, the spacing between samples is equal
(uniform or periodic sampling).

x a (t) 
Sampling
 x s [n] = x a (t) t  nT  x a (nT)

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How to Obtain Digital Signals?
2. Quantization
Samples values are assigned values from a set of a
finite values (quantum levels).

x s [n] 
Quantization
x q [n]
3. Coding
Assign binary codes to quantized values
x q [n] 
Coding
 x[n]
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