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Probability

Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event occurring, expressed as a number between 0 and 1. The formula for calculating probability is P(E) = Number of favorable outcomes / Total number of outcomes. Key concepts include types of events such as sure events, impossible events, complementary events, and mutually exclusive events, along with examples like tossing a coin and rolling a die.

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4 views2 pages

Probability

Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event occurring, expressed as a number between 0 and 1. The formula for calculating probability is P(E) = Number of favorable outcomes / Total number of outcomes. Key concepts include types of events such as sure events, impossible events, complementary events, and mutually exclusive events, along with examples like tossing a coin and rolling a die.

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aarav.s.ghyar
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Probability

Definition: Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event to occur. It is expressed as a


number between 0 (impossible event) and 1 (certain event).

Formula for Probability: For a given experiment, the probability of an event EE is given by:

P(E)=Number of favorable outcomesTotal number of outcomesP(E) = \frac{\text{Number of


favorable outcomes}}{\text{Total number of outcomes}}

Key Terms

1.​ Experiment: An operation that produces some outcomes, e.g., tossing a coin, rolling a
die.
2.​ Outcome: A possible result of an experiment, e.g., Head (H) or Tail (T) when tossing a
coin.
3.​ Event: A collection of one or more outcomes, e.g., getting a Head when tossing a coin.

Types of Events

1.​ Sure Event: An event that is certain to happen (Probability = 1).


2.​ Impossible Event: An event that cannot happen (Probability = 0).
3.​ Complementary Event: If AA is an event, then A′A' (not A) is its complement.
P(A)+P(A′)=1P(A) + P(A') = 1.
4.​ Mutually Exclusive Events: Two events cannot occur simultaneously, e.g., rolling a 2 or
a 5 on a single die.

Examples

1.​ Tossing a Coin:


○​ Sample Space (S): {H, T}
○​ Probability of getting a Head: P(Head)=12P(\text{Head}) = \frac{1}{2}.
2.​ Rolling a Die:
○​ Sample Space (S): {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
○​ Probability of getting a 3: P(3)=16P(3) = \frac{1}{6}.

Properties of Probability

1.​ 0≤P(E)≤10 \leq P(E) \leq 1


2.​ Total probability of all possible outcomes in a sample space = 1:

P(S)=1

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