COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK CONCEPTS

Unit -5 (Syllabus)
1. INTRODUCTION OF NETWORKS--------- DATA TRANSFER RATE ( BPS / KBPS / MBPS /
NEEDS OF NETWORKS GBPS / TBPS)
LAN
MAN 7. PROTOCOL--------
WAN TCP/IP
DIFFERNET BETWEEN LAN AND WAN FTP
PPP
2. EVOLUTION OF NETWORKING TELNET
ARPANET INTERNET
INTERNET
INTERSPACE 8. WIRELEES/MOBILE COMMUNICATION-----
GSM
3. NETWORK DEVICE----------- CDMA
MODEM WLL
RJ45 CONNECTOR 3G
ETHERNET CARD / LAN CARD SMS
HUB VOICE MAIL
SWITCH E- MAIL
BRIDGES CHAT
ROUTER VIDEO CONFERENCING
GETWAY
9. NETWORK SECURITY CONCEPT---------
4. DIFFERENT TOPOLOGIES----- CYBER LAW
STAR VIRUS
BUS ANTI VIRUS
RING PREVENTION
TREE FIREWALL
COOKIES
5. TRANSMISSION MEDIA ------ HACKERS
TWISTED PAIR CABEL CRACKERS
COAXIAL CABEL
OPTICAL FIBER CABEL 10. INTERNET---------
RADIO LINK WWW
INFRARED WEB PAGE
MICROWAVE LINK WEB SITE
SATELLITE LINK HOME PAGE
HTML
6. DIFFERENT WAYS OF SENDING DATA ACROSS XML
THE NETWORK HTTP
SWITCHING TECHNIQUES IP ADDRESS
DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES DOMAIN NAME
CHANNEL URL
BAUD WEB BROWSER
BANDWIDTH (HZ /KHZ / MHZ) WEB SERVER
WEB HOSTING

Written by sourav
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK CONCEPTS
INTRODUCTION OF NETWORKS---------
A network is an interconnected collection of autonomous computer. Two computers are
said to be interconnected if they are capable of exchanging information.

NEEDS OF NETWORKS
Networking is necessary for the following reasons,

(i) To share computer files. Networking provide a very effective method to share the
files with different users.
(ii) To share computer peripheral. Some computer devices are very expensive .For
example laser printer and large hard disk. Network enables us to share these costly
devices.

(iii) To enable different computers to communicate with each other. Networks allow
unlike computer to communicate with each other .For example, a computer with DOS
operating system can communicate with a computer having UNIX operating system.
(iv)To improve communication speed and accuracy. It is possible that the mail from
one place to another can take several days. We can speedily send the message through
networking.
(v) To reduce cost of transfer. Computer is a cheaper way to transfer the data. So, using
computer we can reduce the cost of transfer.
LAN: -LAN is a computer network designed to span short distance and connect a relatively small number
of computers.

MAN: - The scope of metropolitan area network lies between LANs and WANs.i.e.1
spanning a small city or a town .It can an area of 100 kms or so.

WAN:-WAN is a computer network that connects two or more LANSs, usually across long geographic
distances.

DIFFERNET BETWEEN LAN AND WAN

Lan and mans are different in the following ways:
LAN WAN
Distance between two nods is limited Distance between two nods are unlimited
Upper limit upto 1 meter to 10 km No Upper limit.
Lans operate between 1 to 10 mbps Lans operate at a speed less then 1 mbps
Because of short cable length error rate is Because of long cable length error rate is much
much lower then wans. higher then wans.

EVOLUTION OF NETWORKING
Evolution of networking started way back in 1969 by the development of first network called ARPANET.

ARPANET:-In the mid –1969, at the height of the cold war, the DOD (Department of
Defense in usa ) wanted a command and control network that could survive a nuclear
war.
INTERNET:-The Internet is a World Wide network of networkes.it is a global
collection of Computer , which are linked together by cable and telephone lines making
communication possible among them is a common language .It can be defined as a global
network over a million of similar heterogeneous computer networks.

INTERSPACE:- Interspace is a client/ server software program that allows multiple

users to communicate online real-time audio, video, and text chart in dynamic 3d
environments. Interspace provides the most advanced form of communication available
on the internet today.

NETWORK DEVICE-----------
Network is a series of interconnected elements which form an overall system or structure.

MODEM – modem is modular device, which transforms a digital signal to analog signal and analog to
digital signal.

RJ45 CONNECTOR – RJ-45 is short for registered jack-45. is an eight ware connector, which is
commonly used to connect computers on the local area networks.
ETHERNET CARD / LAN CARD - A type of LAN which uses a simple twisted pair
cables to connect the computers in the network. That is the name Ethernet refers to the
cable.

HUB - This is a powered distribution poin with active device which drive distant nodes
upto 1 Kilometer way . There are two types of hubs; active hub and passive hub.

SWITCH – A switch is a device that is used to segment networks into different subnetworks called
subnet or LAN segments. Segmenting the network into smaller subnets, prevents traffic overloading in a
network.

BRIDGES – A bridge is a network device that establishes an intelligent connection between two local
networks with the same standard but with different types of cables.

ROUTER – A router is a network device that is used to separate different segments in a network to
improve performance and reliability. A router works like a bridge but can handle different protocols.

GETWAY - The special machine, which allows different electronic networks to talk to
Internet, which uses TCP/IP, is called gateway.

DIFFERENT TOPOLOGIES-----

STAR – A star topology in which all stations are connected to a central switch. Two
stations communicate via circuit switching.

Advantage of star topology :

Easy of service – The star topology has a number of concentration points i.e, at the
central node or at intermediate wiring closets. They provide easy service or re-
configuration of the network.

One device per connection – In star topology, failure of a single connection typically
involves disconnecting one node from an otherwise fully functional network.

Centralized control/ problem diagnosis – In this topology central node is connected

directly to every other node in the network means that faults are easily detected and
isolated.

Simple access protocols – Any given connection in a star network involves only the
central node and one peripheral node. Thus, in star network, access protocols are very
simple.

Disadvantages of star:
Long cable length – Because of each node is directly connected to the center, the star
topology necessitates a large quantity of cable.

Difficult to expand – the addition of a new node in a star network involves a connection
all the way to the central node.

Central node dependency – if the centre node in a star network fails, the entire network is
rendered inoperable. This introduces heavy reliability and redundancy constraints on this
node.

BUS- It is a popular topology for data networks. This consists of a single length of the transmission
medium onto which the various nodes are attached.

Advantages of the bus:-

a) Short cable length.
b) Resilient Architecture.
c) Easy to Extend.

Disadvantages of the bus:-

a) Fault diagnosis is difficult.
b) Fault isolation is difficult.
c) Repeater Configuration.
d) Nodes must be intelligent.

RING- A medium access control technical for rings. A token ring circulates around the ring. A station
may transmit by seizing the token, inserting a packet onto the ring and then retransmitting the token.

Advantages of the ring:-

a) Short cable length.
b) No wiring closet space required.
c) Suitable for optical fibers.

Disadvantages of the ring:-

a) Node failure causes network failure.
b) Difficult to diagnose faults.
c) Network re- configuration is difficult.
d) Topology affects the access protocols.

TREE- A tree topology in which are attached to a shared transmission medium. The transmission
medium is a branching cable emanating from a headend, with no closed circuits. Transmission propagate
throughout al branches of the tree and received by all stations.

Advantages of tree:-
a) Easy to Extend.
b) Fault Isolation

Disadvantages of tree:-
a) Dependent on the root.

TRANSMISSION MEDIA ------

The cables that connect two or more workstations are called communication channels or transmission
media.

TWISTED PAIR CABEL – The twisted cable is a transmission medium consisting of two insulated
wires arranged in a regular spiral pattern.

COAXIAL CABEL-A coaxial cable consisting of one conductor, usually a small copper tube or wire,
within and insulated from another conductor of large diameter, usually copper tubing or copper braid.

OPTICAL FIBER CABEL-Optical fibers consist of thin stands of glass or glass like materials
which are so constructed that they carry light form source at one end of the fiber to a detector at the other
end. The light source used are either light emitting diodes (LED) or laser diodes.

RADIO LINK- The federal communication has allocated certain radio frequencies for private
businesses for direct voice communications. Private citizen and business users may be licensed to operate
either a clas A or class D radio stations, with a mobile fixed location. The range of both classes is about 10
miles.

INFRARED-this type of transmission uses infrared light to send data. You can see the use of this type
of transmission in everyday life – TV remotes, automotive garage doors , wireless speakers ect, all make
use of infrared as transmission media.

MICROWAVE LINK- microwave is a direct line-of-sight radio transmission. For long distance
communication, microwave radio transmission is widely used as an alternative to coaxial cable. It is used to
wideband communications systems and is quite common in the telephone system. It’s frequency range of
about 2 to 40 Ghz.

SATELLITE LINK – The use of satellites in communications system is very much fact of everyday
life, as it evidenced by the many homes or cable TV operators who are equipped with antennas or “dishes”
used for reception of satellite television.

DIFFERENT WAYS OF SENDING DATA ACROSS THE NETWORK

SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
Switching techniques are used for transmitting data across networks. There is three switching techniques
are in common use:

Circuit switching – (use in telephone system) – Circuit switching is a method of communicating in

which a dedicated communications path is established between two devices through one or more
intermediate switching nodes. The telephone system uses circuit switching.

Message switching – (use in mobile phone system) – If two process one to communicate, a temporary
link is established for the duration of one message transfer. Physical links are allocated dynamically among
correspondents as needed, and are allocated for only short periods.

Packet switching – One logical message have to be divided into a number of packets. Each packet may
be sent to its destination separately, and there for must include a source and destination address with its
data. Each packet may link a different path through the network.
DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES
CHANNEL- A channel is the medimum used to carry information or data form one point to another.

BAUD- It is the unit of measurement for the information carrying capacity of a communication channel.
The baud is synonymous with bps (Bits per second) another unit of measuring data transfer rates.

BANDWIDTH (HZ /KHZ / MHZ)- Technically the bandwidth refers to the different between the
highest and lowest frequencies of a transmission channel.

DATA TRANSFER RATE ( BPS / KBPS / MBPS / GBPS / TBPS)- A data transfer rate is
the amount of digital data that is moved from one place to another in a given time, usually in a second’s
time.

PROTOCOL--------

TCP/IP – (Transmission control protocol / Internet protocol ) – TCP/IP in actually a protocols. TCP/IP is
software that controls the movement of messages across the Internet.

FTP- Ftp in the protocol, or a set of rules, which work on the client server principle. Which enables files
to be transferred between “Computer A” to “Computer B” or vice versa.

PPP- Ppp allows a computer to use the TCP/IP protocols and to be connected directly to the net using a
standard voice telephone line and high speed modem. PPP is the new standard that is rapidly replacing
SLIP. In India, VSNL uses the PPP protocol.

TELNET – Telnet is a network application that is used to login to one computer on the internet from
another. It is similar to establishing a conventional dial up connection between two computers using
modems and dial up telephone lines. However, telnet connections use the internet and not the telephone
network.

INTERNET - The Internet is a World Wide network of networkes.it is a global

collection of Computer , which are linked together by cable and telephone lines making
communication possible among them is a common language .It can be defined as a global
network over a million of similar heterogeneous computer networks.

WIRELEES/MOBILE COMMUNICATION------
GSM – (Global System for mobile communications ) – Gsm is short for Global system for mobile
communications, It’s standard for digital cell phones was established in Europe in the mid 1980s. In GSM
we use sim card. It is a small removable disks that slip in and out of GSM cell phones.

CDMA – (Code division multiple Access) – Cdma uses a spread-spectrum technique where data is sent
in small pieces over a number of discrete frequencies available for use. Each user’s signal is spread over the
entire bandwidth by unique spreading code. At the receiver and, the same unique code is used to recover
the signal. In a cdma phone no use sim card.

WLL – (Wireless in local loop)- Wll is a system that connects subscribers to the public swithed telephone
network (PSTN) using radio signals as a substitute for other connecting media.
3G – (Third Generation) – mobile communications technology is a broadband, packet bases transmission
of text, digitized voice, and multimedia at the rates up to and possibly higher then 2 pegabites per seconds
(Mbps), offering a consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users no metter where they are
located in the world.

SMS- (Short message service) – sms is the transmission of short text messages to end from a mobile
phone. Message must be no longer than some fixed number of alpha-numeric characters( Aprox 160
character ) and contain ni images or graphics.

VOICE MAIL – The voice mail refers to e-mail systems that support audio. Users can leave spoken
messages for one another and listen to the messages by executing the appropriate command in the e-mail
system.

E-MAIL – (Electronic Mail) – e-mail is a facility in internet through we sending and receiving messages
by one computer. It is paperless method of sending messages, notes, picture and even sound files, from
computer of one person to the computer of another person using the internet as medium.

CHAT – Chatting is like a written phone call. You can type a message, which will be read by the person
who is on the other end and that person will reply to your message instantly. So we say that online textual
talk, in real time, is called chatting.

VIDEO CONFERENCING – video Conferencing is sending our image and voice to one or more
other people, through the camera and microphone attached to our computer and receiving picture and
voices back.

NETWORK SECURITY CONCEPT---------

CYBER LAW – In Internet , the communication technology uses the means of transfering textual
messages, pictures and many more. Each time there may be number of threats on either from senders or
reviewers side which creates a bridge between networking communication . To short out these problems ,
the internet security council made number of precautions, i.e. rules . These predefined rules called cyber
law or law of internet.

VIRUS- Virus is a type of software which made by destructive mind of people . Virus can destroy files,
make computer network unusable and cost individuals and organizations millions of dollar.

ANTI VIRUS- Antivirus is a type of software which prevent virus from our computers or remove virus
from our computer.

PREVENTION – you can prevent your pc from virus, if you flow the flowing rules:
 Always use original software.
 Use antivirus software with firewall, and regularly update your antivirus.
 Be careful when use floppy, pen drive or any external device, after virus checking you
can open the drive.

FIREWALL- A Firewall is a computer system or group of computer systems that reinforce information
security between two networks. All information passing between these two networks goes through the
firewall.

COOKIES- A cookies are a small file that a web server can store on your machine. Its purpose is to
allow a web server to personalize a web page.
HACKERS- Hackers are more interested in gaining knowledge about computer systems and possibly
using this knowledge for playful pranks. Individuals who gain unauthorized access to computer systems for
the purpose of stealing and corrupting data.

CRACKERS- Crackers are people who try to gain unauthorized access to computers. This is normally
done through the use of a ‘backdoor’ program installed on your machine. A lot of crackers also try to again
access to resources through the use of password cracking software, which tries billions of passwords to find
the correct one for accessing a computer.

INTERNET---------

WWW – (world wide web) – The world wide web is a set of protocols that allows you to access any
document on the net through a naming system based on URL. www is a software that makes the exchange
of information across a network easier by providing a common user interface for multiply types of
information.

WEB PAGE-A web site is a collection of web pages, which may contain only text or a combination of
text, images and multimedia software.

WEB SITE – Web page is a collection of information. A web page is an html document that is stored on
a web server and that has a URL so that it can be accessed via the web.

HOME PAGE – When we open a web site First page of the web is called home page.

HTML- (Hypertext markup language)-Html is a special type of language use for designee a web page,
everything that we see on the web is documents written in a special language called HTML

XML – (Extended Markup Language)- XML represents a new era for the Web by establishing a means of
transmitting structured data. XML is really nothing more than a standardized text format for representing
structured information on the web.

HTTP-( Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)- HTTP is Hyper Text Transfer Protocol which is responsible for
delivering the information ( Text, Audio, video, files etc ) on the World Wide Web (WWW) .This
information is obtained when some URL is entered in your browser or a link is clicked. Your web browser
is actually an HTTP client, which sends request to server machine when a user enters the URL or click on a
link. The server processes the request and sends the file to the client computer.

IP ADDRESS- In fact, every computer on the internet has a unique numeric address as a set of four
numbers separated by periods like – 205.30.100.15 . This address is known as IP address.

DOMAIN NAME- Domain name for a user it is difficult to remember these IP address , so Domain
name (for example- www.avenue.com) is used which in converted to equivalent IP address by Domain
name server(DNS).

URL(Uniform Resource Locator) – Just as every house or office has an address, every web page or
website on the internet has an address known as the Uniform Resource Locator or the URL. A URL looks
something like: http://www.zeeindia.com.
WEB BROWSER- Web browser is a program for the web which helps us to view web pages. It sends
request to web servers to display a web page and receives and displays the information for us. It reads the
HTML (of which the web pages are made) and interprets it to display text, graphics and animation for the
user.

WEB SERVER- A Web Server is a WWW Server that responds to the request made by Web browser.
Web Server which is an integral part of the internet and resides on Servers to fetch the required information
for us.

WEB HOSTING-Web Hosting is a means of hosting Web server application on a computer system
through which electronic content on the internet is readily available to any web browser client.