INTERNET

Internet is the world’s largest computer network. The word Internet was derived from
“Interconnection” and “Network”. This is inter-network of hundreds of connecting networks made
up of different types of computers all over the world that can exchange information with one
another.

HISTORY OF INTERNET
In 1973, US Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to
develop communication protocols that allow networked computers to communicate each other. It is
to enable the scientists engaged on various military projects to communicate with one another.
The system of networks emerged from this research is known as “Internet”.

In 1965, this network has 4 sites, then grew to 10 sites. This network was called as ARPANET.
Electronic mail over the ARPANET was a great success. This has given birth to INTERNET. Now
internet has 30 million users over 100 countries.

INTERNET ADMINISTRATION

The Internet is neither run nor owned by anyone. Every organization that is attached into the
internet is responsible for its computers.

• Advantage:

– No membership fees, no restriction, no government control etc

• Disadvantage:

– When something goes wrong, there is no central control to ask for assistance.

Technical groups coordinate the working and maintenance of Internet:

1. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

IETF coordinates the operation, management, and evolution of the internet. It has a
main role in development of internet’s communication protocols.

2. The Internet Research Task force (IRTF)

IRTF organize and search advanced concepts in networking under the guidance of
Internet Activities Board and with support from various govt. agencies.

3. Internet Architecture Board(IAB)

IAB look after the technical and policy issues related to internet.

4. Internet Society

This is parent organization of IAB. It does not directly involve in the control, but
works to keep the whole system smooth.
FACILITIES AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET
1. E-mail
2. FTP
3. Usenet
4. Telnet
5. Internet Relay Chat(IRC)
6. World Wide Web

1. E-mail
E-mail is an electronic message sent from one computer to another. This facility allows
exchange mail with millions of people around the world. Messages pass from one
computer to another along network and moves through different computers to reach
destination.

Working of E-mail
• The sender type the message and type the email address of the recipient.
• Then Press ‘send’ button.
• The messages pass to the modem and then coded analog signals are sent over the
telephone line. The mail is sent over the internet. The message will be received by
recipients server and will be delivered to the recipients mail box. The recipients
modem decode it and then message can be read by him.
• E-mail addresses are made up of
– The username
– @ symbol
– Name of users internet service provider
– Top level domain name such as .com (Commercial site), .org (organization),
.edu ( educational institution) etc
Eg: [email protected]
2. FTP(File Transfer protocol)
• To exchange files over internet.
• Most common use is to download files from internet such as music, videos, games
etc
• When downloading a file from internet, we are actually transferring it from another
computer to our computer.
• FTP address looks like HTTP but prefix ftp:// instead of http://
3. Usenet
• Usenet or User’s Network is the body of news group distributed all over the world by
computers called ‘news servers’. This is a discussion group on different topics.
• Each news group focuses on particular subject such as education, politics, religion
etc..Usenet users can read this bulletin board and post their views.
4. Telnet
• This allows users to access another computer linked to the internet. Users computer
is called local computer and the other computer linked is remote computer. Users
computer displays what is taking place in remote computer during communication
session.
5. Internet Relay Chat(IRC)
• Internet based chat service, in which one can find live participants from the world
over. Many people can communicate simultaneously across the internet.
• User can change from one chat group to other, join any conversation or listen only.
6. World Wide Web (WWW)
• The internet is a huge network of computers all connected together. The world wide
web ('www' or 'web' for short) is a collection of web pages found on this network of
computers. Your web browser uses the internet to access the web.

BUSINESS USE OF INTERNET

1. Access to databases. – company can access financial databases with the help of
internet.
2. Electronic commerce.- Buying and selling of products and services on internet is called
electronic commerce.
3. Electronic mail.- companies communicate faster between customers, workers,
outsiders with the help of internet
4. Conferencing.- companies use internet for both audio and video conferencing
5. World wide audience.- allows to capture the attention of customers all over the
world.
6. provide product Information.- Information about company’s product and services are
available on internet.
7. Save literature costs.-providing information online reduces the cost to print.
WEB PAGES
The internet is a massive database of information. Each web page has some information as
wellas a number of links that lead to other connected web pages. To access the linked online
pages, simply hover your mouse over the linked text, and the next web page will appear.
Hypertext links are commonly denoted by a different colour of text, an image, or an
icon. By moving the cursor over the region, you can check for hypertext links. The mouse
pointer takes onthe appearance of a hand. Net surfing, often known as web browsing, is the
act of jumping from one website to another using hypertext.
HTTP
A non-secure data transfer protocol used between a web client and a web server. Tosee
a web page, a web client (i.e., a computer’s Internet browser) sends a request to a web
server. That request is received by the web server, which then transmits the web page
information backto the web client.
IP ADDRESS
IP stands for Internet Protocol, which is a collection of predetermined rules that control the
transmission of data packets across the internet. Two devices must be able to find each
other in order to communicate. The locations of two devices must be known to each other
in order for them to find each other. IP addresses are used to identify these places in the
computer world.
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM(DNS)
Instead of IP addresses, the Domain Name System allows you to access remote systems by
inputting human-readable device hostnames. DNS operates by establishing a link between a
do- main name and its IP address, such as “www.alliedtelesis.com.”
UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR [URL]
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. Every web page that is shown on the Internet has
its own unique address. The URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It provides
information about the location of the web page being shown as well as other relevant details.
HTML -HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language which is used to design web pages. It deter-
mines view of the webpage and how content should be displayed. It defines the structure of a
Webpage. HTML is a popular markup language.
WEB INDEX

A web index is another mechanism that assists people in finding content on the internet.
Cat- alogs and directories are other names for web indexes.
E.g.: Yahoo (http://www.yahoo.com)
SEARCH ENGINE
A search engine is a programme or script that searches documents and files for keywords
and returns the results of any files that contain those keywords via the Internet.
Google is today’s most popular and well-knownsearch engine. AOL, Ask.com, Baidu, Bing,
and Yahoo are some of the other popular search engines.
WEB PORTAL

A web portal is a specially designed website that frequently acts as a single point of
informationaccess.
INTERNET ACCESS
There are several ways to connect to the internet. Following are these connection types
available:

1. Dial -Up Connection

Dialup networking is a network connection formed by dialling into the network usingthe
public telephone system. Analog or digital dialup connections are available
Advantages:

• Low Cost
• Safety
• Availability
2. DSL
DSL stood for digital subscriber loop at first. The wordDSL is typically used in telecoms
marketing to refer to Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most widely used DSL
technology. On the same phone line, DSL and wired telephone service can be provided
simultaneously.
Advantages:
▪ DSL maintains your Internet connection and phone lines available at the same time
▪ Downloads are faster than uploads
▪ DSL uses your phone lines’ current wire infrastructure
3. Cable Modem
A cable modem is a device that connects a computer system to the Internet via the cable
televi-sion network. In other words, A cable modem is a hardware device that allows your
computerto communicate with an Internet service provider over a landline connection. It
converts ananalog signal to a digital signal for the purpose of granting access to broadband
Internet.
Advantages:
• High-speed internet access
• Convenient
• It has no effect on your phone line
4. Satellite Connection
Satellites are used to give Internet connectivity. Data is transmitted from the satellite to a
user’sdevice, which is subsequently translated and decoded.
Advantages:
▪ High-speed internet connection
▪ There is no need to have a local phone service or a cable TV subscription
to usethis service.
5. Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN)
ISDN is a telephone system network that combines high-quality digital speech and data
transmission over a standard phone line.It assures far better data transmission than an
analogue connection over the phone line.
Advantages:
▪ Several digital channels
▪ Speedy
▪ It can also be used for other purposes, such as videoconferencing.
6. WiFi
WiFi is a type of wireless networking that uses radio frequencies to send and receive data.
WiFi allows users to connect to the Internet at high speeds without the use of cords.
Advantages:

• Users can access network resources from almost any position within their
primary networking environment (a home or office).
• The cost and labour reductions associated with running physical wires.
• A single access point is all that is required to get an infrastructure-based
wireless network up and running.